Indlu yomthetho yenza indima eyinhloko futhi ngokuvamile enqumayo ekuhleleni indlela imiphakathi esabela ngayo ekungabini namakhaya nasontulekeni kwezindlu ezithengwayo. Njengoba igatsha likahulumeni elinomthwalo wokuhlela imithetho, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nokuqondisa ukumiswa kwezimiso, abenzi bomthetho bathonya ngokuqondile ukutholakala, ukukwazi ukukhokhela, nobungako bezindlu kulo lonke izwe. Izinqumo zabo zinquma izinga lezinhlelo zosizo lokuqashwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, izinga lesivikelo sezindlu zomphakathi, isivikelo esiqinile, nemithombo yezindawo etholakalayokwenzelwa izindleko eziphuthumayo. Nokho, ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho womthetho kuthungantentelezi zinkinga zezombangazwe, izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zemali, izinselele ezikhubazekayo eziqinile. Ukuqonda abenzi bemithetho ethile yomthetho kungakhipha izithiyo, futhi izithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abasekela izinhlelo zesimiso semithetho, izakhamuzi, nezakhamuzi, izakhamuzi ngokufanayo.

Ukuqonda Indima Engokomthetho Ekuhlalweni Nokungabi Namakhaya

Igatsha lezenyuko lisebenza ngamazinga amaningi ($85deral System Program), isifundazwe, nezindawo ezihlukene. Ngezinga likahulumeni, iSishaya-mthetho sigunyaza futhi sixhase izinhlelo ezinkulu zezindlu njenge Home Commotion Voucher Program (I-Selution 8), izikhungo zokuxhasa izimali zomphakathi, i-HOME Invementmentpaneralies Program, ne-Continnuum yesimiso sokunakekela izinkonzo zokunakekela indawo yokuhlala. Umthetho we-Frederal umisa futhi imingcele yemali yemali yemali ebhangezokwendlu, ukugcinwa kwezindlu okungakhethi, kanye nezisusa zentela zentela ezinjengeRoooft - House Phouse Preaces Crce (ITC), izinga lokulawula inqubo yombuso wezwe, imithetho yokulawula izakhiwo zezindawo ezithengwa ngemali ezisene, futhi uvikeli bezindawo ezintsha zokuhlala.

Ngaphandle kokuthola izimali nemithetho, izishaya-mthetho ziqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izinhlelo zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuzwa, imibiko, nophengululo kungadalula ama-ifficiencie, udoti, noma ukwehluleka ngokuqondile ekunikezeleni inkonzo engenamakhaya noma ekukhiqizweni kwezindlu. Ama-graislature futhi anamandla okuqondisa izifundo, ukwakha amabutho omsebenzi, futhi adale izindikimba ezinikezelwe ukuhlanganisa iziphetho zeqembu. Ngokufingqa, indima yemithetho yomthetho ayigcini kuphela ekubhaleni imithetho /i ihlanganisa inzuzo yempahla, ukulandisa, nokuhlela, kanye necebo elide.

Amathuluzi Ayinhloko Emithetho

Abenzi bomthetho banethuluzi eliyikhombayo lezimiso lokulungisa ukungabi namakhaya nokungakhokhwa kwezindlu. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuxhasa imali ngokuqondile, izisusa zentela, inguquko yemithetho, nesivikelo sabaphathi. Ithuluzi ngalinye linentengiselwano yentengo, ukukhokhwa kwezombangazwe, nokuphumelela.

Ukusikisela Okuqondile

Izindlela ezisheshayo zokulawula imiphumela yezindlu zingukwabelwa kwezimali. Izimali zaminyaka yonke zihlela imali etholakalayo yokuqinisekisa abaqashi, izindawo zokukhosela, izikhungo zokuhlala, izinhlelo ezisheshayo zokunikeza izinhlelo, nezinkonzo zokusekela. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo ze-memorial zonyaka kahulumeni zinquma ukuthi uhlelo lweSiqesha 8 lwezezimali lungasiza yini emikhayeni eyengeziwe noma luphoqelelwe ukuba lulondoloze uhlu lokulinda. Izishaya-mthetho zinganezela ekuxhaseni kwezimali ngemali yemali kahulumeni yokunikezelwa kukahulumeni, njengemali engenisa inzuzo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R37 zeminyaka yonke ehleli eholweni, nge-Implatensi (HAP) nangohlelo lokuvikela (HP). Imithetho yezindawo yendawo ingakhokha imali ejwayelekile ukuze kukhokhelwe usizo oluphuthumayo noma ukukhokhelwa kwezengqondo.

