Indima Yezinqumo Zomlando Zezinqumo Zokuqala Ngamalungelo Okuziphatha Afanayo

Ukushintsha kweNkantolo Ephakeme ishintshela ekucabangeni kobukhoma kuqala kuye kwalungisa ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ezicabeni ezihilela amalungelo afanayo okuziphatha. I-renaryism, ngezindlela zayo ezihlukahlukene, igcizelela ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo yamiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inqanda ukucupha futhi ilawula isinqumo sentando yeningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ifaka imingcele enqubweni ephelelwe ngokomthetho, ifaka engozini yokungalungisi lapho ukuqonda okungokolinganayo kusuka. Umbango phakathi kwenhloso engokomlando nezindinganiso zesimanje kuye kwaba yindawo eyinhloko yesinqumo sezentengo yomthetho womshado, imithetho yesodoma, nesomkhankatho yemisebenzi. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo ekuqaleni kuLBTQ+ amalungelo efuna ukuhlolwa okuseduze kwefilosofi yangaphakathi, ukulandisa komlando, ukucatshangelwa kwezelelwa kwezezindaba ezingoko zomlando.

Ukuqonda Ukuqamba Umlando Nokuzimisela Ngokomlando

UbuFractal abuyona imfundiso yomthetho owodwa. Imicu emibili emikhulu ivele: inhloso yokuqala ne yasekuqaleni incazelo yomphakathi [. Injongo ibheka kulokho abantu abakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawusho. Incazelo yasobala, esekelwa nguMahluleli Antonin Scalia, igxila ekuqondeni ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuthola umbhalo. Zombili zibheka ubufakazi obungokomlando ([FLTLT], amarekhodi empikiswano, izichazamazwi, kanye nomthetho ovamile wezokuziphatha. Kodwa zingaholela ekuqondeni okuhlukile ngenxa yokuthi izinhloso ze-Framers zingasuka kanjani eziqondeni ngokwawo.

Emqokanyeni wamalungelo okuziphatha okubi, abahluleli bobuqaba bavame ukubhekana nomlando omfushane. Umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo awukhulumi ngokuthambekela kobulili. ISiphakamiso samaLungelo neSichibiyelo se 144th zabunjwa ngenkathi ubudlelwane obufanayo lapho u-"%ssion bubekwe ngobugebengu noma bungaziwa. Abaqondisi mlando kumelwe banqume ukuthi izimiso ezivamile ezibekwe emagameni afana “ukuvikelwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho” noma“ ukuvikelwa kwemithetho” kufanele kusetshenziswe ezimweni ezingalindelekilengakho. Abanye, njengoMahluleli Clarence Thomas, baphikisa ukuthi ukuqonda kokuqala kwenkululeko kwakulinganiselwe ekuzithiyekeni ngokomzimba, hhayi ekushadeni kanye nomngane womuntu. Abanye, njengoMahluleli Scalia, baqaphela ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho wokuqala akudingi ukuba kusetshenziswe ngendlela engcono kakhulu kwe-Formales; kudinga ukuchazwa, ukuvumelana kombhalo wokuqala, okusho okungokokuqala, okuvumelana kwezimiso.

Umehluko obucayi umehluko phakathi kwe- “incazelo” ne-“production.” Ukuchaza kufuna incazelo yolimi yombhalo; ukwakhiwa kugcwalisa izikhala lapho incazelo iphuma khona. Izazi zoqobo njengoRandy Barnett noLawrence Solum ziphikisa ngokuthi uma incazelo yokuqala ingacacile noma ibanzi, abahluleli kumelwe basebenzise ezinye izindinganiso ezingokomthetho kodwa hhayi ezabo izimiso ezithandwayo . Lokhu kwahlukanisa kuba yimfantu ezindaweni eziqondene amalungelo, lapho amagama afana no-Randy ” nesithi “isivikelo esilinganayo sibanzi ngokungenakuphikwa. Umbuzo ungaba amakhasi aqalayo amakhasi ka-636sex noma ukuthi awuyivimbeli yini umthetho.

Umlando Wamalungelo Afanayo Ezokuvikela Impilo

Umlando ongokomlando owabonwa abaqondisi bezinto zakudala wembula izwe lapho ukusondelana okufanayo ngokobulili kwalahlwa khona kabanzi. Izwe eliphethe ikoloni kanye nemithetho yakuqala yombuso ewenqatshelwa ubugebengu obufanayo, ngokuvamile ngesijeziso esinzima. Izincwadi ezingokomthetho zekhulu le-18 nele-19 zachaza izenzo ezifanayo zokushendeza ngokuthi “icala elimelene nemvelo.” ISichibiyelo seshumi nane lesine, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, savela ngesikhathi lapho imithetho yombuso yenqabela ngokuqondile ukuziphatha okufanayo okungokobulili obufanayo futhi yenqaba ukuqaphela imishadoba phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo. Akukho mbuso wekhulu le 19 owanikeza imishadolo yezomshado imibhangqwana efanayo engabantu abangowesine, kanye nezincupheni ezimbalwa ezingokomthetho ezihlolwayo.

