Isisekelo Semithetho Sokwanda Kwamandla Okuvuselelwa

Imithetho isebenza njengemishini eyinhloko yokuklama yezimiso ezisiza futhi zisheshise ukusebenzisa amandla avuselelwe. Ngokudluliswa kwemithetho ebophayo, ukuhlelwa kwezimali zomphakathi, nokumiswa kwezindinganiso zokuqondisa, izinhlangano ezikhethiwe zidala izimo ngaphansi kwelanga, umoya, ugesi wamanzi, ukushisisa komhlaba, kanye nezinye izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezihlanzekile ezingachuma. Ngaphandle kokubheka phambili nangokungaguquguquki kwemithetho, ukuguqulwa kwemivubukulo ukuze imithombo evuselelwe ihlala ihlukene futhi ihamba kancane. Ngakho, igatsha lemithetho yomthetho, alisona nje isikhulumi esingenzi lutho kodwa inguquko yamandla.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izishaya - mthetho ezithile ezisetshenziswayo ukuze zithuthukise amandla avuselelwe, zihlole izithiyo ezibhekene nazo, futhi ziqokomisa izikhulu zemithetho eziphumelelayo emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezinamandla kusiza abahleli bezimiso, abagcini bezimboni, nezakhamuzi zihlola ukuphumelela kwemizamo yamanje futhi zihlole amathuba okuthuthukisa.

Imisebenzi Yomthetho Wokuthuthukisa Izinto Ezivuselelwayo

Indima yesishaya-mthetho engxenyeni yamandla avuselelwayo ingadilizwa ibe yimisebenzi eminingana eyisihluthulelo: ukwenza umthetho, ukuhlela uhlelo, ukuqondisa, nokuhlela. Umsebenzi ngamunye usebenzelana nabanye ukuze kukhiqizwe isimiso esibanzi.

Ukusungula Imithetho Yokusekela Nemisebenzi Yokuqondisa

Izilinganiso zemithetho zidlulisa imithetho ekwenza kuvuselelwe amandla. Amathuluzi avamile ahlanganisa amazinga etheku avuselelwe [RFLFS] [RFPS] edinga amathuluzi okuthola amanani athile kagesi emithombo evuselelwayo, efaka intengo eqinile [[FLT] ephepheni] efaka intengo eqinile yentengo kagesi efakwe emithanjeni, inters [[FLT] izikwelegi ezithi zemali, [[ULT]. intengongo yentengo yemali [PC] ne-ETCTTT). Lemithetho inciphisa intengosi yemali engenisa ugesi ofakwe ekwandisiwe nasekwenyusweni kwemisebenzi yebhangezo yemali.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango we-Energy wase-U.S. uphawula ukuthi i-ITC iye yasiza ekuqhubeni ukukhula kwelanga okungu-10 000% e-U.S. kusukela ekumisweni kwayo ngo-2006. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho we-Revused Enerbare-Energie-Gesetz waseJalimane wasungula isimiso sokufushanisa i-injini ye-injini eshukumisa ukuthengwa okukhulu komoya nokukhanya kwelanga, okwenza ukuba kuvusekwe futhi kuthunyelwe ugesi wamazwe angaphezu kuka-2023.

Izimali Ezisekelayo Nezezimali

Imithetho ilawula isikhwama semali yomphakathi, futhi izimali ezihlelwayo zokuhlelwa kwamandla avuselelwayo zingalithinta kakhulu ijubane lokuthuthuka. Ukuxhasa kwemifula kungahlanganisa iziphakamiso eziqondile zokucwaninga nentuthuko (R&D), imali ebolekwayo ephansi kakhulu yemisebenzi yezentengiselwano, imali yokuxhasa ukufakwa kwelanga, nokutshala izimali ekuhlaziyweni kwemisebe yesimanje. Imithetho ingadala futhi imali enikezelwe, njengamabhange aluhlaza noma izimali zokukhokha amandla ahlanzekile, inhloko - dolobha ezimele.