Abagqugquzeli Bentela Namacala

Inkambiso yentela iyithuluzi elinamandla kodwa elingaqondile. I-Low-Inhootation Treasurer Cree (LIHTC) iyindawo enkulu kakhulu kahulumeni ekuthuthukiseni izindlu zokuqasha ezibizayo, iveza amayunithi acishe abe ngu 100 000 ngonyaka. Izishaya-mthetho zingazenzela izikweleti zentela zazo siqu . Njengengxenye kazwelonke i-LIHTC. Ukukhokha intela yempahla yemisebenzi yezindlu ezibizayo kunganciphisa izindleko zokuthuthukisa izakhiwo. Ngokufanayo, intela yabathuthukisi abakhi bezindawo eziphezulu zingakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa nokuncitshiswa kwezindawo ze-transportat.

Ukushintsha Indawo Nezwe

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zokuthatha izinqumo yinguquko. Izishaya-mthetho zendawo zilawula indlela yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo, kuhlanganise nemingcele yobunzima bendawo, ubukhulu obuncane, ukuphakama, nezimfuneko zokupaka izimoto. Izinguquko ezinjengokuvumela amagumbi okuhlala (ADU) ngokuya ezindaweni eziseduze kwezindawo zokuthutha, noma ukususa umndeni owodwa kuphela zingandisa ukutholakala kwezindlu. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa ukususwa kwezwe lika-Oregon ngokwendawo eyodwa yemikhaya ne-SB ye-California i-SPlexes kanye nezindawo ze-ocesters ezivumela ukuba i-transportes ne-movessss ezisakhelwane. Izinguquko ezinjalo zibhekene nokuphikiswa okukhulu kwezindawo zasekhaya ezithintekile ngokuphathelene nempahla yomphakathi.

Imithetho Yokuvikela Eyinqwaba

Imithetho ingamisa imithetho evikela abaqashi ekuthathekeni, ekucwaleni, nasekuziphatheni kabi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuqasha noma ukulawula imithetho yokuqasha, ukukhipha izimfuneko nje zokuxoshwa komthombo, ukuvinjelwa kwemiphumelo yokukhishwa kwemigomo, nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho ekuvimbeleni ukuxoshwa. Lemithetho isiza ekuvimbeleni ukungabi nakhaya ngokuqinisa abaqashi nangokunika abaqashi ithuba lokuphepha ngokumelene nabanikazi bezindlu.

Ubukhulu Balenkinga: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuthatha Inyathelo Lomthetho Kuphuthuma

Ukwazisa ukubaluleka kwesenzo somthetho, kusiza ukuqonda izinga lenkinga. Ngokwe-U.S. uMnyango weNdlu yezindlu neNguquko ye-U.S. u-2023 yeminyaka yonke i-Assessment Report (AHAR), ngobusuku obubodwa ngoJanuary 2023, abantu abangaphezu kuka-653 000 babhekana nokungabi nakhaya eUnited States, futhi umbiko uphakeme kusukela ekuqaleni kokubika ngo-2007. Amaphesenti angamashumi angamashumi ama-60 ayesendaweni ephephile noma izindlu ezishintshashintshashintshayo, kodwa amaphesenti angu-40 ayengahlaliswanga, ehlala emigwaqweni, ezimotweni, noma emizini. Inkinga ikhulu kakhulu kubantu abanombala, kanti abaNsundu babemelela amaphesenti angu-12 engqikithi yabantu abahlala ngaphandle kwekhaya.

Ekutholeni imali, umbiko waminyaka yonke weNational Low Inhome Home Coalition ka-National “Ungafiki” wathola ukuthi ngo-2023 isisebenzi esithola iholo elingu-R34,25 ngehora kungadingeka sisebenze amahora angu-7 ngesonto ukuze sithole indlu eyodwa ephansi emakethe eqashiwe. Ukuswelakala okukhulu kwezinga lokuqasha ezitholakalayo ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, cishe kuhlanganisa ukuthi izigidi zemikhaya zichitha imali engaphezu kwengxenye yeholo layo ezindaweni zokuhlala, zishiyela ukushaqeka okungokwezimali emaketheni okungahlali phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala.