Nokho, abakholelwa ekudalweni kwe-listry abavumelani ngokubaluleka kwalokhu kuthula. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi amaFramers eSichibiyelo seshumi nane ayengakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuvikela ubuhlobo obufanayo bobulili, umbhalo manje awukwazi ukufundwa ukuze wenze kanjalo. Abanye baveza ukuthi ukumiswa kombhalo owenziweyo kuvikela okulinganayo kwemithetho."wayisivikelo esisemthethweni sobuhlanga) okwakuhloselwe ngamabomu, okwakuhloselwe ukuguqula umphakathi njengokuqonda ukulingana. Ukuhlelwa komlando kohlanga nobandlululo lwezifektha kubonakalisa lokhu okunamandla: iSishaya - mthetho esifanayo esabhala izikole ze 1449 ze-Expressurectives futhi asiphika imvume. Nokho akukho mthethweni wokuqala ovikela ukuncintiswa kwezinhlanga noma ukuvinjelwa kwabesifazane namuhla ngokukhonza komthetho womthetho womthetho. Lokhu kusikisela kokuthi ukuvumelana komthetho wokuqala kumelwe kuveze umehluko phakathi kwezisekelo lwemithetho nemithetho.

Izazi mlando ziye zavumbulula ubufakazi bokuthi ubuhlobo obubodwa obungokocansi babukhona eMelika yakuqala, nakuba ngokuvamile babufihlekile noma bulahlwa. Izincwadi ezingokomthetho zekhulu le-18 zibonisa ukuqulwa kwamacala e-sodoma, kodwa futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ukulahlwa nokungaxegi. Ukuswelakala okuhlobene kokuphathwa okungokomthetho okungokomthetho kokuthambekela kobulili akusho ukuthi abantu ababukho imibono; kusho ukuthi leyo mibono ayibhalwanga embhalweni wemithetho-mthetho. Ngakho abaqali bakuqala kumelwe banqume ukuthi bangazilawula yini izimo zenkathi noma izimiso ezingabonakali. Impi engaphezulu kwama-636 amalungelo enjongo engokomthetho ayiyona impi egunyazwe kakhulu noma imithetho egunyaziwe kakhulu yesikhathi noma ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-mthetho.

Umthetho Wamacala Nokucabanga Kwakuqala

Ukuthembisana kweNkantolo Ephakeme nokusungula kwayo emacaleni afanayo amalungelo okuziphatha ngokweziqu ezifanayo kwe-"%ssion kwembula ukucushwa kwale mfundiso. uLiawrence v. Texas, Justice Anthony Kennedy, ebhalela abantu abangu-683, walahla umthetho we-Texas sodomay osekelwe enqubweni ephansi yenqubo efanelekile yemfundiso ye-plastiki. UJaji Scalia usebenzise ukucabanga kokuqala, ephikisa ngokuthi imithetho ephamba umthetho ewundluzayo yayinezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando nokuthi uMthetho-mthetho, njengoba ekuqaleni wawuqondwa, washiya izindaba ezinjalo emazwini. UScalia wayencike ebufakazini obungokomlando ukuthi ngesikhathi se-1459, imithetho esemthethweni yayikhona. Wayephethe ukuthi imithetho eminingi yayaziwa kakhulu.

[[QULT:0] Funda isinqumo esigcwele [[[QULT:1]] u-Lawrence

Ku u-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), owaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lomshado ofanayo, ukuphikisana kwemibono yeNkosi uMahluleli uRoberts noMahluleli Thomas kwancika kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zokuqala. uRoberts waphikisa ukuthi “ilungelo lokushada” ngokwesiko lachazwa njengendoda nowesifazane, futhi leyo ncazelo kufanele yenzeke ngezimiso zedemokrati, hhayi ngencazelo yokwahlulela. UThomas waqinisekisa ukuthi incazelo yokuqala ye-“exbertry” eMhlelwenist Claus [e] yayilinganiselwe ekukhululekeni ekuzibambeni umzimba futhi yayingenakuthatha imvume yokushada. Nokho, iningi, alizange lamukele indlela yokuqala yokuthatha inqubo. Kunalokho, u-Kennedy u-evo ugcizelela izindinganiso zokwahlulela ezifaneleyo ezisemthethweni nasendleleni ezinziwayo ezisemthethwenisweni eziningi zokuphila komthetho.[4]

