Ukusungulwa Kwamalungelo Omshado: Umlando Omufushane

Umzabalazo wanamuhla wokulingana komshado awuzange uvele ngokuphazima kweso. Usususwe emashumini eminyaka ezenzo ezashintsha kancane kancane umbono womphakathi kanye nezinqubo zomthetho. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, ubuhlobo obufanayo nobulili babekwa ubugebengu ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni, futhi umqondo wokushada phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo wawungaqondakali. Impumelelo yokuqala engokomthetho yaqala ngo-2001 lapho iNetherlands iba izwe lokuqala ukubhalisa ngokomthetho umshado osemthethweni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amazwe angaphezu kwama-30 aye alandela, ehlanganisa amazwekazini aseYurophu kuya e-Melika ne-Afrika, nase-Asiya. Lokhu kushintsha kwembulunga yonke akwenzekangazenzangazenzanga ngengozi. Kwakuwumphumela wenkambiso eqinile, ewumthetho ehlangene amandla otshanini kanye nezokubusa kwezombangazwe.

Ukudla Imali Njengomsizi Woshintsho

Umthetho wokugunyaza ubhekisela emizamweni yamabomu yabantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, kanye nemifelandawonye yokuthonya ukudalwa, ukuhlelwa, noma ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho nezimiso. Ngomongo wamalungelo omshado, abakhokhi bomthetho, abahluleli, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwezinyunyana ezifanayo. Ngokungafani nokubhikisha okuvamile noma imikhankaso yokuqaphela, ukubhalisa izimali kudinga ukubopha okujulile ngemishini yokubusa: ukuhlanganisa izikweleti, ukufakazela ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukudlulisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokufaka izikhala ezimfutshane ezinkantolo. Amandla ayo aguqula ukusekela umphakathi ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho.

Ukuziqhayisa Ngokuqondile Nokuhlanganyela Ngokusemthethweni

Olunye uhlobo oluqondile kakhulu lwesimiso sokugunyaza ukunxenxa. Abasekeli bezeluleko abangochwepheshe nabashisekeli bokuzithandela bahlangana nabamisi-mthetho ukuze bafake ukucwaninga, baxoxe ngezindaba zomuntu siqu, futhi bachaze ithonya lomuntu lemithetho yokukhipha ubandlululo. Emazweni lapho ukushada okufana nokushendeza kungakabi ngokomthetho, abameleli bavame ukusebenza ukuze bazise izikweleti, ukugcinwa kwekomiti, kanye nokuvota ngecala ukuze kudlule. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso ophumelelayo wokubhalisa ngokomthetho umshado owezentelezi e-Argentina ngo-2010 uhilela ukunxusa okukhulu kwamalungu eKhomisha, kanye nabashisekeli bomthetho abahlangene behlangene nowodwa ukuze bakhulume ngenkululeko engokwenkolo nangomthetho. Umzamo ohlawulwayo: Argentina waba yizwe izwe lokuqala eLatin America ukuze ufinyelele ukulingana.

Ukuthunjwa Komphakathi Nemikhankaso Yokulwa Nezimpande

Umthetho awukho ekufuneni ukubhacengwa. Kudingeka ukucindezela komphakathi ukuze kwenziwe intando yezombangazwe. Imikhankaso yamaGrassroot ikhuthaza izinkulungwane zabasekeli ukuba bameme ucingo, i-imeyili, noma bavakashele abameleli babo. Ama-Rallies, amashende okuzidla, futhi kuyi-Internet kuveza izimpawu zokuthi ukulingana komshado kuyisidingo esithandwa kakhulu. E-Ireland, i-texanderum ye-sex ye-205 yandulelwa phambili ngomkhankaso omkhulu wendlu-ya endlini lapho izisebenzi zokuzithandela zakhuluma khona nabavoti, abaningi babo ababethiswe yizingxoxo ne-LBTQ nabantu babo.vote ephumelelayo.