Ngaphandle kokusekela imali, ukulungisa iziqondiso, nemithetho yokuvikela, cishe abangenamakhaya nezinkinga ezingokwezimali bayoqhubeka beba bhebhetheka, ikakhulukazi njengoba iholo lingenamholo futhi izindleko zezinto zokwakha nezindawo zikhuphuka.

Izinselele Nethonya Lezombangazwe

Imithetho ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ekumiseni umthetho wezindlu ophumelelayo. Inselele egcwele kakhulu ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe. Ukuphikiswa kuvame ukuvela kumninikhaya noma amaqembu omakhelwane abesaba ukuthi izindlu ezintsha ezithengwayo noma izindawo zokukhosela ezingenamakhaya zizonciphisa izinga lempahla, zikhuphule ubugebengu, noma zishintshe isimo sendawo. Lomuzwa “INIMBY” (Ungangeni Emuva) ungayeka noma ubulale ngisho nezikweletu ezinezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphakamiso eziningi ezisezindaweni ezihlala kuyo ziye zabhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima, okudinga iminyaka eminingi yempatho yomthetho futhi ulahle ukuvumela izinguquko ezincane.

Imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwemali ingenye isithiyo esingapheli. Izindlu zibiza kakhulu, futhi izimali zokuxhasa izimali, izimali zokwakha, nezinkonzo kumelwe zincintisane nemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezokuthutha, nokuphepha komphakathi. Ezingeni likahulumeni, ukusetshenziswa kwamakheji nokusetshenziswa kwe-grasss kwamandla okulawula ukulinganisela. Ezweni nasendaweni, izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali zokuhlelwa kwemali zisho ukutshala imali okusha kumelwe kuncishiswe ngokuncishiswa kwezezindawo ezithile noma ngokwanda kwentela, okungathandwa kwezombangazwe.

Izici zezomnotho futhi zibangela ukuba kube nzima ukubeka izimali zomthetho. Izindleko zokwakha ezinyukayo, ukuswelakala kwezisebenzi, nenzalo ephakeme kwenza kube okubiza kakhulu ukwakha izindlu ezithengwayo, okusho ukuthi imali emisiwe engenisa imali ethenga amaqoqo ambalwa. Ukukhokha izindleko zokusebenza ezikhungweni nakumaziko enkonzo. Imithetho kumelwe ilindele lezizimo ezinamandla futhi ibangele ukuvumelana nokuhlelwa kwezindlela zokusekela imali kanye namahlelo ohlelo.

Okokugcina, kunzima ukulinganisela imiphumela. Ukungabi namakhaya kubangelwa izici eziningi ezihambisanayo − ukuswela izindlu ezithengwayo, izinkinga zempilo, izimo ezisemqoka, ukuphazamiseka kwezidakamizwa, ubudlova basekhaya, ubumpofu, nobuhlanga obuhleliwe. Imithetho ingadlula izikweleti kodwa ilwele ukuhlola imiphumela yazo ngoba kuthatha iminyaka eminingi ukufezeka, ukwaziswa akuvumelani nemithetho eguquguqukayo. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima ukulondoloza ukusekela kwezombangazwe amasu amade njengoba imijikelezo yokukhetha ikhuphula impumelelo esheshayo.

Izibonelo Zempumelelo Engokomthetho

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, imibuso eminingi iye yafinyelela intuthuko enenjongo ngokumiswa kwemithetho okusha.

Izindlu ZaseCalifornia Nemvume Ephethiwe

ICalifornia imise uchungechunge lwemithetho yokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu ezibizayo. Imithetho yezindawo zokuhlala ezikhona kuhulumeni idinga intuthuko entsha ethatha indawo yokuthengisa ukuze ihlanganise amaphesenti ezindawo ezithengwayo eziphansi noma ezilinganiselwe, ngokuvamile ezishintshisa ngenani lezindlu ezisindayo noma ezinye izivumelwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho wamuva njenge-SB 35 (2017) ne-S 423 yemigqa yeminyango yeminyango yemisebenzi ehlangabezana nezindawo ezithile ezithelekayo ezisezingeni eliphansi noma ezilinganiselwe ezingekho ezingeni elisezingeni eliphansi, ezingazange zihlangabezane nezidingo zezindlu zazo zesifunda (RHNA). Lemithetho ivala ezinye izithiyo nokuhlola indawo, okunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi nezindleko zentuthuko. Phakathi kuka-B201818 ne-2023, i-California egunyazwe ngeminyango ye-SBBF.

