Umzabalazo wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko yomphakathi eUnited States uye walolongwa kakhulu imizamo ephikelelayo yabashisekeli ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Njengoba bethatha izinyathelo zokuguqula, laba bantu nezinhlangano baye babekela imithetho ecindezelayo inselele, baguqula umbono womphakathi, nezinguquko ezingokomthetho ezilawulayo eziqhutshwa ngokususelwayo. Lesihloko esandisiwe sigxila ngokujulile ezindinganisweni ezingokomlando nezesimanje zobuProvistism, ukuhlola indlela isenzo esihlangene esiye sayichaza ngokuqhubekayo ngayo imingcele yenkululeko nokulingana ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo.

Umsuka Ojulile Wokwenza Izenzo Zobuthathi - mlilo Emlandweni WaseMelika

Kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe, ukulwa kwemidlalo bekulokhu kushukumisa ekulweleni ukuhlanganisa umthetho waseMelika nemibono yawo eyisisekelo. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yombango, amaqembu angaphansi kanye nezinhlangano zawo ayebunganira ukubekela isimiso esiqinile sobugqila inselele futhi andise isithembiso senkululeko.

Inhlangano Yenkululeko Yokuzivikela

Umzabalazo wokuqeda inqubo yekhulu le-19 ufana nesinye sezibonelo zokuqala nezinamandla kakhulu zokususa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Imibono enjengoFrederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, noWilliam Lloyd Garrison basebenzisa i-relathiator, bashicilela amaphephandaba, futhi basebenzisa iUnderpround Railrand ukuze badalule unyathiso lobugqila. Imizamo yabo ayizange ibangele nje umphakathi weNyakatho kodwa futhi yacindezela nohulumeni, ekugcineni owaholela ekuhlonisweni kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-13 se-1865, esaqeda ubugqila. Umzabalazo wezokulawula ukuziphatha nezombangazwe wawungabuqeda kanjani uMthetho-mthetho ngokwawo. Eminye imizamo yabo ayizange ibangele umbono womphakathi wezezwe, bheka senhlangano ye-Calbactic [FLD] [FLD]

Umkhankaso Wabesifazane Owesabekayo

Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, abashisekeli abanjengoSusan B. Anthony, uElizabeth Cady Stanton, noSojourner Truth baqala ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane. Amashumi eminyaka okuhlela, ukunxusa, nokungalaleli kwesizwe, ukuqhubekela phambili kwaphumela ekuqhubekisweni kweSichibiyelo sekhulu lekhulu ngo-1920. Izinqubo eziyinhloko zahlanganisa ukumasha kwabantu abaningi, ukuhlasela kwendlala, nokukhuthaza abakhiqizi bemithetho. Impumelelo yalenhlangano yabonisa ukuthi ukuphumelela ngokuphikelela kokuthatha isinyathelo esisekelwe ekwahlulekeni sobufanayo, ukwandisa ukucwasana kwesizwe futhi kuqinise isimiso sokwahlulwa kwesizwe.

Inhlangano Yezisebenzi Namalungelo Ezomnotho

Nakuba ngokuvamile inganakiwe ezingxoxweni zenkululeko yomphakathi, inhlangano yezisebenzi iye yabalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo ezomnotho asekela inkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukugadla, ukuhlela, nokuphoqelelwa kwemisebenzi yansuku zonke yamahora angu-8 kwaholela ekwakheni umthetho onjengeSivumelwano seNational Labor Relations ka-1935. Abasebenzi abanjengoCesar Chavez noDolores Huerta kamuva banweba lempi kwabasebenzi, ihlanganisa amalungelo emisebenzi emizabalazweni ebanzi. Umzabalazweni uqokomisa ukuthi ukulwela ukwahlulela ngokwezomnotho akuhambisani nesivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma, ingqungqungquthela, nenqubo efanele.

Amalungelo Omdabu AseMelika Nobukhosi

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bezakhamuzi besebenzisa i-Ivivsm ukuze baqinise amalungelo abo esivumelwano nobukhosi. I-American Indian Movement (AIM), eyasungulwa ngo-1968, yenza ibhikisho njengokusebenza kwe-Alcatraz Island ne-Trail of Broken Trease. Le zenzo zadonsela ukunakekela ekuphuleni isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo nobukhosi besizwe. Ukunqoba okungokomthetho, kuhlanganise nomthetho we-Indian Self-Didation and Education Actal Act ka-1975, kwakuyimiphumela eqondile yokucindezela komzabalazo. Lo mzabalazo namuhla uyaqhubeka phezu kwamalungelo okuvota, amalungelo ezwe, nezikhulu zamaphoyisa.

Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi: Impoqo Yokushintsha Umthetho - sisekelo

Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yawo - 1950 nawo - 1960 iseyisibonelo esiwuphawu oluvelele kakhulu sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuguqula umthetho ngokomthetho nomthetho. Ngokumelana nobudlova, izinselele zomthetho, nokuqoqa inqwaba yabantu, abashisekeli bachitha u-Jim Crow ngokwehlukana futhi bathola isivikelo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho.

Izenzakalo Eziyinhloko Nezinyathelo Eziyinhloko

  • iMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955 9556) – inqaba kukaRosa Park ukuyeka isihlalo sakhe, lendoda yosuku lwezinsuku ezingu- 381 yaholela esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme sokuthi ukuhlukanisa amabhasi omphakathi kwakungekhona okuvumelana. I-fdott yaveza amandla enhlangano yezezomnotho nemisebenzi yezenhlalo.
  • IGreensboro Sit-Ins (1960) - One abafundi basekolishi babehlala endaweni yokudla kwasemini yabamhlophe kuphela, befaka igagasi lokuhlala ngaseNingizimu. Lezenzo eziqondile zacindezela amabhizinisi namadolobha ukuba asuse izindawo zomphakathi zokulala.
  • UMatshi eWashington (1963) - Abantu abangaphezu kuka 250 000 babuthana eSikhumbuzweni seLincoln, befuna imisebenzi nenkululeko. Isenzakalo esikhulisweyo sidinga uMthetho wamalungelo abantu, owadlula ngonyaka olandelayo.
  • ISelma Marchs (1965) – “ngeSonto,” lapho abamashayeli bahlaselwa khona ngobudlova, yashaqisa izwe futhi yasekela ngokufushaniswe i-Piting Rights Act ka-65.

Lezi zenzakalo zazingazenzakaleli; zaziwumphumela wokuhlelwa ngokucophelela ngamaqembu anjenge - Southern Christian Leaderfusion Conference (SCLC) neKomiti Yomfundi iNonliphanding Coordinating (SNCC).

Abaholi Nezinhloso Zabo

Martin Luther King Jr. wasekela ukungalaleli komphakathi okungenabudlova, okuthathwe kuyifilosofi kaGandhi. UMalcolm X, ekuqaleni ekhuthaza ukuzimela, kamuva waphendukela ekuzithatheleni izenzo ezihlanganisa ubuProfensi. Zombili lezi zimo zenza kube nokuthatha izinyathelo ezihlukene ngamasu − zenza ukuba izenzo zokushaya umthetho zingagwemeki. Izinkulumo zabo nemibhalo kuhlale kunezinsika zabashisekeli banamuhla.

Umthetho Owuphawuleka Ngezwe Oqhutshwa Amacala

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 ivimbela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe. UMthetho weVoting Rights ka-65 wenqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvotelweni. Lemithetho yayingezona izipho ezivela kwezombangazwe; yayiyizonothi zokunqoba okunzima okwatholwa abashisekeli abakhuthazelela ubudlova, ukuboshwa, nokwesatshiswa. Izinqolobane zeNational Religional Act .

Imibuthano Yanamuhla Yezimfundamakhwela Nokwanda Kwenkululeko Yombango

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izinhlelo zotshani ziye zaqhubeka zisunduza imingcele yamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, zisingatha izindaba zobuphostoli, ukufuduka, ubulili, nezinye.

Indaba Yokuphila Okumnyama Nokushintsha Kwamaphoyisa

Yasungulwa ngo-2013 ngemva kokulahlwa kwe-Traitevon’s freeter, Black Live Matter (BLM) yaba yisici sembulunga yonke esimelene nonya lwamaphoyisa nobuhlanga obulawula isimiso somphakathi. Ngemibhikisho, iziphakamiso, iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, i-BLM iye yabhebhebhethekela ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa, amakhamera endikimba nokususwa kokuzivikela okufanelekayo. Lenhlangano iye yavusa nezingxoxo mayelana nesivikelo seSichibiyelo se-Diji le-14 futhi yaholela ezinguqulo zendawo. Nakuba intuthuko ingahambelani, inqubo yezenziwa amaphoyisa yenza ubudlova baba yindaba eyinhloko yezombangazwe.