Funda ingqikithi [

Muva nje, Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) wakhuluma ukuthi ukunqabela kwesihloko u-VII ukucwasa ngokobulili kuvikela izisebenzi ezingongqingili noma ezithathelwa ngaphandle komthetho. UMahluleli uNeil Gormoth, uGormoth ozichazayo, umbhali wemibhalo yakuqala nombhali, wabhala umbono womphakathi. Wayilahla inhloso engokomlando ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha “kwesocansikeni” futhi wagxila kakhulu embhalweni: ukucwasa ngesisekelo sobungqingili noma ukucwasana okungasese. I-Gor Le projectives yaba ngumdwebistri wemibhalo, hhayi umdwebi wokuqala. Wavuma ukuthi ngo-1949 akazange abe nobungqingili noma abe nencazelo esobala yezenzweni ye-RGB, kodwa waqaphela ukuthi “incazelo esobala ye-ivolution.

[[UMTL:0] Funda ingqikithi [[[QLT:1] i-Bostock isinqumo

I-Boshock eningi yathola ukugxeka okukhulu kuMahluleli Samuel Alito, owathi, ephikisani naye, wasola iningi lokubhala umthetho ukuze ubonise izindinganiso zanamuhla. Ukungavumelani kuka-Alito kwahlanganisa ukuthatha i-listism yakuqala elindele 88qualiations: ngoba i-88th Congress ayihlozanga ukufihla ukuziphatha okufanayo, iNkantolo akufanele ifunde umthetho ofanele wenze kanjalo. Impikiswano phakathi kwe-Gorth ngokwayo [1] phakathi kwe-Gorroth ukufinyelela kokuqala kanye nenhloso ka-Arito . Ibonisa ukuthi ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwefilosofi akunamiphumela eguquguqukayo. Ibonisa ukuthi ukulawulwa kokuqala akuna umphumela ozinzinzinzile.[2]

Izinqumo Zenkantolo Kahulumeni Nemibono Yokuqamba Iziqu

Ngalé kweNkantolo ePhakeme kahulumeni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zalwa futhi nokuzimela kobufandamentali emacaleni afanayo amalungelo okuziphatha. Ezinye izinkantolo eziphezulu, zichaza umthetho wazo siqu, ziye zasebenzisa incazelo yokuqala ukuqeda ukuvinjelwa komshado. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-Iowa iqondene nencazelo ebanzi ye- Varnum v. Brien[FLT][2009] [2009] [2009] Izethemba eMthethweni we-Constitution, leyo inkantolo ebhekwa njengendlela ebanzi yokulingana ebanzi eqondenelisa imibhangqwana ehlukene efana ne-69. Inkantolo yabuke umthetho we-95202 futhi yathola ubufakazi bokuthi imibhangqwana emelelweni efanayo nesivikelo somthetho. Le nqubo yakuqala igcizelela indlela yolimi olungoko-mlando lapho iqukethe ukwene.

Ithonya Lamalungelo Okuziphatha Okuxekethile Afanayo

Ithonya elisebenzayo lokucabanga kokuqala ngamalungelo obuhlobo obubodwa liye laxutshwa. Ngaphambi [u-FLT:0] Obergefell, izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zasebenzisa i-octalism ukuze zisekele ukuvinjelwa kwezwe. Isibonelo, iNkantolo Yesifunda YesiThathu Yezingcingo Kuwo IDeboer v. [[FLT:][FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [ikhulu] zaveza ukuthi incazelo engokomlando yomshado njengenyunyana phakathi komuntu nowesifazane yayiyingxenye yokuqonda kwesizinda somthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi inqubo yedemocricial inganquma ukuthi ingawushintsha yini. Isinqumo sawokuvikela imibhangqwanana kanye nesivikelo, kodwa ibonise indlela yokuqala ukulinganisela kwezentebobu . I-Stevennernern ayisho ukuthi ingubonke, ingubonke ingubo efuna ukuvikela imishayo, ngenxa yesilinganiso esiyinhloko yesilinganiso esingubonke, ngenxa yesilinganiso seze isikhulu,

Endabeni yamalungelo e-transgender, izimpikiswano zokuqala zisakhula. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme iBostock sihlanganisa kuphela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngaphansi kwesihloko VII, hhayi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo ezingaphansi zihlukene ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, njengoba kwakuqondwa ekuqaleni, uvimbela ukucwaswa kwabantu ngabanye. Abanye abahluleli, ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuqala, baye baphetha ukuthi incazelo yokuqala ye- “dex” eMkhungweni we-Clauslaus ibhekisela kuphela kwinto engokwesayensi epheleleni, nokuthi ukucwasana okusekelwe ekuzibonakaliseni kobulili obubodwa akucacingisi ngenxa yokuthi i-Frames ayicabangi imiqondo enjalo. Abanye, futhi bathembele ezimisweni eziqondeni ezilinganayo, baye bathola ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yencazelo evimbela i-Classicscen ehlukanisayo kanye nabantu abahlukahlukeneyo, kuhlanganise nabantu ababhekene.