Ukuzinza Okuqinile Nesivikelo Samabhande E - Oregon

Ngo-2019, i-Oregon yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala sokumisa ukuqasha intela ezindaweni zonke, ifaka ukunyuka kwentela kwaminyaka yonke ngamaphesenti angu-7 kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali (namaphesenti angu-9) futhi yamisa izimfuneko zokuxoshwa nje kuphela. Umthetho wawuyimpendulo yokukhushulwa kwentela esheshayo eyayisusa imiphakathi ehhalali ephansi emadolobheni anjengePortland ne Bend. Kuze kufike kuqala, ukuhlola kokuqala kusikisela ukuthi umthetho uye waqasha futhi wanciphisa ukuxosha ngaphandle kwemiphumela ephambene nokwakhiwa okusha. U-Oregon wadlulisa umthetho ongakhethi wezindawo ezisemthethweni wezwe wonke wawuvimbela ukucwa kwezindawo ezingenisa imali, osiza abakhi bomnyango ukuba bangene.

Izinkonzo Zokuqala Zezindlu Nezokusekela ESalt Lake County

Iziqu zomthetho zendawo zingabangela futhi ukusungulwa. I-Salt Lake County County Council, isebenzisana nendlu yombuso, yashintsha ukuxhasa izimali ezinhlalweni zokuqala ezihlela izindlu ezihlala njalo ngaphandle kwemibandela yokungadakwa noma umsebenzi. Isifunda safaka izigidi zabantu ekwakheni isikhungo esisha sokunikeza izimpahla zokungahlali nabezokuphathwa kwezindawo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukungabi namakhaya okungapheli esifundeni sehla ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-90 kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-20, nakuba kusukela lapho seliboshelwe ngenxa yesidingo esengeziwe nezindleko zokuxhasa. Isibonelo sibonisa ukuthi ukutshala izimali ezindlini ezisekela izakhiwo ezisekelayo kungaveza ukuncipha okukhulu kokungabi namakhaya.

Ilungelo LaseNew York Leseluleko

Ngo-2017, uMkhandlu waseNew York City wamisa umthetho oqinisekisa ukuthi abaqashi abahlawulwayo abakhululekile bathola imvume esemthethweni ekhululekile bebhekene nokuxoshwa. Lokhu “Umthetho Weseluleko” wawungowokuqala ohlobo lwawo ezweni. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abaqashi abanabameli basengozini enkulu yokugwema ukuxoshwa futhi bahlale. Isimiso sanezela ekuncipheni okukhulu emashendeni okukhucululwa kanye nasezingeni zokungabi namakhaya, sibonisa ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho singaba isilinganiso esibizayo sokuvimbela. Amanye amadolobha, kuhlanganise neSan Francisco nePhiladelphia, kusukela lapho kubekwa imithetho efanayo.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuthatha Imithetho

Ukuqhubekela phambili, izishaya-mthetho kumelwe zisebenzise amasu abanzi, athatha iminyaka eminingi asingatha kokubili izidingo ezisheshayo nezimbangela eziyisisekelo. Ukukhokha nemali yokuhlala ngeke kuxazululwe nganoma yisiphi isikweleti; zidinga ukutshala imali okuqhubekayo kanye nokuthatha isisekelo sezinguquko.

Ukwenyuka Kosizo Lwamazinyo

Indlela eqondile yokuqeda ukungabi namakhaya kwemikhaya nabantu ngabanye iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi banemali yokuthenga izindlu. Amaqumrhu asemthethweni kufanele andise izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa futhi asungule usizo lokuqasha yonke indawo emikhayeni ehola imali ephansi kakhulu. Lokhu kungadinga ukwanda okuphawulekayo ekusekeleni imali (ngokwesibonelo, iSigaba 8 sohlelo singenza ukuba kube yilungelo, njengoba omunye umthetho ohlongozwayo usikisela. Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bangakha futhi izinhlelo zokusiza ezikhokhelwayo ezibhekene nemithwalo yabo eqondile.