Ukuqamba Amanga Nemithetho Ehleliwe

Uma izishaya-mthetho zingazimisele noma zingakwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo, abameleli bavame ukuphendukela ezinkantolo. Icala eliqeqeshiwe lisebenzisa amacala okuhlola ukubekela imithetho yobandlululo inselele njengephulo lemithetho yomthetho-mthetho njengelungelo lokulingana, lobumfihlo, noma isithunzi. Imithetho yeSinkantolo esiPhakeme njenge-U.S. [200] [200] [i-hogefell] v. [i-Hodges [[FLT] [[FLT] [impel:1] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [iminyaka engokomthetho]. [i-Foglates.] [imperight’s transfy berreacty projective [irights] [ign projectivesss projectivesssssssss, noma i-ognvivivivices, i-oglerler, i-ogn ehlangene, i-og

Isakhiwo Esihlangene Nemifelandawonye

Amalungelo omshado awavamile ukuphumelela ekuzihlukaniseni. Kuphumelela kakhulu lapho i-LGBTQ ihlangana nezinye izinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalo. Izinhlangano zingahlanganisa amaqembu ohlanga, izinhlangano zamalungelo abesifazane, izinyunyana zamalungelo ezisebenzi, nezinkolo ezisekela ukuhlanganiswa kwemishado. E-United States, umkhankaso wokulingana komshado waqiniswa nge-NAACP, iNhlangano yesizwe yabesifazane, namaqembu aqhubekayo anjenge United Church of Christ. Lezinhlangano ziletha imithombo eyengeziwe yemali, ukuthembeka, nokufinyelela kwezombangazwe. Ziqinisekisa futhi ukuthi ukushada ngesibopho akuyona into encane, kodwa kuhlangene nokulwela ukulingana kwabantu. Elansi Melika, i-Unian Conflity nezinhlangano ezivikela amalungelo abantu ezihlangene ze-yonions.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokuphumelela Kwezincwadi

EUnited States: I - Obergefell v. Hodges

Indlela yokulingana emshadweni e-United States yathatha amashumi amabili eminyaka yokutholana. Ngo-1990, abasekeli bagxila ekuzuzeni inzuzo yobuhlobo basekhaya nasekulweni ne-Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Impumelelo yavela ngesu elihlangene lenqubo kahulumeni nemfundo yomphakathi. Ngo-2004, iMassachusetts yaba yizwe lokuqala ukubhalisa umshado ofanayo ngecala elibusayo. Amanye amazwe alandela, kodwa intuthuko yayingenakulingani. Abameleli babe basekela i-Confense of Marrial Act, bawina ukunqoba okuyinhloko [[FLT: 0] eUnited States v.[FFFFFFFFF:1] [1], futhi umphacer [od , umphacer [umphations , u-ssioncells], i-umphace wokwa-Es Sucrences, i-unionsueves, i-Esvetugdentiances, ingu engu-Esved proviced proviced provi

ITaiwan: I - Asia

Ngo-2019, i-Taiwan yaba izwe lokuqala e-Asia ukuba ibhalise umshado osemthethweni olinganayo. Lokhu kufezwa okuphawulekayo kwakuwumphumela weminyaka yokuthatha umthetho wenkolo nemithetho eqinile emphakathini onezigaba ezimbalwa. Inkantolo yezomthetho yafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu: ngo-2017, i-Judicial Yuan yanquma ukuthi imithetho evimbela ukulingana komshado owengeziwe we-expression. Inkantolo yanikeza isakhiwo iminyaka emibili yokumisa imithetho emisha. Phakathi naleyo nkathi, abameleli babhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima kwamaqembu abambelele emacaleni ahlukene aqoqelwayo amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezokusayina imvume yokuvimbela ukulingana komshado. [I-Joniasempini yomthetho, i-2018, kodwa ukubusa kweNkakhulu leNkantolo yezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho kungakhomba ukuveza ukumiswa kwemithetho ebekelwe impumelelo yemithetho yeze impumelelo yezombili yeze i-Taiwan.[10] I-tomi, i-Ov.[10] Intente

ENingizimu Afrika: Ukunqoba KweNkantolo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Uhambo lwe-South Africa lokulingana emshadweni luphawuleka ngoba ngo-2002, kwenzeka phakathi kwesibopho esibanzi sangemva kwe-apartheid kumalungelo abantu. Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ka-1996 wawungowokuqala emhlabeni ukunqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ocansini. Nokho, cishe iminyaka eyishumi, imibhangqwana elinganayo, umbhangqwana ongowesilisayo, awukwazanga ukushada. [ngo-2002, i-Lesbian ne-Gay Eapastical Projects i-sects i-sectivessstion expressurect, i-rectory yaveza icala lokuthi incazelo efanayo yomthetho womshado ayiyona isithunzi. [[FOctive] Inkantolo engcono ishiye i-preza umthetho womthetho wombuso womhlaba wonke. [Umthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho we-Denelightssion] Inkantolo uveza ukuthi ukuncintine yomshado umehluko we-1959]

