Ukuthutha komphakathi kuwumgogodla oyinhloko wokuhamba emadolobheni, ukuhlanganisa abantu nemisebenzi, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, namathuba okuhlalisana nabantu. Nokho, izinga, ukwethembeka, nokufinyelelwa kwezimiso zokuthutha kuhlangene ngokuqondile nemithombo yezimali ezinikezelwe kuwo. Ngaphandle kwezimali ezanele, ngisho nemishini engcono kakhulu yokuthutha ingawa, iholele ekuncipheni inkonzo, iholele ekulibeni izikhathi ezinde, nokunciphisa ukufinyelela. Amadolobha azama ukufinyelela ukulingana nokulingana nokukwazi ukuqonda indima yezekelela izokuthutha edolobheni ibalulekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokulungisa izinhlelo zokuhamba, imiphumela yokusekela imishini ngaphansi kwe-intengo, nokuthola imithombo ewusizo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ukuchuma Kwemali Yokudlulisa Umphakathi

Imali yokuxhasa ukuthutha yomphakathi e-United States nakwamanye amazwe amaningi ivela emsebenzini kahulumeni, uhulumeni, nemithombo yendawo. Izinga ngalinye likahulumeni linezindima ezihlukene nezinselele, futhi ukulinganisela phakathi kwazo kungalithinta kakhulu idolobha ikhono lokulondoloza nokunweba ulwembu lwalo lokuthutha. Ngokwe American Public Transportation Association (APTA), ngo-2022, izindleko zokuthutha umphakathi e-U.S. zingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-80, ngokutshala izimali eziyinhloko zandisa amashumi ezigidi zezigidi. Kodwa izimiso eziningi zizama ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sokuhamba noma sokwehla kwemali.

Ukuxhasa: Isisekelo Nemingcele Yaso

Uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezinkulu ezixhasa inhloko- dolobha ngezinhlelo ezinjenge Federal Transit Administration’s (FT) I-Capital Investivement Grants [CIG] nezinhlelo ezinikezwa ngaphansi kweBipartisan Infrastrustrial Law [[FLT]] Uhlelo lusize izinhlangano zokuthengisa amabhasi asebenza ngogesi, ukunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kwendawo ezungezile. Nokho, ukuxhasa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho kulinganiselwe ukuthuthukisa amabhasi, ukuthuthukisa iziteshi, nokusebenzisa intuthuko kokuyaluza. Isibonelo, i-FTA's [FLTY:] i-FLT] noma i-Estations [FLT] [FLTLT] ingenza umnyango we-ocelo, ukunciphisa izindleko zendawo nokusebenza. Nokho, ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi yemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezezezemisebenzi yeze ngxenye yezeze ngokomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhaswa kwezimali kwezwe kubangelwa izimpi zezombangazwe. Izimo zomkhakha kumelwe zincintisane ngezimali ezilinganiselwe, futhi iminyaka yokungaqiniseki inganqanda ukuhlela isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Fix America’s Surface Tourgation (FAST) Act[FLT] ka 2015 inikeza iminyaka emihlanu yokuxhasa imali eqinile, kodwa ukuphela kwayo kuholele ekuhlelekeni okufushane kwesikhashana kuze kudlule i-BILL ngo-201. Ukuntengantenga okunjalo kwenza kube nzima ngezinhlangano zokuthulula izisebenzi, ukuqasha izimoto ngezikhathi ezinde, noma ukunikela izivumelwano zeminyaka eminingi.

Izwe Nezimali Zomphakathi: Amahhashi Okusebenza Abikezelwa

Izwe nohulumeni bendawo bayimithombo eyinhloko yokusebenza kwentela yezimiso eziningi zokuthutha. Ezizweni eziningi, intela yokuthengisa, intela yentela kaphethiloli, nentela yokubhalisa inikezelwa ekuthuthweni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Los Angeles County’s Ikulinganisa M[[[FFLT:1] [20]] (2016) ukuphakamisa intela ngengxenye yesenti ukuxhasa izinkonzo ezinkulu zesitimela nebhasi. Ngokufanayo, SATTY’SSSS Transit Transit[[ ixhomeke engxube yentela yokuthengisa, intela, intela, nemoto evunyelwe yintela enikezelwayo, izimali ezivunyelwe yintela yokwandiswayo ebanzi yezekomkhulu nemisebenzi elungiselelwe inhloko.