ENdiya, izimali zikahulumeni ezibekiwe zeNational Solar Mission ziye zaba zinkulu ekufinyeleleni ukunwetshwa okusheshayo kwemisebe yelanga. Ngokufanayo, uhlelo lwe-European Union lwezimali eziningi lunikezela izinkulungwane zezigidi zama-euro ekushintsheni amandla ahlanzekile ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-Diegency Europe. Lezizibopho zezimali zithumela izimpawu ezinamandla ezimakethe futhi zehlise izindleko zezakhiwo eziyinhloko zokuvuselela.

Ukubeka Izindinganiso Nokuqondisa

Imithetho imisa izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zemishini yamandla evuselelwayo, imithetho yokuxhumana kwe-grape, kanye nezindawo zokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Inika futhi izinhlangano eziqondisayo ukuba ziqikelele lezi zindinganiso. Ukuzwa ngokuqondisiswa kwezindlebe, ukubika izimfuneko, nokuhlola ukumiswa komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zezikhulu kanye nezikhungo zivumelana nemithetho yamandla evuselelwayo nokuthi izimali zomphakathi zisetshenziswa ngokunempumelelo.

Imisebenzi yokuqondisa ivumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zilungise izimiso ekusabeleni ekushintsheni izimo zezimakethe noma intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba izindleko zelanga ziye zehla, ezinye izishaya-mthetho ziye zawabukeza amazinga okufuya asemadongeni ukuze zigweme ukukhokha ngokweqile nokugcina ukulondolozwa kwemali.

Izinselele Nezithiyo Ezingokomthetho

Naphezu kwendima yazo eyinhloko, izishaya - mthetho zibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ekuvuseleleni amandla. Lezi zinselele zingaqeda noma zinciphise ngisho nezimiso ezihloswe kahle.

Ukuphikiswa Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlukana Kwemibono

Isimiso samandla avuselelwe ngokuvamile sibanjwa ezimpikiswaneni ezihlukanisayo. Abenzi bomthetho basezindaweni ezithembele kakhulu ekukhishweni kukaphethiloli wemivubukulo bangase bamelane nezimiso ezisongela umsebenzi wendawo nentela. Ukuthungatha ngemisebenzi eqinile yamandla esendaweni − kuhlanganise namalahle, uwoyela, nezinkampani zegesi — kuholela ekukhululweni, izimvume ezibuthakathaka, noma ukuncishiswa okusobala komthetho osekelayo. Ikhono lomthetho wokumisa ukulwa nokuphikiswa okunjalo lidinga imifelandawo, ukucindezelwa komphakathi, kanye nobufakazi obusekela ukuqambana.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwemibuso Yasebuthweni Lase - United States Nokufakelwa Kwemisebe

Ngisho nangemva kokuba umthetho usumisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kungaba okuthatha isikhathi. Ukubambezela, izintambo zamabhodlela ezixhumanisayo, nezimpikiswano zendawo zingahlanganisa imisebenzi iminyaka eminingi. Imithetho ingazisingatha lezi zimpikiswano ngokuvumela izinqubo, ukumisa izinketho ezibophayo zezinqumo zokuqondisa, nokunikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe kohulumeni bendawo. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwekhono lokulawula ngokuvamile kudinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwemithetho kanye nokubambisana okunganqamuki.

Ukuhlela Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nezimo Zokusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Iziqulo zemithetho kumelwe zilinganisele imigomo evuselelwayo nenye izidingo eziphuthumayo zosizo, imfundo, isisekelo, isivikelo, cishe emazweni asathuthuka. Izindawo ezilinganiselwe zingalinganisela izinga lemali ekhokhelwayo noma izimali zokutshala izimali zomphakathi. Ngakho - ke abameli kumelwe baklame imithetho ehlobisa inhloko- dolobha, njengokuthenga izivumelwano ze-opensile (PPS), izibopho eziluhlaza, nengozi, kunokuthembela kuphela ekusebenziseni imali kahulumeni.

Izivuselelo Zemithetho Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Izishaya - mthetho eziningana ziye zasungula izindlela ezintsha ezinqoba izithiyo ezivamile.