Izinselele Nezindlela Zokuthutha

Naphezu kwalokhu kunqoba, inqubo yokubhalisa amalungelo omshado ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukuphikisa kwezesiko nangokwezenkolo kuhlala kunzima. Ukuhlomela ukuthuthwa kwezindawo ngokomthetho cishe kuxhaswe yizinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ezilandelanayo . Ukusebenza ukuze kuvinjelwe noma kuncishiswe ukulingana kwemishado. Emazweni anjengeRussia, iHungary, nePoland, ohulumeni baye bamisa imithetho eqinisa ukucwasana nokuvimbela i-LBTQ + iziqubulo. Ngisho nasemazweni lapho ukushada okufanayo kusemthethweni, abameleli kumelwe bavikele inzuzo engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kweNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo yezomthetho engu 2022 [[FLT] [FLD] iSikhundla sabesifazane [FOLD:1], i-Janyulethwomsbook’s , isikisela ukuthi ukuhlulwa okufanayo kwemithelela ukukhishwa kwemithetho ye-Rodmian.

Ukuphikiswa Kwesiko Nenkolo

Enye yezithiyo eziphikelela kakhulu ukuphikiswa kwezesiko nezenkolo. Izinhlangano eziningi zibheka umshado njengomshado ongokwesiko ophakathi kwendoda nowesifazane, ngokuvamile osekelwe emfundisweni engokwenkolo. Ukuqamba amakhanda emongweni onjalo kumelwe kukhulume ngalezi zinkolelo ezigxile kakhulu ngaphandle kokuhlangana nabantu abahlukene. Emazweni amaningi amaKatolika njenge-Italy nePoland, imikhankaso yokulingana yemishado iye yabhekana nokuphikiswa okuqinile okuvela kubaphathi beSonto. Abasekeli baye basabela ngokugcizelela ukwehlukana komshado wesizwe emshadweni ongokwenkolo, futhi ngokwakha izivumelwano nabaholi benkolo abathuthukayo. Kwezinye izimo, njengaseMalta nasePortugal, ukuxoxa ngenhlonipho, ukuphathana nokuphathana ngokusemthethweni ekugcineni kuye kwaholela ekutholeni ukumiswa okungokomthetho.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwezombangazwe Nokuphazanyiswa

Amalungelo omshado angaba yimpikiswano ehlukanisayo yezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni anezinhlangano ezinamandla ezinamasuntswana noma izinhlangano ezinamasu aqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, eBrazil, umshado ofanayo wobulili wavunyelwa ngokomthetho ngesinqumo se-2013 National Justice Council, kodwa isimo sezulu sezombangazwe sezwe siye saba silwa kakhulu neLGBTQ+ amalungelo. UMongameli Jair Bolshoro, owakhonza kusukela ku-2019 kuya ku-20222, owashoshoshosho ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuphikisa ukulingana nokumiselwa kwamajaji abangokwesiko. Abaphathi-GalGeneal Council manje kumelwe bavikele isivikelo esingokomthetho semithetho ekhona enqandabeni noma ekukhukhulekeni kwe-mthetho. Lokhu kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye ne-Genearmagement phakathi kwe-LT.[1]

Izithiyo Ezingokomthetho Nezithiyo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Emazweni amaningi, indlela engokomthetho yokulingana emshadweni ivinjelwe ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo achaza umshado njengenyunyana kuphela. Ukubeka umthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kudinga ukumiswa kwemithetho ephakeme eqenjini lendlu, i-asendium, noma zombili. Ngokwesibonelo, eJapane, iSiphakamiso 24 soMthetho-sisekelo sithi umshado “uyosekelwa kuphela ekuvumelaneni kwabesilisa nabesifazane.” Nakuba izinkantolo ezingaphansi kwemithetho ephikisanayo ukuthi lesi sihloko sivimbela ukushada okukodwa, ukuqedwa komthetho-mthetho kubhekwa njengokudingekile ekulingana okugcwele. Emazweni anjengeGhana, i-Nigeria, ne-Uganda, imithetho yamakolo nemishadoba emishado emishado emishayeni ehlangeneyo, ngisho nokuyimithetho emelene nokushenxila.