Nokho, akuwona wonke amadolobha anentando yezombangazwe noma igunya elingokomthetho lokuphakamisa izintela zokuthutha. Ezizweni ezinemingcele eqinile yemali ekhokhwayo noma lapho abavoti benqaba njalo ukwanda kwentela, amanxusa athuthayo abhekene nokungahlali kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Chicago Transtit Authority (CTA) ishikashika kanzima amashumi eminyaka ngenxa yokungakhokhi imali, okuholela ekubekeni izindleko zokulungisa, ukuthatha isikhashana, nokukhubazeka kokuguga. Umphumela yisimiso esithi, nakuba isasebenza, ishiyekile kulokho abagibeli abakulindele ngokwezingathembekile nangenduduzo.

Imithombo Yezimali Emisha Nengasetshenziswa

Ukuze kuthathiswe inzuzo engokwesiko, izinhlangano eziningi zezithuthi zihlola izindlela ezintsha. i-Public-eyedwa ivumela inhloko - dolobha ukuba ixhase imisebenzi eshintshanayo ukuze ithole imvume yokusebenza ende. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-[ Dever Union station [[[FLT:][3] i-partum] ukuvuselela kanye ne-[[FLT]] I-Letrosss shortment [[[FLT]] [FLT] [5] [inxalawulwe] (inzuzo eshicilelwe i-P3]). Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwentengosi yokwethulo, kuyilapho ikhona inzuzo ekhungenyuswayo.[Foct:][Foct:7], futhi i-ult, i-offasesss.[ediums]

Ekugcineni, amanye amadolobha ahlola izimali zomsebenzi ezisekelwe ku- ezinyundeni njengokubuyiselwa kwentela encishisiwe. Njengoba izimoto zikagesi zivame kakhulu, intela yegesi izoncipha, yenza izimali ezinjalo zibe yimali ekwazi ukugcinwa. Oregon [[FLT]ORGEON] [ uhlelo luyi-mqhubi wezindiza ohamba ibanga ngalinye kunayikhilomitha ngalinye likaphethi.

Indlela Ukusekela Imali Okulolonga Ngayo Ukutholakala Kwamadolobha

Ukutholakala edolobheni kuwumqondo obanzi ohlanganisa hhayi nje ukufinyelela ngokoqobo kubantu abakhubazekile kodwa futhi nokuhlanganisa indawo, ukuvama kwenkonzo, ukukwazi ukuthenga, nokuxhumana. Ngasinye salezizilinganiso sithonywa ngokuqondile izinga nokuzinza kwemali yokuhamba.

Ukutholakala Ngokomzimba

Kubantu abanokulinganiselwa, ukutholakala okungokoqobo akunakwenziwa kalula. Ngaphansi kwe- AmaMelika anomthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA), zonke izimoto nezimpahla ezintsha zokuthutha kufanele zitholakale, kodwa izakhiwo zakudala ezisebenzayo ziyabiza. Amabhasi aphansi-flogo, ama-apples, amakheshi eziteshi, amakheshi anezitebhuli, amabhuleki aneziteshi, kanye nomsindo wezimiso zezaziso konke kudinga ukuthengwa okuqhubekayo. [[FLT:][FFOLT]] i-MBTA eBoston[FLT: [3], ngokwesibonelo, achithe izigidi zezigidi ekuhlisweni, kodwa amahhosholo ngenxa yokunciphiswa kwamashelo ngenxa yokunciphiswa kwemali okunganele. [inani elihlukene][FF][5]

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwendawo Yonke Nokuphindaphindeka

Izinqubo zokuthutha ezimi kahle zingasebenzisa imizila eminingi, kaningi, futhi amahora amade. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwamathuba okuthola imali ephansi kanye nezakhamuzi ezihamba ngaphandle ezingaba nezimoto. Ngokwesibonelo, i- San Francisco Municipal Traffic Agency (SFMTA)[FLD] isebenzisa imali yayo yendawo (Provice A intela) ukugcina enye yezimoto ezihamba kakhulu ezweni, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezindawo ezinamabhasi aphansi zibona amabhasi njalo ngemizuzu eyishumi-15 phakathi namahora aphakeme. Ngokungafani, izimiso ezihlala njalo ngaphansi kwe-Sutlt [1] [ikhulu] amabhasi amaningi akhona kanye ngemva kwehora le-EPM, zenza ukuba kungangenzeki ngezisebenzi ezisebenza ezinhlandlayo.