I - Energiendende YaseJalimane Ne - EEG

IRenacible Energy Act (EG), eyaqala ukudluliswa ngo- 2000 futhi yahlelwa njalo, ingenye yezingxenye ezinethonya kakhulu zomthetho wamandla ovuselelwayo emhlabeni wonke. Yakha uhlelo oluqinile lokulungisa isizukulwane esincane nomphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, ingxenye yamandla avuselelwayo yaseJalimane yasuka cishe ku - 6% ngo 2000 kuya ku 45% ngo-2023. Umthetho wamisa futhi indlela yokunciphisa kancane kancane izindleko zobuchwepheshe njengoba izindleko zezesayensi zincipha. I-Bundsag iqinisekisa ukuzimisela kwe-EG ukubuyisela ukusabela kwezentengiselwano kwezentengiselwano ibonisa ukubaluleka kokushintshashintsha kwemithetho.

Isimiso Esivuselelwayo SaseCalifornia

I-RPS, eyaqala ukumiswa ngo-2002 futhi yaqiniswa izikhathi eziningana, igunyaza ukuthi amaphesenti angu-60 okuthengiswa kukagesi kuvela emithonjeni evuselelwe ngo-2030 no-100% ngamandla ahlanzekile ngo-2045. Isishaya-mthetho samisa izisulu ezinonya futhi sagunyaza i-California Public Utilities Commission ukuba ibophe i-RPS ukuba ibophe ijeke ngesijeziso sesijeziso. I-RPS ibingumshayeli oyinhloko we-larrow ne-auauper ejikelezayo yaseCalifornia, futhi manje umbuso ungenisa ngaphezu kwe-35% kagesi wayo kuvuse-RPS. Isinqumo somthetho sokuhlanganisa i-RPS nesimiso somthetho esihlanganisa amandla aphinde avuselelwe esisebenzayo esimweni sezulu esibanzi.

Imithetho YaseNdiya Yokusekela Ilanga

I-National Solar Mission yaseNdiya, eyasungulwa ngo-2010 futhi yasekelwa yi-palamente appropriary neziqondiso zezimiso, eyayihloselwe ukumisa ama-20W anamandla elanga ngo-2022. Kamuva isisulu sanwetshwa saba yikhulu elingu-100 GW. Indima yePalamende yaseNdiya ekuvumeni imithetho yokulawula, inikeza izisusa zemali, futhi imisa i-Solar Enerner Energy Coration of India (SECI) njengenhlangano esebenzayo. Kusukela ngo-2024, i-Indiya iye yafinyelela izinkonzo ze-GW yezinga lelanga, yenza enye yezimakethengiso ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu emhlabeni. I-gnislanethis ewuntracrives. I-Greal ihlanganisa nezinhlelo ze-othernational, ukuthenga okujikeleza kwelanga, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa nokuthenga okuhlanganisa i-asephane.

Imithetho Yokuba Khona Komoya Komphakathi WaseDenmark

Indlu yomthetho yaseDenmark yamisa imithetho ku- 2000 eyayifuna abakhi bepulazi elinomoya ukuba banikeze izakhamuzi zendawo okungenani u-20% ubunikazi bazo. Lendlela yakha ukwamukelwa komphakathi futhi yasakaza izinzuzo zezomnotho. Ihlangene nezintambo ezifuyiwe ezithiyayo kanye nesibopho esinamandla sokususa i-carbon, iDenmark manje yenza ugesi wayo ongaphezu kwe-50% ephesenti kumandla omoya. Ukuba khona kwayo kuyisibonelo esifana nesohlobo lwezishaya-mthetho ezifuna ukuxoxa ngezimiso zezenhlalo zokuguqula amandla.

