Table of Contents
Ukuhlobana Okubucayi Phakathi Kosizo Lwezizwe Zonke Nentuthuko Yezolimo
Usizo lwangaphandle luhlala lungenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okusingatha ukungantengantengi kwembulunga yonke, ubumpofu, nesimiso sokudla. Nakuba imisebenzi emikhulu yezezilinganiso kanye nosizo lokudla oluphuthumayo kuvame ukuthatha izihloko eziphambili, ingxenye enkulu yosizo lwentuthuko iqondiswe ezingeni lokukhula kotshani. Ngokuqondene nezindawo zomhlaba ezinamaqoqo ayizigidi ezingu-500 asebe abalimi abancane [. Lemikhaya ihlakulela ukudla okungangezinga elingaphansi kwamahektha amabili ngesilinganiso, kodwa iveza ukudla okuyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zembulunga yonke futhi ifinyelela ku-80% yokudla ezingxenyeni ze-Asia ne-Saharan Africa. Ukusekela labalimi akuyona indawo yokuqala engcono; ukutshala ukudla okuhlala isikhathi eside, ukulondolozwa kwezomnotho, nokuzinzeka.
Izinselele abambalwa ababhekene nazo zinkulu. Ukulinganiselwa kokuthola izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu, imishini yesimanje, izinkonzo zezimali, nezimakethe ezithembekile kuhlala kungcono kakhulu. Ukuwohloka kwezwe, ukuswelakala kwamanzi, nokuguquguquka kwezindlela zesimo sezulu kuhlanganisa lezi zinkinga. Izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe (xa ziklanywe futhi zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo) ibhuloho lokunikeza lezi zikhawu zobuchwepheshe, izisekelo zemisebenzi, nokusekela kwezimali okwenza abancane bakwazi ukunqamula imijikelezo yokulima nokuqhubekela phambili kokukhiqiza, ukuchuma, nokusebenza okunenzuzo.
Okwenza Abalimi Abancane Babaluleke Ekulondekeni Kokudla Embulungeni Yonke
Ukukhiqizwa Kokudla Kwendawo Nokungagudluzwa
Abalimi abambalwa bayisisekelo sezimiso zokudla zendawo emazweni amaningi asathuthuka. Bakhiqiza izilimo eziyinhloko ezinjengommbila, ilayisi, umdumbula, amabele, nobhontshisi, ezakha isisekelo sokudla kwezigidi zezigidi zabantu. Uma laba balimi bechuma, izimakethe zendawo zitholakala kangcono, amanani okudla ahlala eqinile, futhi ezomnotho zasemaphandleni zikhula. Ngokungafani, uma abaholi abancane belwa isomiso, ukuqubuka kwezifo, noma ukuntuleka kwemali yokuthenga ngemali, kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zendlala.
Imiphumela Engokomnotho Neyomphakathi Ehlukahlukene
Ngaphandle komkhiqizo wokudla, ezolimo ezincane zidala imisebenzi, zisekela imfuyo yasemaphandleni, futhi zinciphisa ubumpofu. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, ezolimo zisebenzisa amashumi amahlanu-80% ezisebenzi, kanti abasebenzi abancane bakha ingxenye enkulu yaleyomisebenzi. Uma abalimi bethola imali eyengeziwe, bayichitha endaweni yakubo(amathuluzi, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nezinto ezisemgangathweni eziqinisa yonke imiphakathi. Abesifazane, abakha cishe ingxenye yabalimi abampofu kwezinye izifunda, ngokuvamile babuyisela iholo labo ekudleni komkhaya nasesikoleni abantwana, baveza izinzuzo ezingokwembuyiselweni.
Usizo lwangaphandle oluhlasela abagxambukela abancane luveza inzuzo edlula kakhulu isivuno. Yakha inhloko - dolobha yabantu, inciphisa ukucindezela kokuthutha kwasemaphandleni kuya ebhanobhu, futhi inengxenye ekuzinzeni kwezombangazwe ngokubheka enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zengxabano: ukudla nokuswelakala kwempahla.
Imishini Yosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Efinyelela Abancane
Ukufinyelela Ukuthuthukisa Imbewu, Ama - fertical, Nezi - biotechnology
Enye yezindlela eziqondile kakhulu zosizo lwakwamanye amazwe ezisiza izidlana ezincane e-Afrika ukunikeza ithuba lokuthola imbewu elinganayo ephakemeyo (i-Maxtentine-tolerdant, i-disease- disease, nezinhlobo ezikhudlwana ezincumisayo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-AGRA (Izici zenguquko eluhlaza e-Afrika) kanye ne-International Maize and Elective Reconvectorive Center (CIMMYT) zabela phambili imfuno engcono eseduze nempilo yenhlabathi encikeneze. Le mithi ingaveza izilinganiso ngokuphindwe kabili noma kathathu emapulanini amancane, abalimi banika inkoshalo yokuthengisa kahle njengokudla.
Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo oluxhaswe yi-USAID e-Ethiopia lwasakaza izinhlobo zommbila wesomiso onezikhwepha ezingaphezu kuka-200 000. Abalimi abathatha le mbewu babika ukwanda kwezinhlobo ezivamile ezingu-30-50% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo zendabuko, ngisho nalapho kungena omile. Ukungenela okunjalo kudinga izimali eziqinile ngoba imbewu engcono idinga ukubuyiselwa futhi kumelwe ihlanganiswe nokuqeqeshwa ngezindlela zokutshala ezingcono kakhulu.
Ukuqeqeshwa Endleleni Engantengantengi Neyobuchwepheshe Obulawula Isimo Sezulu
Izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe zigcizelela kakhulu imfundo kanye nezinkonzo zokwandiswa. Kunokuba zinikeze izinto ezifakiwe, usizo oluphumelelayo lufundisa abambalwa indlela yokuzisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo nangezindlela ezisekela indawo ezungezile. Izihloko zihlanganisa ezolimo zokulondolozwa (isivuno esiphansi, ukugawulwa kwesivuno), ukuphatha izilokazane ezixubile (IPM), ukuvuna amanzi, ukunisela ngenkasa, ukunisela ngenkani, ukushibilisa, nokushintshanisa izitshalo.
Ukuqeqesha kuvame ukukwenzeka phakathi “kwezikole zasemapulazini” noma amapulani okubonisa lapho abambalwa befunda khona ngokwenza. Ukucwaninga kweCGIAR (eyayiyi-Cunitive Group on International Agricultural Research) kubonisa ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa okunjalo kokuhlukanisa kungaveza isivuno ngo-20-30% kuyilapho kunciphisa izindleko zemali yokufakwa kanye nokulimala kwendawo ezungezile. Lezizindlela futhi zakha impumelelo engcono kakhulu ekushaqisweni kwesimo sezulu.
I - microfine, Amaqembu Okusindisa, Nemishuwalense
Ukuntuleka kwenhloko- dolobha kuyisithiyo esiphikelelayo kubantu abambalwa. Abakwazi ukuthenga imbewu, umanyolo, noma imishini yokunisela ngenkasa, futhi ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuboleka imali ebhange ngenxa yokungalinganisi. Usizo lwangaphandle lusekela izinhlangano ezinikeza imali yemali ebhanana encishisiwe ehambisana nezikhawu zemali. Imali egciniwe yasemaphandleni kanye nezindawo zokubolekisa (VSL) kuyinto eyodwa, lapho amaqembu abalimi beboleka khona imali futhi beboleka enye kwenye kwenye inzuzo encane.
Izinhlelo zezemali zezemali ziye zasiza ekudluliseleni isikweleti kwabanemali abancane abangaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu e-Saharan Afrika. Umshuwalense we- Index [1] lapho iholo libangelwa khona yimininingwane yesimo sezulu kunokuba kuhlolwe insimu, futhi ithembise. Ivikela abalimi esomisoni esinzima noma ekulahlekelweni yisikhukhula, ibakhuthaza ukuba bafake imali emalini engaphezulu, engcono kakhulu efakwayo.
Ukufinyelela Nenani Lamakethe Ezentengiselwano
Ngisho noma abanini bekhiqiza insada, ngokuvamile babhekana nezinselele zokuyithengisa ngokunenzuzo. Imigwaqo ephansi, ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokugcina impahla, kanye nabantu abaxhaphazayo kusho ukuthi abalimi bathola ingxenye encane yenani lokugcina lentengo yesitolo.
Ama-odac platifomu e-odac yokwaziswa kwezentengiselwano (umzk., izibonakaliso zemali ngomakhalekhukhwini) kanye ne-ecommeter yemithonje yezolimo nakho kwandisiwe ngenxa yosizo lwabashayeli ababuya emuva. Ngokwesibonelo, i-World Food Programme’s “Food Explorence Alliance” ixhumanisa abagcini bempahla nabathengi abasemthethweni, inikeza ukuqeqeshwa okusemgangathweni, futhi inikeza izixazulu zokugcinwa kwempahla ezinciphisa impango kusuka ku-30% kuya ku-5%.
Izinhlelo Zezwe Langempela Nomphumela Wazo Olinganiswayo
I - AGRA – Impoqo Yokwanda Kwezitshalo
Kusukela lapho i-AGRA yasungulwa ngo- 2006, iye yasebenza emazweni angu-18 ase-Afrika ukuze ishintshe ezolimo ezincane zishintshele ekutholeni ukudla bese ingenisa ibhizinisi elichumayo. Inhloso yalolu hlelo ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zembewu eziphumayo, ukuqeqesha amanxusa okuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa komanyolo, nokusekela inqubo eqinile. Ngokwemibiko ka-AGRA yaminyaka yonke, ukungenela kwayo kuye kwafinyelela emakhaya asemapulazini angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 futhi kwasiza ekwandeni kwamabele okudlana kwezindawo ezithile.
Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukugcizelela kwe-AGRA imbewu exubile kanye nomanyolo owenziwe kungadala izingozi zokuncika kanye nendawo ezungezile. Ukusabela kwenhlangano kushintshele ekulawuleni inhlabathi ehlangene kanye nasezindleleni zokukhiqiza inhlabathi. Noma kunjalo, lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela usizo lwangaphandle olungalinganisa ngayo ubuchwepheshe obuqinisekisiwe ngokushesha, futhi nendlela ukulawula okudingeka ngayo ukuze kuxazululwe imiphumela engalindelekile.
Uhlelo Olukhethekile Lwe - FAO Lokuphepha Kokudla
I-FAO iphethe i-Peocratic Programme for Food Security (SPFS) amashumi eminyaka, inikeza abalimi abancane emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu usizo lobuchwepheshe, imithombo, kanye namabhizinisi. Uhlelo lugcizelela uhlelo lokuhlela: imiphakathi iveza amabhodlela anezintambo kanye nokungenela kophawu oluhlangene. EBangladesh, izakhiwo ze-SFSF zafundisa abalimi abancane ukulima imifino phakathi nenkathi yeziphepho ngenkathi yeziphepho ngokusebenzisa imibheko ephakeme nezinhlobo zemvula, kwandisa umjikelezo owengeziwe wesivuzo nokuthuthukisa ukudla kwasekhaya.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-SPFS kubonisa inzuzo engapheli etholwa ngu-30-50% phakathi kwemikhaya ehlanganyelayo, kanye nokudla okungcono (ikakhulukazi ukudla okudliwayo okune Vitamin A nokusansimbi). Izindleko zohlelo lokudla ngakunye ziphansi, okuvame ukubiza ngaphansi kuka-R35,00 /-enza ibe usizo olubiza kakhulu.
Yondla Ikusasa – Isinyathelo Sikahulumeni Wezwe Lonke Wase - United States
I-Ondlies of the Funear kahulumeni wase-U.S. inye yezinhlelo ezinkulu kakhulu zokusiza ekulimeni, ezisebenza emazweni ayi-12 agxile. Indlela evumelana ngayo intuthuko yezolimo nokudla, ukulingana kwabobulili obufanayo, kanye nokuqina kwesimo sezulu. Phakathi kuka-2010 no-2020, Ukufuya ikusasa kubikwa ukuthi lifinyelela imikhaya emincane engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-23, ukunciphisa ubumpofu ngezindawo ezidume kakhulu, futhi kukhuphuza inzuzo ngesilinganiso sika-R350 ngonyaka.
Impumelelo ephawulekayo ivela eGhana, lapho uhlelo lwathuthukisa khona izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe ze-cowpea ne-atnut, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugcina izinto ngemva kokuvuna. Abancane abathatha le mikhuba babona imikhiqizo yabo yehla kusukela ku-20% kuya ku-5%, futhi amathengishini abo akhuphuka ngo-40%. Isinyathelo sokuxhasa imali futhi amaqembu abesifazane abafuyi abavumela ukuba baqashe indawo futhi baqashe umsebenzi ngaphandle kwezisebenzi.
Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Nesizathu Sokuba Ezinye Izinhlelo Zingafinyeleli
Ukusekela Ukungalondeki Nezindawo Ezifushane
Esinye sezithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusizeni abancane abaphumele kwamanye amazwe esimweni esifushane, isakhiwo esisekelwe ekusekeleni imali eningi. Imali enikezwa iminyaka eminingi ivame ukuthathelwa indawo izinto ezintsha eziza kuqala, ishiye abalimi bengaqhubeki. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi othatha iminyaka emihlanu oqeqesha abalimi kwezolimo ekulondolozeni imvelo ungaphela nje njengoba befunda izindlela ezintsha, kuphela uma besungula kamuva ukuba uqale ngokukhubazeka ngezindlela ezihlukile zesayensi yezobuchwepheshe.
Ochwepheshe bentuthuko baye babiza imijikelezo emide yezimali ($10 kuya ku-15) ukuze ihambisane nesikhathi esidingwa umkhathizwe ukuze ishintshe imikhuba yokulima egxilile. Umbiko wamashumi amabili anesithathu [2021] ovela ku- CD[ waphawula ukuthi izibopho zokusiza ezolimo kuphela ezithatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, inani elidinga ukukhula ngokushesha.