Isembozo sibuye sifike nasemxhubeni wokuhlanganisa owenziwe ngonyezi wokuqala nowokugcina. Ukuxhasa izimali kungasekela imikhumbi-mfundamabonana, ukuhlanganiswa kwebhayisekili, kanye nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zabantu abahamba ngezinyawo ezizungeze iziteshi. Los Angeles Metro ye-Orthop yokuqala /Omva we-Mile Strategity Plan[ kusekela izimali ezinkulu ekulungiseni amabhayisekili, ekuyikeni ibhayisekile, nasekuhambiseni izifunda ezihlukene, konke okunweba ukufinyelela okuphumelelayo kwesimiso sokuthutha.

Ukufaneleka Nokulingana

Izimali zokuthutha ziyisithiyo esibalulekile emikhayeni ehhadlayo. Ngaphandle kokuxhasa izimali, izinhlangano zingadinga ukuphakamisa imali ukuze kukhokhelwe izindleko zokusebenza, ezixosha abagibeli futhi zilimaze labo abangakwazi ukuthenga ezinye izindlela. Ukuxhasa ngokunenzuzo kuvumela amanxusa ukuba agcine izindleko eziphansi noma ngisho azise izinhlelo zokuthutha ezikhululekile. Kansas City’s Fare Transit uhlelo, olusekelwe ngentela yentela yeCHOV, oluxhaswa ngenkokhelo yezindawo ezikhokhayo nenkokhelo kahulumeni, lususa izindleko zawo zonke amabhasi namabhasi, ukwanda kwezinhlelo zokuhamba ngekhulu lokuqala. Ngokufanayo, amadolobha amaningi aseYurophu (ig.g. Lounicesterns) aye asebenzisa izwe noma izimali ze-Estoniclans ukuze enze izinhlelo ezinjalo ezingoko ezikhokhwasweni zawo ezingokwembulwayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukuxhasa ngemali kuqinile, izinto zokuqala ezinqunywayo ngokuvamile ziyizindlela zamuva kakhulu, impelasonto, nentambo ephansi yohambo ezisiza abantu abasengozini kakhulu. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo ononya: umsebenzi omncane onciphisa inzuzo, onciphisa imali ekhokhelwayo, eholela ekuncipheni kakhulu. Ukunqanda umjikelezo kudinga ukuqina, ukusekela okunikezelwe okuvimbela ukusebenza kwezezombangazwe.

Imiphumela Yokuhlekisa: Indlela Yokuhlola Icala

Imiphumela yangempela yokungaxhaswa ngokwezimali okunganele ingabonakala emadolobheni amaningana ase-U.S. Umnyango wezokuthutha [DDT:1] useke wahlushwa ukuntuleka kwezwe nokusekelwa kwendawo. Ngo-2019, isimiso sebhasi likaDetroit sasinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuwohloka ezweni, nezimoto eziningi ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Abashayeli babika ukuthi ibhasi lingafiki imizuzu engu-60-90. Umphumela waba isimiso esihlulekile ukuxhumanisa izakhamuzi zezindawo ezisezindaweni ezihlala kuzo noma ezisendlwaneni. Naphezu kwe-202020 yemisebenzi ekhungweni yasemaphandleni.

Esinye isibonelo yi- Shahington Metropolitan Areauthority (WMATRA), esebenzayo iMetro e D.C., Maryland, neVirginia. Iminyaka eminingi, uhlelo lwenhloko- dolobha lwase WMATA lwahlelwa phansi, oluholela ekulondolozweni okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwenani eliphethe i-Celtainment Plaza esenzeka (owabulala omunye umgibeli) nohlelo lokulungisa i-StockTrack lwase 2016 olwabangela ukuphazamisana kwezinyanga ezithile zenkonzo. Izindawo zakhona kuphela ngemva kokuvumelana kweminyango , kuqhubeke izimali ezengeziwe zenzakanyaka ka-2018, kuhlanganise nesephakethe yezisebenzi kanye nenkongoze. Namuhla, i-WMATENSSA ibheke igebhu yonyaka wonke, futhi igelezene kakhulu.