Ukwanda Kwenani Lezindlu Ezitholakalayo

Ukulungisa inqubo, ukuvumela intuthuko, nokusekela izimali ezisemthethweni kungasheshisa ukukhiqizwa kwamakhaya amasha. Umsebenzi omningi wamuva wemithetho ugxile ekunciphiseni izithiyo zokuthuthukisa: ukususa izimfuneko ezinciphile zokupaka, ukuvumela izindlu zemikhaya eminingi ezisezindaweni zomkhaya owodwa, nokusebenzisa imvume elungile yemisebenzi efinyelelekayo. Imizamo yokuqhubeka yokudlulisa izinguquko ezinjalo ezingeni lombuso ingakudlulisa ukuvinjelwa kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izishaya-mthetho kufanele zandise ukuxhaswa kwemali yemali yokuxhasa izimali ezikompathi (njengeNational Homes Trust Fund) futhi zilondoloze amayunithi akhona abizayo ngezindlela zokuvimbela ukulawulwa kwezindawo.

Ukuthutha Izindlu Ezinezinkonzo Zempilo Nezomphakathi

Ukungabi namakhaya kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokugula ngengqondo, ukusebenzisa izimo zezidakamizwa, kanye nezifo ezingokomzimba. Umthetho osekela izinkonzo zokuhlala zokuqala ngokuzisonga ngemisebenzi. (kuhlanganise ukuphatha kwezenhlalakahle, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokusiza emsebenzini) ungathola imiphumela engcono kunokuhlala wedwa. Ukuxhasa ukuboniswa kwemiboniso yemizimba, izigebengu ezingu-1115, nezinhlelo zempilo yezwe zingasetshenziselwa ukukhokhela lezi zinkonzo. Imithetho ingagunyaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano zezindlu, iminyango yezempilo, kanye nezinkonzo zezenhlalakahle.

Iqoqo Lokwaziswa Nokulandisa

Abenzi bomthetho kufanele badinge ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane eqinile futhi babike ngezindawo zokungabi namakhaya, ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu, izinhlelo, kanye nenani labathengi. Ukwaziswa okusobala kusiza ekuvezeni ukutshala imali okuphumelelayo futhi kugcine izinhlangano zinecala. Umthetho onjenge-Umthetho ogunyaziwe we-Diaselve Integration Act (ogunyazwe ngokwezinga lombuso) nemithetho yezinga eliphansi labantu abangenamakhaya ingathuthukisa ukuhleleka nokuhlasela kwemithombo yemali.

Ukusingatha Izimbangela Eziyinhloko: Ithuba Lokuthola Imali Nokuyivimbela

Ukuvimbela ukungabi namakhaya kungenisa izindleko ezinkulu kunokusabela kukho. Imithetho ingafaka imali ekuvimbeleni izinhlelo zokuvimbela ukuxoshwa, ekusizeni abaqashi, ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi, nasekusekeleni iholo njengentela yezingane ezikhulisiwe noma abashayeli bemoto abayisisekelo. Bangaphakamisa futhi umshuwalense onciphile, futhi baqinisekise ukutholakala kwezindawo zokunakekela impilo ezifanele − konke okunciphisa ingozi yokuntengantenga kwezindlu.

Isiphetho

Indima yesishayamthetho ekusingatheni ukungabi namakhaya nezindlu ezithengwayo inamandla futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Ngezimali, imithetho, intela, nokwengamela, abakhi bomthetho bangasheshisa noma baqinise isimo esikhona. Inkinga idinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile, esingaguquguquki. (hhayi ukuhlanganisa izithiyo zezombangazwe zingokoqobo, izibonelo zeCalifornia, i-Oregon, iSalt Lake County, ne-New York City zibonisa ukuthi umthetho ohlakaniphile unganciphisa ukungabi namakhaya, ukuqoqwa kwezindlu, futhi uvikele abaqashi. Indlela idinga ukuhlangana phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni, izivumelwano ezizimele nezingxenye ezingahlangene, kanye nesibopho sokunikeza ubufakazi obusekelwe. I-Gregionlaislactive inse evumelana nalenselele le nkinga ingaguqula imiphumela yezindawo zezindlu zezigidi zabantu baseMelika.

Lesi sihloko senziwa ngenjongo yokwaziswa. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngezimali zokuhlala nokungabi namakhaya, hlola imithombo evela U.S.U. Umnyango we Home nentuthuko yeUrban (HUD), i-National Movement Coation Coalition[[FLT:]], ne-[FLT] Novo DAV [[FTC Center [FLT:]]