Ukulinganisela Izindinganiso Ezingokomlando Nezanamuhla

Impikiswano ngenhloso efanayo engokomlando emacala amalungelo okuziphatha okufanayo ekugcineni ibonisa ukungqubuzana okukhulu phakathi kwemibono emibili yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo: ukusungulwa komthetho-sisekelo kanye nomthetho ngokomthetho ophilayo. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngentuthuko yomphakathi. Bakhomba eqinisweni lokuthi amalungelo amaningi angokomlando — kuhlanganise namalungelo angokobulili obuhlukene, ukulingana kwabesilisa, nokulawula inzalo, ayaziwa ekuFunyaneni kodwa ayaziwa njengesisekelo sanamuhla. Abalandeli bokuqala, bembukwa, bexwayisi ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungenamkhawulo kuvumela abahluleli ukuba babeke izindinganiso zabo siqu futhi balulaze i-SAVEN.[6]

Izazi eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zahlongoza ukuma okuphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, “ikhomphyutha yokusungula” kaJack Balkin isekela ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izimiso ezidinga ukwakhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphansi kwalombono, incazelo yokuqala ethi“ isivikelo esilinganayo” noma“i-libert" iyindinganiso ebanzi engacushwa ngaphandle kokuphula umthetho wokuqala. Lendlela ingavumela i-LGBTQ kanye nesivikelo ngaphandle kokulahla i-ankile yencazelo yokuqala. Ngokufanayo, u-Randy Barnett u-“ tracyism ” u-“ syleribralism" uveza ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo yayiwukuvikela inkululeko, kuhlanganise nokuziphatha komuntu siqu.

Abagxeki bobufandamentali baphawula ukuthi umlando uvame ukuba nomqondo odidayo. Ngisho noma izazimlando zivumelana ngalokho ababekucabanga ngobuhlobo obufanayo be-Framers, ukusebenzisa lolo lwazi ezigabeni zomthetho zanamuhla kufaka i-anochronisms. AbaseFrams abazange baqonde ukuthambekela kobulili njengemfanelo eqinile; bahlanganisa izenzo kunokuzichaza. Ukuqonda lokho kuhlolwa komthetho-mfashini okusemshadweni ofanayo noma amalungelo angaphandle komthetho kudinga ukuchaza ukukhetha okudlula ngalé komlando. Ngenxa yalokho, abahluleli bokuqala abakholelwa ebuKristwini baqala abaphikisa kakhulu nje kuphela abaphi bemithetho esemthethweni kodwa futhi nakwenye.

Imiqondo Yangaphandle

Izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zakhiqiza izincwadi ezithi zinkulu zobuProfethi bokuqala ne-LGBTQ+ amalungelo. Isihloko esiphawulekayo sikaProfesa William N. Eskridge (Isikole soMthetho seYale) sihlola indlela ukucabanga kwasekuqaleni okuye kwasetshenziselwa ngayo kokubili ukulinganisela nokuvikela umshado ongokwesiko. Uphikisa ngokuthi inguquko engcono kakhulu yokuqala ye-listism .Njengo-inye ehlola incazelo yasekuqaleni yemikhakha yokulingana. //isekela ukuhlanganiswa okukodwa. Okunye ukuhlaziya okuyinhloko kukaProfesa Sherif Girgis, umsekeli womshado wesiko, uphikisa ngokuthi ubuSulubi bufuna ukuba bahlulele izincazelo ezisekelwe kumlando. Lemfundo izibuko ziveza ukuhlukanisa kweNkadethi.

[ Funda kakhulu nge prostance kanye nomshado oxubile eYale Law Journal

Isiphetho

Indima yenhloso engokomlando ezinqumweni ezingokoqobo ezivumelanayo namalungelo ombuso afanayo ihlala iyimpikiswano enzima emthetho-mgaqo-siseko waseMelika. I-lixism ayisho lutho olulodwa; kunalokho, inikeza ilens yendlela yokusebenza engaveza imiphumela ehlukene-hlukene kuye ngokuthi yiyiphi inguquko yefilosofi umahluleli ayamukela futhi uchaza kanjani ubufakazi obungokomlando. Izinqumo [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] , iveza imiphumela ephumela phambili , [[FLT], [FLT], [[FLT], [FLT], [[FLT], [[4]] ne] incazelo engokwezinye yesikhathi esidlule, [indlela] yezindlela zokulawula ukuphila, futhi ingenakunciliselwa kwezigidi zezigidi zabantu.[FLT] [ezi] [ezi] [ezi] [ezi] [ezi] [ezi] [ezi ezingaphezulu] [ezi] [ezi] [ezi] [ezi] [ezi