Izibonelo zomhlaba wonke zibonisa futhi imiphumela. Lodon Underbround wahlushwa amashumi eminyaka enciphiso phambi kobuProthentest Bukhulu buka 2000 obandiswe, kodwa lelolungiselelo lalibiza futhi ekugcineni labuyiselwa endlini. Isifundo: izimali zomphakathi ezingaguquguquki, ezifanele zivame ukuqina futhi zinecala kunemali yangasese.

Imisebenzi Yokuthutha Eqhubekayo

Ngenxa yezinselele zokungathandwa, amadolobha nezifunda kumelwe kusebenzise imithombo yezimali ehlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina nokutholakala isikhathi eside.

Ukunikela Ngentela Yasendaweni

Indlela ethembeke kakhulu yokuxhasa ukuthutha ukunikezela intela ekhethekile (umz., intela yokuthengisa, intela yempahla, intela yokukhokha intela yokukhokha) futhi ifuna ukuba ivoti yomphakathi iyishintshe. Izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-30 U.S. zivumela izinyathelo ezinjalo, futhi ziye zaphumelela kakhulu. i-Touston Metro’s[ intela enikezelwe yezentengo [FLD] ivumele inkampani ukuba yakhiwe isimiso selaye futhi isebenzise enye yezimiso zebhayisekili eziphezulu kakhulu eTexas. Ngokufanayo, i-TT [FLT][FLT]] intela enikezelwe ekukhokheni okuye ekuhleleni intela ehlelwe ekuhleleni kwezwe.

Ukuvuleka Kwamagilebhisi Namathoyizi

Ukukhokha abashayeli imali yokusebenzisa imigwaqo egcwele kungenisa inzuzo futhi kukhuthaza ukushintshwa kwemizwa. London] intela yokuminyana inyuse i-$2,5,000 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi [R3] kusukela ngo 2003, ingxenye yemali yebhasi neTube ithuthukiswa. Isimiso se- sihlangene kakhulu ne-transmitte, kanye nenkokhelo esekelwe ngokuqondile ezinkonzweni ezinwetshiwe. Idolobha laseNew York lihlelelwe ukumisa uhlelo lokuqala olunje eU.S. ngo-2024, kanye nenethi elikhokheyo lwe-R1, ngonyaka we-MTA.

Ukubaluleka Kokubanjwa Kwezinto Nendawo Esekelwe Kuyo

Ukutshala izimali kwandisa amanani empahla eduze, futhi ukuthatha okunye kwalokho kwanda ngokuhlola okukhethekile noma ukuthengiselana ngentela (ITB) kungaxhasa uhambo ngokwalo. [[FLT: 0]] Ukuthuthukisa uYards eNew York] kusetshenziswa inani lokuthumba ekusizeni ekuthuthukiseni umjikelezo wesiteshi esingu-7. Ngokufanayo, Portland’s Streetcar[ ngokwengxenye isekelwe intuthuko yesifunda sendawo lapho abanikazi bempahla bekhokha khona inkokhiwo ngesilinganiso sokusondelana kwabo emgqeni.

Umngane womphakathi (P3s)

Nakuba kungeyona i-panacea, ama-P3 angaletha ukuphumelela okungasese kwemikhakha nenhloko- dolobha ebheke phezulu. I-Denver Fasracks uhlelo lokuklama-ukwakha-indawo-yokusebenzela (i-mainfance-maintain) ye-panentinet (DBHOM) izivumelwano zemigqa eminingana yesitimela, ukufakwa phambili. Nokho, ukuqondisa okucophelelayo kuyadingeka ukugwema ukunqanda nokuvikela isithakazelo somphakathi. [[FLTLT:2] I-Leatrone ye-Westhowater Pacey ihlola inkomba ye-P3 yengxenye. Ukuphumelela kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqoqo alawula inzuzo nezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Ukuhleleka Kwezentengiselwano Nezobuciko

Amanxusa okudlulisa kufanele aphishekele ngenkuthalo izintela zikahulumeni, kodwa futhi kumelwe ahlele imali yendawo ukuze ahambisane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-BIL’S i-Profectors Faceous Facebook izinhlelo zohlelo ezihlanganisa ukuthutha ngokungenabulungisa kwangaphambili , ezihilela ukususwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu yasedolobheni kanye nokwakha ibhasi elisheshayo (i-BRT) noma isiporo esilula. Izindawo ezithenge kakhulu futhi ezilingana nemali zincintisana kakhulu nenkokhelo enjalo. Imishini ingabambisana futhi nomthetho owethutho nge [ ama-TRANTYURNT ukuze isekele inzuzo ekhuphuzwayo nakuncintiswano olungcono.