Izindlela Zokuhlobisa Abakwa - Faro Abalandelayo

Njengoba indawo ezungezile ishintsha, inqubo yokulwa nokulwela amalungelo omshado kumelwe ivumelane nenqubo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nesimo Sasendaweni

Akukho ukuphumelela okukodwa kokusekela ukulingana komshado. Emazweni anezimiso zokwahlulela eziqinile, ukuphikiswa kungaba indlela ethembisa kakhulu. Emazweni lapho izishaya-mthetho zikwazi ukuphumelela kakhulu, ukuqapha kufanele kugxile ekusekeleni izikhwama zemali nokukhuthaza. Emphakathini omelene kakhulu nokulingana kwezesiko, imikhankaso yemfundo yemfundo yasobala emide ebangela ukuba imibhangqwana engabantu esondelene neyodwa ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eNingizimu Korea, lapho isilinganiso somshado singaqasheki, lapho i-aced commony, abasekeli bemicine ngokuhlola kabusha nokumelelana kancane kancane. Upheno lwezentengiselwano lwezentengiselwano zamazwe angamashumi amahlanu aseNingizimu manje, kusukela eshumini leminyaka elina. Ukuhamba kwezeleleka phambili, ukusekela kwezentengiselwa phambili kwezwe ngalinye, ukuphathana kwezentengo yezomthetho, ukuphatha kwezentengo yezomthetho, nezokuxhumana.

Imisebenzi Yamalungelo Abantu Yamazwe Ngamazwe Empi

Umthetho wezizwe zonke wenkululeko yabantu unikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula amalungelo abantu. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo Omphakathi, iSivumelwano sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Abantu, kanye namathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu ngokwezifunda njenge-European Convention on Human Rights ne-Interna American on Human Rights (Isivumelwano se-American Convention yokwabelana amalungelo abantu). ISivumelwano se-Universal se-American of Human Rights, ngokwesibonelo, sakhipha umbono we-oxvictive on Human Rights ngo-20181818 ethi izivumelwano zesivumelwano kufanele ziqaphele umshado ofanayo ne-ex. Nakuba le mibono ingafaki ukubophana okunga okuzenzekelayo, ingcinga engokomthetho nezombangazwe. Abameleli bangayiletha namacala ezindikimbeni zezizwe zonke njenge-UN yamaKomiti eHlawulo lwayoMnyango yezesizwe. [F.][10]

Ukwakha Ukuzimisela Kwezizwe Zonke

Ukulingana kwemishado kuwumzabalazo wembulunga yonke, futhi intuthuko ewumthombo wentuthuko ezweni elithile ivame ukukhuthaza nokusiza abasekeli benye. Izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezizwe njenge International Lesbian, Gay, Bisy, Trans Trans kunye ne Interssex Association (ILGA) zihlanganyela amasu angokomthetho, ukuxhasa, ukuxhasa izimali, nokusekela kwezombangazwe. Uma iTaiwan isemthethweni esemthethweni, abashisekeli bemishadolo abafanayo, abavela eJapane, e-South Korea, naseThailand bahamba baye eTaia ukuze bafunde kumkhankaso. Ngokufanayo, abameleli base-Latin America baye basungula umphakathi wokuzinkonzo ezindaweni ezithile, ukuhlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho okuvela e-Argentina, e-Brazil, eKholiji, nase-Ecuador. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izimali ezinhlanganweni zembulunga yonke indawo, kodwa kusekela imizamo ephakeme kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwezinhlangano zendawo.

Isiphetho: Ukulwa Okuqhubekayo

Ukuqapha i-Dadivocation kubonakale kuyithonya eliwujuqu ekwandiseni amalungelo omshado emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela ezinkantolo zase-South Africa nase-United States kuya kuma-pad commission of Taiwan nase Argentina, ukubophelana ngokusemthethweni nezimiso zezombangazwe kuye kwaguqula umbono wokulingana komshado ube umthetho. Kodwa impi ikude kakhulu. Ezindaweni eziningi, imibhangqwana efanayo exhunyiwe isabhekene nobugebengu, hhayi nje ukususwa emshadweni. Ngisho nalapho umshado usemthethweni, iLGBTQ+ abantu ngokuvamile abantula isivikelo esibanzi sezindlu, umsebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokutholwa komntwana. Isizukulwane esilandelayo sezentengiselwano kumelwe sakhe ezimpumelelweni zangaphambili lapho isamukela izinselele ezintsha. Inqubo yomthetho ayiyona inqubo eqhubekayo, kodwa inqubo yokuzivikela, nokwenyuka, ukuhlanganisa utshalo olungokomthetho, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa amandla, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlangana kwezizwe zonke, noma ukuhlanganiswa kobulili, noma ukumiswa komuntu, ukuthi umuntu owena, noma uhulumeni, noma uhulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni,