Indima Yomphakathi Wasembusweni Wokuthuthukisa Ukulandisa Kukahulumeni

Isimiso sobudemokrasi esisebenzayo sincike esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okukhona ngaphandle kwezinhlangano ezingokomthetho zezombangazwe. Umphakathi womphakathi − ukuhlahlela okukhulu kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano zohulumeni, amaqembu omphakathi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, izinhlangano zezisebenzi, izinhlangano ezisekela ukholo, nezinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholweni ngokomthetho − kusebenza njengebhuloho elibalulekile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso. Ngokuhlola izenzo zikahulumeni, ukuveza amazwi obala, nokufuna ukuba sobala, abadlali bezentengiselwano baqinisekise ukuthi labo abasemandleni bayaqhubeka bekhonza abantu. Ngaphandle komphakathi omphakathi omphakathi owesizwe owenziwe ngezenzo eziqinile, inqubo yokulandisa, inkohlakalo, ukukhohlakaza komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela umphakathi okhuthaza ngayo ukulandisa, izinselele, futhi sikhuthaza amandla abalulekile angokombuso wentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda Izinga Lomphakathi Wasemphakathini

Umphakathi uvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "umphakathi wesithathu", ohlukile kuhulumeni nasengxenyeni ezimele. Izici zawo ezichazayo zihlanganisa ukuhlanganyela ngokuzithandela, ukuzimela ekulawuleni kukahulumeni, nokugxila empumelelweni yomphakathi kunenzuzo yomphakathi. Umphakathi uhlanganisa abadlali abaningi, kusukela kuma-NGO amakhulu emhlabeni wonke kuya kubantu abambalwa abahlala ndawonye, ngamunye edlala indima eyingqayizivele ekubekeni ohulumeni icala.

Ingxenye eyinhloko yomphakathi zihlanganisa:

  • Non-Governmental Organizations [[NGOS:1] — amaqembu ahleliwe asebenza ngaphandle kukahulumeni, agxila ezindabeni ezinjengelungelo lomuntu, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, nokumelana nokonakala.
  • Izinhlangano ezisekelwe ngokusekelwe kwi-community (CBOs) — amaqembu anezimpande zotshani asekelwe emiphakathini yendawo ekhuluma ngezidingo ezithile njengemfundo, impilo, noma isisekelo sesisekelo.
  • I-Labor Unions — iziqu ezimele ezisekela amalungelo ezisebenzi nemisebenzi yokusebenza engakhethi, ngokuvamile zibekela imithetho kahulumeni ethinta umsebenzi neholo.
  • Izinhlangano zobuvolontiya [ — amaqembu ochwepheshe (umz., abameli, izintatheli, odokotela) abamisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha futhi abasekela izinguquko emasimini abo.
  • Izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholelweni — izinhlangano zenkolo ezivame ukuhileleka ezinkonzweni zomphakathi nasekusebenziseni izimiso zokuziphatha, ziqhubela ukwahlulela ngokulunga nokulandisa ekubuseni.
  • I-media kanye ne-Acticist Networks — izintatheli ezizimele, izinqolobane, kanye namapulatifomu angaphakathi ahlola izenzo zikahulumeni futhi asakaze ulwazi emphakathini.

Ngasinye salezi zingxenye sinezela ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi lokwengamela, ukuqapha, nokuthembisana komphakathi okuqinisa ukulandisa okungokwasezulwini njengeqembu.

Ukubaluleka Kokulandisa Kukahulumeni

Isibopho sikahulumeni sokulandisa ngemisebenzi yazo, ukwamukela umthwalo wemfanelo ngezinqumo zazo, futhi umbule imiphumela esobala. Kuyisisekelo sokubusa okuhle futhi okubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Uma ohulumeni belandisa, izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni ezinqubweni zomphakathi, zivumelane nemithetho, futhi zisekele izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Izici eziyinhloko zokulandisa kukahulumeni zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukwehla [ — ukuvuleka kokwaziswa ngezinqumo zikahulumeni, uhlelo lokuhlela, nokwenza.
  • [ Ukuvumelana [[[FT:1] — ikhono nokuzimisela kwezikhulu ukusingatha izidingo nezikhalazo zezakhamuzi.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo [[[QL:1] — ukunamathela emithethweni, iziqondiso, nezindinganiso zokuziphatha zezisebenzi zomphakathi.
  • Imishini ye-Foastback — imikhondo ehleliwe yezakhamuzi yokuveza izikhalo, ukuhlanganyela ekwenzeni isimiso, nokufuna iziphetho.
  • Imiphumela yezenzo ezimbi noma ukwehluleka ukwenza, kanye nezindlela zokuthola ubulungisa.

Ukulandisa akukhona nje kuphela ngokujezisa ukona; futhi kuphathelene nokwakha isiko lomthwalo wemfanelo lapho izikhulu zifuna khona ukuhlonyiselwa futhi zithethelela izenzo zazo.

Indlela Umphakathi Ovamile Othuthukisa Ngayo Ukulandisa

Izinhlangano zomphakathi (CSOs) zikhuthaza ukulandisa kukahulumeni ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene eziphelelisa izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zobubonisi njengezinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nezinhlangano zokuhlola.

Umtapo womtapo wenja: Ukuhlolwa Nokuvezwa

I-CSOs isebenza njengezibukeli ezizimele zokuziphatha kukahulumeni. Iqoqa ukwaziswa, ihlola, futhi isakaze imibiko yakho konke kusukela ekuboneni kahle kwemali kuya ekuphukeni kwamalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-International Baclive Partnership’s ivula uHlahlulo lwezezimali[ ihlola indlela amazwe avuleke ngayo futhi alandise ngayo mayelana nezimali zawo zomphakathi. Uma ukuphathwa kabi noma ukonakala kuvubukuliwe, i-CSOs ingakuletha ukunakekela obala ngemikhankanti yezokuxhumana, izenzo zomthetho, noma izivumelwano eziqondileyo eziphathisweni zezezezezindaba.

Izinhlangano ezigade inja zisebenzisa namathuluzi anjengezicelo ze - Freedom of Information ukuze zifinyelele amarekhodi kahulumeni, futhi ziqeqesha izakhamuzi ukuba zenze okufanayo eNdiya.

Ukuba Yidlanzana Nokuzitika Ngokufuna Ushintsho Olungokwesimiso

Ngenhlangano yomphakathi, izinhlangano zomphakathi zilwela imithetho nezimiso eziqinisa ukulandisa. Zifaka izimemezelo zomthetho, zikhipha izimemezelo zomphakathi, futhi ziqoqa abasekeli bezinguquko ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-OLT:0] Open Government Partinaship [ (OGP) iletha ndawonye uhulumeni nomphakathi womphakathi ukuba usungule izinhloso ezivumelanisa amazwe ekuvezeni okukhulu kakhulu nasekwenenzeleni isakhamuzi. I-CSOS ivame ukusebenzisa i-OGP platton yomhlaba ukuze ifune izinhlelo ezikhokhile ukuvula i-fice, ukuvala, nokunika okunenzuzo, kanye nokuhlela inzuzo yemali.

Ukuqasha kuphumelela kakhulu lapho i-CSOs ihlanganisa izibopho ezihlangene futhi ifuna izinto ezidingwayo. Emazweni amaningi, izinhlangano ze-NGO ziye zaphumelela ekuthatheni imithetho yokuvikela ikhwelo, izikhomishane ezilwa nokubola, kanye namahhovisi okuzimela azimele.

Ukunikeza Ingxenye Nokukhululeka Komphakathi

I-CSOs yenza izindawo lapho izakhamuzi zingahlangana khona ngokuqondile nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ihlela imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zezakhamuzi nokuxoxa nge - Internet.

Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, ukuphayona ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, kuyisibonelo esiphawulekayo lapho i-CSOs ihlomisela amalungu omphakathi ukuba anqume ukuthi izimali zomphakathi zingasetshenziswa kanjani. Le nqubo ayithuthukisanga nje kuphela ukuqoqwa kwempahla kodwa futhi yakha ukuthembana kanye nekhono lomphakathi. Namuhla, ukuhlelwa kwemali yokuhlela amadolobha okuhlukanisa kuye kwasakazekela emakhulwini amakhulu amadolobha emhlabeni wonke, ngokuvamile kusekelwa izinhlangano zomphakathi eziqeqesha abashicileli nabaqondisi abakhiqizi.

Isinyathelo Esingokomthetho Nesiqondiso Esihlelekile

ICSOS eningi isebenzisa izinkantolo ukuze iphoqelele ukulandisa. Isithakazelo somphakathi, esivame ukufakwa ngu-NGOs, singaphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba bavumelane nezibopho ezingokomthetho, njengokunikeza ukwaziswa noma ukuvikela amalungelo emvelo. ENingizimu Afrika, i-Legion Resources Centre iye yasebenzisa icebo elingokomthetho ukuze ibeke uhulumeni icala lokuhluleka ukunikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo ezinjengezindlu namanzi. Ukunqoba okungokomthetho kungamisa izenzakalo eziqinisa umthetho futhi kuvimbele ukuxhashazwa kokuxhashazwa esikhathini esizayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe Bezinombolo Nobuchwepheshe Besimanje

Amathuluzi emishini aye andisa ukufinyelela nokuphumelela kwemizamo yomphakathi yokulandisa. I-Platforms enjengo-Ushahidi (udwendwe) ne-Fix MyStret (ubika izinkinga zendawo) yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukubhala izinkinga nokuthatha ama-e - tracksture. Izembu jikelele zinikeza umzila onamandla wokukhuthaza ukucindezela komphakathi. E-Ukraine, umphakathi wasebenzisa isimiso se-Prozorro ukuze wenze ukuthengwa komphakathi kube sobala, ngokuphawulekayo kuncishiswe inkohlakalo. Ngokufanayo, i-I-Paid i-Pid progate comforters imibiko yezenter, iveza ukucindezela kweziphathimandla ukuba zenze isenzo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokungenela Komphakathi Oyizakhamuzi Okuphumelelayo

Imithombo Ebona Kahle Nezikhombo Zokonakala

Yasungulwa ngo-1993, i-Tramphancy International (TI) ingenye yezinhlangano zomphakathi zembulunga yonke ezinethonya elikhulu kakhulu ezinikezelwe ekulweni nenkohlakalo. Izimiso zayo zaminyaka yonke zenkohlakalo ze-Perceptions Index (CPII) zihlela amazwe asekelwe ekhohlakalweni okucatshangelwayo kwezengxenye yomphakathi, adweba ekuhlolweni kochwepheshe nasekuhlolweni. I-CPI iye yaba uphawu oluyinhloko ohulumeni abafuna ukuthuthukisa, ngokuvamile okuholela ekumelaneni nenguquko yezentengiselwano. Izahluko zesizwe ziphinde zihileleke ekuqondiseni ngokuqondile inzuzo yezentengo yezentetheleyo engekho emthethweni, njengokudalula ukugeleza okungekho emthethweni nokusunduza izimiso zezentengo yomphakathi ezinamandla kakhulu.

Ilungelo LaseNdiya Lokuqhuba Ukwaziswa

I-Right to Information (RTI) Act eNdiya, eyadluliswa ngo-2005, yaba umphumela wamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zomphakathi zomphakathi eziholwa amaqembu anjenge-National Campaign for People’s Right to Information (NCPRI). Inhlangano ehilela ukuqoqa utshani, ukuzwa kwasobala, nokubekwa kwezentengiselwano zomphakathi. Namuhla, i-RTI iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuba izakhamuzi zifune ukuba zibe nokukhanya ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziyaqhubeka ziqeqeshe abasebenzisi be-RTI, izikhaloshalo-mfa, nokulalela amafayela. Umthetho uye wasetshenziswa ukudalula ukonakala emisebenzini yomphakathi, imfundo, nokunakekela impilo, futhi uye waba yisibonelo semithetho efanayo kwamanye amazwe.

Isinyathelo Sokusebenzisa Imali Ecace Kakhulu EKenya

EKenya, i-Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) kanye nezinye i-CSOs zaphoqelelwa ukuba zisetshenziswe ekuhleleni imali ehlelelwe ngokwezimo zemali nezokuhlelwa kwezakhamuzi. Bakhiqiza amaphepha emali enziwe lula etholakala ezakhamuzini ezivamile futhi bagcina izitsha zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali emaphandleni. Lokhu kwasiza imiphakathi ukuba ihlele ukuthi imali eyabelwe izikole, imitholampilo, nemigwaqo yasetshenziswa kanjani. Ukuhlolwa okukhulu kwaholela ekuvuseleni imali ebhalisweni futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ezindaweni eziningana.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuhleleni Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokulawula Izenhlalo EBrazil

Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali eBrazil, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni anjengoPorto Alegre, kwakuhilela ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kamasipala kanye namakhulu ezinhlangano zomphakathi. Imihlangano yomphakathi yabekwa phambili imisebenzi, futhi kwakhethwa izihambeli zezohlelo lokuhlela imali zahlola ukubulawa. Ukuhlola kwabonisa ukuthi lenqubo yanciphisa inkohlakalo futhi yabuyisela izimali ezindaweni ezimpofu. Isibonelo sakhuthaza imizamo efanayo emadolobheni angaphezu kuka 1 500 embulungeni yonke, noCSO edlala indima eyinhloko ekuzingeni nasekutholeni inzuzo.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nomphakathi Wangaphakathi

Naphezu kwethonya lazo eliqinisekisiwe, izinhlangano zomphakathi zibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingase zinciphise ukuphumelela kwazo futhi zisongele ngisho nokuba khona kwazo.

Imingcele Kahulumeni Nendawo Encishisiwe

Emazweni amaningi, ohulumeni baye bamisa imithetho ecindezela imisebenzi yomphakathi. Lemithetho ihlanganisa izimfuneko ezisinda kakhulu zokubhalisa, imingcele yokuxhasa imali kwamanye amazwe, kanye namalungiselelo angacacile amelene "nokuphazamisa kwezizwe.] CVIUS] Monitor[ inqubo enjalo esemhlabeni wonke, ukuhlukanisa amazwe ngempilo yendawo yawo engokwendawo. Eminyakeni yamuva, inani elandayo lezizwe liye lathuthela "lisondele" noma "licindezelwe" izigaba. Ngokwesibonelo, eRussia, i-NGOS ukwamukela izimali zakwamanye amazwe kumelwe ukuba zibhaliswe njenge "izithunywa ze-RGlobans," ihlazo ngokomthetho yazo futhi zivimbe imisebenzi yazo. Imithetho efanayo iye yadluliselwa eHungary, eGibithe, nakwezinye izindawo.

Ukungakholelwa Komphakathi Nokuthembana

Kwezinye izimo, izinhlangano zomphakathi zincishiswa umphakathi. Zingase zibhekwe njengezithakazelo zezithakazelo zangaphandle, imisebenzi ekhethekile ethatha indawo ephezulu, noma abadlali abathatha ihlangothi elihlukene kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kungabaza kungabangelwa ukungabonani phakathi kwe CSOs ngokwayo, noma empucukweni kahulumeni ezibonakalisa njengezibangela izinkathazo. Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kudinga ukuhlangana okungaguquguquki, ukukhulumisana okucacile, nemiphumela esobala.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

I-CSOs eningi isebenzisa imali yokuhlela izicathulo, incike ezinhlawulweni zemali zesikhashana ezivela ezisekelweni noma kubantu abanikela ngezimali kwamanye amazwe. Ukungalondeki kwemali kwenza kube nzima ukugcina izisebenzi ezinekhono, ukwenza ukucwaninga isikhathi eside, noma ukusabela ngokushesha ekuqubukeni kwezinkinga. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 waziqinisa lezi zingcindezi njengoba izimali ezinikelwayo zishintshela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele egunyazwayo ebekwa ohulumeni ingaphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zikhululeke noma zivale ngokuphelele.

Ukunqanda Ukubulala Nokuhlasela Kwabantu

Ngezinye izikhathi, umphakathi wabembulwa ohulumeni wona kanye ofuna ukuba ube nesibopho sokulandisa. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlelwe ngendlela engezona ezohulumeni (GONGOs) zakhiwe ukuze zifanise umphakathi ozimele kuyilapho eqinisweni zisekela izithakazelo zikahulumeni. Ngisho namaCSO angempela angase ancike kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zikahulumeni noma emabunganeni, anciphise isiphetho sawo esigxekayo. Ukubambisana nokuzimela kuyinselele engapheli.

Izingozi Zokuphepha Kwabaziphindiseleli

Emazweni amaningi, abashisekeli bomphakathi babhekene nezinsongo, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuboshwa, ngisho nobudlova. Abavikeli bamalungelo abantu, abashisekeli bemvelo, nezintatheli basengozini kakhulu. Imininingwane evela kuFront Line Defenders ibonisa ukuthi ngo - 2023, kwabulawa abashisekeli abangaphezu kuka - 300, kanye neningi eLatin America nase-Asia. Izingozi ezinjalo zibangela ithonya elihlasimulisayo, zivimbela abantu ukuba bahlanganyele emsebenzini wokulandisa.

Izinyathelo Zokuqinisa Umphakathi Nokulandisa Okukhushuliwe

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ithonya lomphakathi ekuthuthukiseni ukulandisa kukahulumeni, kudingeka amasu amaningi — kokubili phakathi neCSOs ngokwayo naphakathi kwezimo ezibanzi zabanikeleyo, ohulumeni, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke.

Ukwakha Izindawo Zokwakha Nezingosi

I-CSOS ngayinye yandisa amandla ayo ngokwenza imifelandawonye. Imikhankaso ehlangene ezindabani ezinjengokuveza ngaphandle kwemboni ekhiphayo noma ukonakala kuye kwabonakala kuphumelela kakhulu kunemizamo ehlukene. Amakholiji angahlanganyela ukucwaninga, ukuhlanganisa, futhi anikeze umgomo onamandla kubenzi bemithetho. I-Open Government international sharter[ ngokwayo] iyisinxulumanisi sabashisekeli benguquko phakathi nangaphandle kukahulumeni.

Ukutshala Izakhiwo Ezinamandla

Ukuqinisa amakhono ezisebenzi zeCSO nezisebenzi zokuzithandela − ezindaweni ezinjengokuhlaziywa kokwaziswa, ukubhalisa, ukubhalisa, nokuqapha ngezomthetho, kanye nokusebenza kwemishini ("i-assignomed project") kuqinisa ukuphumelela kwazo. Izisebenzi nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zingasekela izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, ukunikeza okuhlanganisa ukusekela okuyisisekelo kwentuthuko yenhlangano. Imisebenzi yokufundisa i-sourseiars isiza futhi ukuthatha imikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Amathuluzi Emishini Ephehla Ugesi Nemininingwane Evulekile

I-CSOS kufanele ithathe ubuchwepheshe ukuze ilinganisele umsebenzi wayo. I-opentary of Public Hemority, ama-apples asebenza ngeminyango yezenhlalo efaka imibiko, futhi imikhankaso yezokuxhumana ingafinyelela ngokuphawulekayo. Imiphakathi eqeqeshayo ukuba isebenzise lamathuluzi iqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bunika amandla kunokuba bungaphumi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Sunight Foundation (manje eyingxenye yeCenter for Public Heal) yasungula ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa okuvulekile ekulandeleleni imikhankano yezelo yezeko nemithetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Nehlelo Elizimele Nezinhlangano Eziningi

Izisebenzi ezisebenzelana namabhizinisi zinganikeza imithombo kanye nokugunyazwa, kodwa kumelwe kuhlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe izingxabano zesithakazelo. I-Piffeve Instruction Irenative (EITI) ingumzamo ophumelelayo wokuthatha izimpahla eziningi lapho i-CSOs ihlala khona eduze kohulumeni nezinkampani ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uwoyela, igesi, kanye nenzuzo yezimayini ziveziwe. Ngokufanayo, amaCSO angahlanganyela neBhange leZwe, i-IMF, ne-UN ukusunduza ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa i-CSOs njengengxenye yezinhlelo zentuthuko.

Ukusekela Isivikelo Esingokomthetho

I-CSOS nayo kumelwe ivikele indawo yayo. Ukusekela ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yokuhlangana, yokukhuluma nokwaziswa okungokomthetho kubalulekile. Ukusekela izigebengu ezizimele nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kwenza indawo ezungezile ibe nesizotha. Ukucindezela kwezizwe zonke nokulawula kungasiza uma indawo yasekhaya isivalekile.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukubonana Nokulandisa Phakathi Kwe - CSO

Ukuze kugwenywe ukumangalelwa kobandlululo noma ukufihla ikhanda, i-CSOs ngokwayo kufanele ibonise ukulandisa okufunwa ohulumeni. Imibiko yaminyaka yonke yokunyathelisa, ukwenza amarekhodi emali atholakale, nokumisa amabhodi azimele kungakha ukwethembana komphakathi. Amasu okuqinisekisa, njenge- CSO Standard[ ethuthukiswe yi-International Center for Not- Profective Law, izinhlangano zibonisa ukubusa okuhle.

Isiphetho

Indima yomphakathi ekuthuthukiseni ukulandisa kukahulumeni ibalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Ngokusebenza njengama-gadag, abameleli, abaqaphi, nabahlali, izinhlangano zomphakathi zakha isayensi yezinto eziphilayo eshukumisayo egcina ohulumeni besamukela futhi benomthwalo wemfanelo. Umsebenzi wabo uye waveza izinguquko ezingokoqobo . Ngokuhlela ukunikeza imithetho eqinile yokulwa nokonakala kanye nezakhamuzi ezinamandla. Nokho izinselele ezibhekene nazo zinkulu, kusukela kuhulumeni owehlulekayo ukuthatha isinyathelo futhi zigcine uhulumeni ungena ezinkingeni zokuzimela nokusongela kwemali nokuphepha.

Ukuqinisa umphakathi kudinga umzamo ohlangene wabo bonke abakhokhi: ohulumeni kumelwe bahloniphe inkululeko yomphakathi futhi babangele ukuba kube nezindawo ezisemthethweni; abanikelayo kumelwe banikeze imali elondolozwayo, evumelana nezimo; futhi iCSOs kumelwe iqhubeke isekela izindinganiso eziphakeme zobukhazikhazi nokuziphendulela. Njengezakhamuzi, ukusekela umphakathi wezakhamuzi ozimele kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuvikela nokujula kwentando yeningi.