Ikusasa Lokusekela Nokutholakala Kwemali Yokudlulisa Izincwadi

Njengoba amadolobha eguquka, ngokufanayo nemifanekiso yawo exhasa imali.

I-Vhicles ezimele ne-Quiality-a-a-Service (MaaS)

Imikhumbi-moya ezimele kanye ne-transtit encishisiwe inganciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kodwa idinge ukutshala izimali. Ukuxhasa kungasuka kumzila ohamba phambili kuya ezinkonzweni ezilula, ezisekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe. Nokho, ngaphandle kwezimali zomphakathi, lezi zinkonzo zingaba imikhiqizo eshisiwe ngaphandle kwabagibeli abathola imali ephansi. Izinkampani kumelwe zicabangele izimpawu ezintsha zokuhlanganisa imishini kanye nezingalawuleki, njengokunikeza ukuxhumana kokuqala kocingo oluqinile nohambo oluphansi lwezinsimbi.

Ukushintsha Isimo Sezulu Nemigomo Yendawo Ezungezile

Amadolobha amaningi nezifundazwe ziye zahlela izisulu zokuncishiswa kwegesi ekhipha amandla okushisa okushisa okuhamba ezidinga ukunwetshwa okukhulu kokuthutha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-SB 375 idinga amasu omphakathi aqinile ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwendawo nokuhanjiswa kwegesi. Ukuxhasa kuzodinga ukwandisa ukuhlanganisa imikhumbi yebhasi, ukwandisa isitimela, nokwakha isisekelo esikhokhelayo. Low noma uNogistrations Fact Program isiqalo, kodwa izindawo okumelwe zifake i-carbon trated. Izinketho ze-carbon zihlanganisa ukuthutha (njengepartry-trans) ezisetshenziswayo.

Ukugibela Iposi Nokungenisa Imali

Umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19 unciphe kakhulu imali kanye nohambo, udalula ukungasebenzi kahle kwezimiso ezithembele kakhulu emalini ehhoxisiwe. Izinhlangano eziningi ziqale ukuqhubekela “embonini yenkonzo yezethumbu” lapho uhambo lubhekwa njengomsebenzi omuhle emphakathini kunasebhizinisini. Lokhu kusho ukushintshwa kwebhokisi leposi kuya ekusekeleni imali esekelwe entengisweni yentela. I-Transit Task Task Force eLos Angeles[ itusa ukususa izimpahla zebhasi futhi incike kakhulu entela yehhotela. Izingxoxo ezifanayo zenzeka e-Adeattle, Portland, ne-Denver.

Ekugcineni, ukunyuka komsebenzi owenziwe ekude noxubile kuye kwashintsha izindlela zokusebenza. Izindlela zokuxhasa ngemali ezisekelwe ohambweni oluphezulu zingadinga ukubukezwa. Imishini izodinga ukuzivumelanisa nenkonzo evame kakhulu yokuyeka ukubhaka, imithombo eqinile esetshenziswayo emaphasishini asemaphethelweni, kanye nobudlelwane nabaqashi bezindawo ezisezingeni eliphansi.

Isiphetho

Imali yokusekela ukuthutha yomphakathi ayiyona nje into ekhona emalini ebhajelwa edolobheni, futhi inqanda ukuba umuntu athathe iqhaza ekuphileni kwasedolobheni. Ukulingana, ukumata, nokusekela imali elinganayo kuvumela amadolobha ukuba akhe futhi alondoloze izimiso ezitholakalayo, ezibanzi, ezithatha njalo, nezingabizi. Ngaphandle kwayo, izakhamuzi ezisengozini kakhulu zihlupheka, futhi amadolobha awakwazi ukukwazi ukumelana nokuhlala kahle nokuzigcina. Ngokugcwalisa imithombo yemali enikezelweyo (*) ngokuthatha intela enikezelwe, inani lokuthatha, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ze-injini, futhi ngokufaka izimpawu ezintsha ezinciphisa ukuthembela ezindlekweni, izindawo ezisemadolobheni zingaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhanjiswa komphakathi kuhlala kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthola ukukhululeka kwabantu basedolobhedu. Isinqumo sokuthutha isinqumo sokuthola imali siyisinqumo esifuna ngempela ngezindawo zokuhlala kulo.