Indima Yemithetho Ekubophekeni Kwesimo Sezulu Emhlabeni Wonke

Umthetho wamandla ovuselelwe awusebenzi endaweni engenalutho. Izishaya-mthetho zesizwe zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhumusheni izivumelwano zesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke − njengesivumelwano se-Paris −tom somthetho wasekhaya. Ngokudlulisa izenzo zoMpiro we-Nationally Megated (NDC), izishaya-mthetho zibopha amazwe azo ukuba akhiphe izisulu ezincishisiwe kanye nemigomo yamandla evuselelwayo. Amakomiti ePhalamende abuye aqhube izinqumiso zangaphambi kwe-COP kanye neposi ye-COP, enza ukuba ohulumeni baphendule ngezifungo zabo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ingosi ye-FCC igcizelela ukuthi ukusekelwa kwemithetho kubalulekile ukuze kube nokuthembeka nokuhlala njalo kwe-NDC. Uma izisulu zamandla avuselelwayo zibekwa ngokomthetho, zisinda ezinguqulweni zikahulumeni futhi zinikeze abanikazi bamandla aqinisekile. International Energy Agency (IEA) njalo iqokomisa ukuthi ukuqina kwenqubo kungenye yezici ezibalulekile ekukhangeni ukubuyiselwa kwamandla.

Imithetho Eqhathaniswayo: Federal v. Unitary Systems

Isakhiwo sendlu yomthetho `isimiso sikahulumeni noma somkhandlu-simende'') sihlela futhi sisetshenziswe. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States, iJalimane, ne-Indiya, kokubili izishaya-mthetho zesizwe nezombuso zinegunya kugesi. Lokhu kungaholela ekusebenzeni okudibeneyo kwemithetho nezisusa, kodwa futhi kuvumela ukulinga nokuncintisana. Ngokwesibonelo, i-RPS yase California inamandla kunendinganiso kahulumeni, iklama isampula ekwaziyo ukuthatha ezinye izifunda.

Ezimisweni ezihlanganisayo njengeFrance noma iJapane, isishaya-mthetho sesizwe simisa uhlelo olulodwa, olungaholela ekufezekeni ngokushesha kodwa olungase lungasabeli ezimpikiswaneni zesifunda. Amanye amazwe, njenge Indonesia, aye athatha indlela exubile lapho umthetho wesizwe ubeka izisulu nezindinganiso ezibanzi khona, kuyilapho izishaya-mthetho zesifunda zisingatha izinqumo ezivumelayo nezisebenzisa izwe.

Ukususa Imithetho Ephumelelayo: Imithombo Yamabhizinisi Nemiphumela

Imithetho kumelwe iqhubeke ihlola ithonya lemithetho yamandla ayo evuselelwayo. Izibalo ezivamile zihlanganisa ingxenye kagesi ovuselelwayo e-grain, ukuncitshiswa kwe-carbon, ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi ezingxenyeni zamandla ahlanzekile, nokuncishiswa kwezindleko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amakomiti awezokwengamela asemthethweni kufanele afake izifundo ezizimele, abambe izindlebe nochwepheshe, futhi adinge ukubikwa kwaminyaka yonke ezinhlanganweni ezisebenza nge-athonsitine kanye nokulawula.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Hulumeni Accounting Office (GAO) kahulumeni iqhube ukubukezwa okuhlukahlukene kwezikweleti zentela yamandla zikahulumeni ezivuselelwayo, inikeza iSishaya-mthetho ukwaziswa ngenzuzo yaso ekhokhelwayo nemiphumela engokomnotho. Lokhu kuhlola kwenza izishaya-mthetho zikwazi ukulungisa izimiso [1] Ukusekela inzuzo yezobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe kuyilapho zandisa ukusekela okuvelayo okunjengomoya wasogwini noma i-hydrogen eluhlaza.

Imingcele Yezomthetho Yesikhathi Esizayo: Izindawo Ezihlanganisayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bamandla obuvuselelwa bushintsha, izishaya-mthetho zibhekana nezinselele ezintsha zenqubo. Isihluthulelo sokuvela kwezindawo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukugcina okungathandeki nokuvumelana kwemigqa: Imithetho egcina ibhetri, ukusabela, kanye nokubaluleka kwamandla ezitshalo idingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinto ezishintshashintshayo.
  • I-hydrogen enguluhlaza: Legislatures ziqala ukuchaza “amazinga e-hydrogen eluhlaza”, ukunikeza inzuzo yokukhiqizwa kwempahla, nokuxhasa isakhiwo se-hydrogen.
  • ushintsho oluphelele: Imithetho elawula izisebenzi zophethiloli ezisemivubukulweni, isekela imiphakathi exhomeke kumalahle, futhi iqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla emizi ethola imali ephansi iya ngokuvame kakhulu.
  • I-kempromppending ye-kempmplot efakwayo: Ukuphazamisa kwamuva nje kuye kwashukumisela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zinciphise ukuncishiselwa kwemisuka eyodwa egciniwe yemibhoshongo yelanga, i-turbine, kanye nama-minerali anzima. Imithetho ikhuthaza ukwenza nokubuyisela izinto zasekhaya kuyacatshangelwa.