Ukulingana Kwabesifazane Nokulingana Kwabo Ngezinhlanga

Unyaka ka-2017 Women’s March, omunye wemibhikisho emikhulu kakhulu yosuku olulodwa emlandweni wase-U.S., waheha izigidi zabantu ngenxa yokukhethwa kukaMongameli uDonald Trump futhi ekhathazekile ngamalungelo okuzala, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, nokucwaswa kwabesifazane. Udwendwe lwavuselelwa lwezenzo zobufandatha, kwaholela ekwandiseni kokuvota nakunyulwa kwamanani aqophakayo abesifazane ukuba bangene ezikhundleni. Impikiswano enjengeSiphendumiso Samalungelo Amalungelo Abantu Abalinganayo (ERA) iye yabuye yabuye yathola imvume, ngokugqugquzela ukubuswa kwayo ngokuphelele nokugcinwa kwayo.

Inhlangano Yabaphuphi Namalungelo Okuthungatha

Intsha engaziwa ukuthi i-Dreamers, iye yahlela amashumi eminyaka ukuze ivikeleke ngokomthetho futhi ikwazi ukuba yizakhamuzi. Isenzo sayo saholela kuhlelo lwe-Deverred Action for Childnals (DACA) ngo-2012. Ngemibuthano, ukunxusa, nezimpi zasenkantolo, abaphuphi baye baqokomisa isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthethweni senqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo kubantu abangebona abahlala endaweni yayo. Inhlangano iveza indlela amaqembu ancishiswe ngaphansi kwemithetho elawula ngayo ngisho nangaphandle komthetho wokuvota.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nokulingana Komshado

Kusukela ekuqhubeni kwezibhelu zika-Stonewall ngo-1969 kuya ekulweleni umshado ongowesilisa, i-LGBTQ+ ithatha isinyathelo senyuse inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuyisisekelo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Human Rights Campaign neqembu lotshani ezisebenzisa i-ligitation, imfundo yomphakathi, nesenzo esiqondile. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yehlela v. I-hodges [2015] imishado esemthethweni efanayo ne-expressy yezenzo zobufundisi, umphumela oqondile wamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zobufundisi. Muva nje, ukusunduza ukunqandwa kwelungelo lokungamela amalungelo [i-Flut:0] isivikelo sokungahambiselana kwemithetho yenkolo nokuvinicration.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nokuguqulwa Kwencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqulwa kwemithetho ehleliwe kuye kwaba isisekelo samalungelo omthetho - sisekelo athuthukiswayo, okwenza izinhlangano zomphakathi zibe yizinga elingokomthetho.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Lalolongwa Amacala Omthetho

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) – NACP] iholwa nguThurvice Marshall ongokomthetho, wabekela isiphetho sesikole inselele. Isinqumo esihlangeneyo sathi “sihlukene kodwa silingana ngokwemvelo, sigumbule [[FLT:] Pnevy v. Ferguson. [Lesinqumo sasiyisiphetho seminyaka eminingi yesenzo sobugqila be-livism nomsebenzi ongokomthetho.
  • .Roe v. [1973] - izishisekeli zabesifazane zenkululeko namalungelo okuzala zaletha impikiswano yokukhishwa kwezisu ezinkantolo. Isinqumo saqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mthethweni lokufihla imfihlo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-14. Nakuba kamuva sehlisiwe [[FLT:] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [202], icala libonisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwezisu kungena amalungelo enkantolo kungawabeka kanjani umthetho wemithetho-siseko.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) - shoshone, lelicala lavela kwimibhangqwana ehlangeneyo exhunyiwe nezinhlangano ze-LGBTQ+ iphikisa ukuvinjelwa komshado. INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo se-14 sifuna wonke amazwe ukuqaphela imishado exekile, ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kombono womphakathi owenziwe ngezenzo zobuPromony.
  • .CIINNN CONUN (2010) – Nakuba ngokuvamile kugxekwa abantu abathuthukayo, lelicala futhi libangelwa ukuvukelwa yiqembu elibambelele ezimisweni ezingokwesiko elifuna ukwandisa amalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma ezinhlanganweni. Kubonisa ukuthi i-activaism ihlanganisa isigaba sezombangazwe.

Ukuze ingene kakhulu indima yezinkantolo, i- aclu’incwadi ye- inikeza izibonelo eziningi zokuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kanye namasu angokomthetho ahlangene kanjani.

Indima Yomthetho Wesithakazelo Somphakathi Iqinile

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Southern Poverty Law Center, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, ne-Centre for Constitutional Rights ziye zathatha izivumelwano zezekhono zomthetho. Ziqeqesha abameli, izisu zesigaba sehele, nokuhlola ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Lezinhlangano zivala igebe phakathi kokuviva imigwaqo namahholo amamabula eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokusungulwa Kwe - Activism

Inkathi yokuxhumana kwemishini iye yashintsha indlela abashisekeli bezombangazwe abahlela, baxhumane ngayo, futhi bacindezela ngayo.

Imithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi Njengethuluzi Lokuthumba Izixuku

I-Platforms enjenge-Twitter, Facebook, ne-Instagram yenza ukuba amavidiyo, izingcingo zithathe isinyathelo, futhi zifundise. I-Black Lives Hashtag yaba yi-rong ehambelanayo nenhlangano yembulunga yonke. I-Hashtag activalism, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi igxekwa njengokukha phezulu, iye yahunyushelwa kaningi ekuvukeleni nasekushintsheni kwenqubo yangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano ye-#MeToo isakazekela ku-ingo-inthane, iholela ezinguquko emsebenzini nasemithethweni ngokumelene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili.

Ukusekelwa Izixuku Nezimali

Ama-website anjenge-GoFoundMe avumela abashisekeli ukuba baqongelele izimali zemisebenzi yokuzivikela engokomthetho, ibheyili, nomphakathi ngokushesha. Phakathi nomkhankaso wama-2020 wokubhikisha ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, izigidi zakhushulelwa izimali zemali nezinhlangano ezishisekela ukubusa kwezimali. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwezimali ngezimali kuveza izimbangela ezingathola izimali ngaphandle kokuthembela kubaxhasi bezimali.

Izilinganiso Zezinombolo Nemishini Ekhohlisayo

Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlangano eziningi manje zigcizelela ukulondeka kwamanani, zisebenzisa izinhlelo eziyimfihlo njengezimpawu nezokufundisa abantu abahlanganyela ekusithekeni. Ukungathiya phakathi kobuchwepheshe njengethuluzi lenkululeko nanjengethuluzi lokulawula kuyisici esivelele sobuProfethi banamuhla.

Ikusasa Lomthetho: Izindawo Ezintsha Nempi Ephikelelayo

Amashumi eminyaka azayo cishe ayobona izinhlangano ezigxile ekuqondiseni isimo sezulu, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nosongo ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi.

Ubulungisa Besimo Sezulu Namalungelo Okusizungezile

Amaqembu ahlotshisiwe anjengeSunrise Movement neDanuvers for Future afuna ukuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo sokushintsha isimo sezulu. Ahlela ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile njengendaba yamalungelo omphakathi, aphikisa ngokuthi ukungcola kulimaza ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi encishiswe ngokwemingcele. Izenzo zomthetho ziphoqelela amalungelo endaweni ezungezile enempilo, akhela ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho mayelana nokwethenjwa komphakathi nenqubo efanele.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho NeSichibiyelo Sesine

Igebe lengcebo liye ladala izinhlangano ezinjenge-Occupy Wall Street futhi lifuna inzuzo eyisisekelo emhlabeni wonke. Izazi zemithetho ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuncishwa kwezomnotho kululaza amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu futhi kuvikela ngokufanayo. Izimpi ezingokomthetho zesikhathi esizayo zingase zigxile ekumisweni komthetho ngokomthetho kwengcebo eyeqisayo, ikakhulukazi njengezisebenzi ezichitha izindawo ngezimoto.

Ukuvikela Intando Yeningi Namalungelo Okusekela Intando Yeningi

Ngenxa yokucindezelwa kwemithetho yovoti nezinselele zobuqotho bokukhetha, ukuthatha isinyathelo kugxile ekuvikeleni ilungelo lokuvota. Amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yabesifazane Voters neStacey Abramas Fair Wart ahlomela ukwandisa ukungenela nge-liging, ukubhalisa, nokufunda. Impi eqhubekayo phezu koMthetho wamaLungelo igcizelela ukuthi inzuzo ayisoze yahlala unomphela.

Isiphetho

Indima yesenzo sokuthuthukisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko yomphakathi ayiyona impumelelo engokomlando kodwa amandla aphilayo, aphefumulayo. Kusukela ekunqanyulweni kwemithetho yokulwa kuya e-Black Live Matter, abashisekeli baye bafakazele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi eqinile kodwa umthetho ophilayo ozivelelayo olwiwa ngokulwa. Ukunqoba namuhla kunikezwa ilungelo lokuvota, isivikelo esilinganayo, ukulingana kwemisha, kanye nenkululeko yokukhuluma (inkululeko) yonke eyavezwa abantu abenqaba ukwamukela ukungalungisi. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha, umoya wesenzo sokwenza umsebenzi uyohlala ubalulekile. Ukulwa kobulungisa akusoze kwazuzwa ngempela; kudluliselwe isizukulwane esilandelayo kuphela.