Ukubhekisa kulezi zindawo kuzodinga izishaya-mthetho ukuba zenze umsebenzi ohleliwe, zidwebe ubufakazi obungochwepheshe nemisebenzi emihle kakhulu yomhlaba wonke. I-International Renomed Energy Agency (IRENA) inikeza amamephu omgwaqo anemininingwane angasetshenziswa izishaya-mthetho ukutshela abantu ngezimiso zabo.

Ukuqinisa Amandla Okuvuselela Amandla

Ukuze afeze indima yawo ngokuphumelelayo, izishaya-mthetho ngokwazo zidinga amandla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukwazi ukuhlaziya izinto zobuchwepheshe obungezona ezangaphandle, izisebenzi ezinolwazi lwezentengiselwano nakuzo ezobuchwepheshe, nokuxoxa njalo nezimboni, i-academia, nomphakathi womphakathi. Amanye amaphalamende amise amakomiti anikezelwe ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu namandla. Amanye asungule amagumbi okucwaninga okuzimele, njengefektha ye-Palamentery Office of Science and Technology e-UK noma i-Congracracry Research Service in the U.S.

Izimiso zomhlaba wonke, njenge Global Legismators Uhlanganiso (GLOBE) kanye nama-parliamentary e-Energy Information[, abenzi bomthetho basiza ukuba bahlanganyele amasilinganisi somthetho futhi bafunde kontanga. Lemibangxube ingasheshisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho eqinile enqamule imingceleni.

Isiphetho: Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yemithetho

Izimemezelo azizona nje izimemezelo zamandla avuselelwayo; ziyizisekelo zazo eziyinhloko. Ngokwenza umthetho, ukuhlela uhlelo, ukwengamela, nokuthembisana kwezizwe zonke, zidala izimo zokutshala imali ngasese nangomphakathi ukuba zingenele emandleni ahlanzekile. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe, ukuphambana kwezombangazwe, nokuphikisana kwezinto eziza kuqala, ukuphuthuma okukhulayo koshintsho lwesimo sezulu kushukumisela izishayamthetho emhlabeni wonke ukuba zisebenze ngesifiso sokuvelela nokwejubane elikhulu.

Izindlela zezimiso eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa izisusa eziqinile, zesikhathi eside namalungiselelo okubukeza nokulungisa ngezikhathi ezithile. Zifaka abaxhasi ezinhlangothini zezombangazwe futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zamandla avuselelwe (amandla ahlanzekile) (amandla, amandla, ukuvikela kwemisebenzi), ukudalwa kwemisebenzi (ukukhula kwamandla) ngokulinganayo. Njengoba ushintsho lwamandla embulunga yonke lushesha, izinga lokuthatha imithetho liyohlala liyimfakela ekunqumeni ukuthi izwe liyahlangabezana yini nezinhloso zalo zesimo sezulu.

Ekugcineni, indima yesishaya-mthetho akukona ukudlulisa nje kuphela izikweletu kodwa ukwakha isisekelo esiqinile sesimiso esingamelana nokushintshashintsha kwezentengiselwano, ushintsho lwezombangazwe, nokuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuze kuvuselelwe amandla okugcwalisa isithembiso sayo, kumelwe isekelwe imithetho ehlelwe ngokucophelela, esekelwa ngokufanelekile, futhi ephoqelelwa njalo. Lowo umthwalo − kanye namandla − wegatsha le-witrogist.