Ukungahleleki Kwezombangazwe Nokonakala
Izinhlelo zosizo oluncane zisebenza kwezinye zezifunda ezintekenteke kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukuxabana kuphazamisa ukuthengiselana, ukubhidliza izakhiwo, nokuchitha izakhiwo zemikhaya yokulima. Emazweni anjenge-South Sudan, iYemen, ne-Sahel, usizo lwangaphandle ngokuvamile kumelwe luthunyelwe ngezindlela eziphuthumayo, okwenza ukuba ukuthuthuka okuthatha isikhathi eside kwezolimo kube okungenakwenzeka. Ukungalungi kulahlekisela imithombo yemali [1] nenyongoma edayiswa abalimi ezimakethelini noma ezikhwameni ezithengwa izikhulu zendawo.
Ukuze banciphise lezingozi, abanikelayo basebenzisa izindlela eziqhubekayo ze- “cash-plus”: ukudluliswa kwemali ngokuqondile kubalimi kuhlangene nokuqeqeshwa kanye nokufakwa kwezindawo zemakethe. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba enkohlakalo (ngoba imali ifinyelela abathumeli abahlongozwayo ngemali ephathwayo) futhi kwenza abalimi babe nethuba lokuzikhethela izinto abazifaka kuzo.
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu — Usongo Olukhona
Ngisho nezinhlelo zosizo ezigcwele, ezinakekelwa kahle zilwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okusheshayo. Isomiso esivamile nesinzima, izikhukhula, nama - hitwave zibhubhisa izilimo futhi ziceke inhlabathi. Amaphethiloli nezifo zisakazekela ezindaweni ezintsha. Amancane, ngokuvamile afuya indawo enemvula enesiphethu esincane, asengozini kakhulu.
Usizo lwangaphandle luthatha isinyathelo ngokutshala imali ezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ezisizayo, izinhlelo ezixwayisayo zakuqala, nezimali zenhlekelele. Kodwa ukusekela imali kwezolimo kusencane kakhulu, ngakho kuseyingxenyana enkulu kakhulu, . I-World Bank ilinganisela ukuthi amazwe asathuthuka adinga okungenani ama-R270 ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ngonyaka ukuze ashintshe isimo sezulu, kanti ukugeleza kwamanje kungaphansi kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20.
Ukuqondisa Kwesikhathi Esizayo – Ukulinganisa Imisebenzi
Izinhlangano Zemali Nezinhlangano Ezizimele
Ukuze kuqedwe igebe lezimali, izinhlangano zokuthuthukisa zihlola izimali ezihlangene − zisebenzisa usizo olugunyazisiweyo lokutshala i-de-riski emasimini amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqinisekiso semali esixhaswe yi-USAID singavumela ibhange lezentengiselwano ukuba liboleke abalimi ababambisanayo ngenzalo ephansi. Izindlela ezinjalo zingandisa ithonya lemali yosizo ngayinye kuyilapho zisungula izimakethe zokuthenga izikweletu.
Imishini esebenzelana nezinkampani ze-agrich nayo iyakhula. Abasebenzisi bezokuxhumana, izinkampani ezihamba ngemoto, nama-atmonetic athumela izinkonzo − njengamabalazwe enhlabathi, ukuthungatha izinambuzane, ukuqinisekisa ngomshuwalense () ngaphambili owawubiza kakhulu kubagcini-madlana. Usizo lwangaphandle lungahlela lezizinkonzo ekuqaleni, bese lushintshela kumamboni anezimo zentengiso.
Ukuhlanganyela Ekubuseni Nasekubani Abalimi
Okunye ukuthambekela okuthembisayo ukushintshela ekuklameni imiklamo yosizo. Esikhundleni semiklamo esetshenziswayo. Kungaphandle “kochwepheshe” balawula amakhambi, ukuxoxa nomphakathi kanye nokubambisana kwabalimi kunikezwa amandla okwenza izinqumo kulokhu okufakwa, ukuqeqeshwa, nesisekelo sokwenza izinto ezizophambili. Lokhu kwandisa ukusebenza nokuthenga, kunciphisa ingozi yokulahlwa.
Impumelelo yomkhankaso we- “Farming Systems for Nutrition” eZambia, exhaswe yi-UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, iveza lesi simiso. Abacwaningi basebenza eduze nabancane ukuze babone ukudla okunomsoco bese beqala ukungenela: ukuqeqeshelwa ukukhulisa amaqanda eduze nohlelo lwasekhaya. Lo msebenzi wabona izingane zincipha ngekhulu elingu-14% emadolobhaneni ahlanganyelayo phakathi neminyaka emithathu.
Ubusha Obunyakazisayo Nokweqisa Kwamanani
Kunezimo eziningi zokulima ezigugayo, ukukhanga nokuhlomisa abalimi abasebasha kudingekile ukuze kulondeke ukudla isikhathi eside. Izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe ziqala ukuhlasela intsha ngokuqeqeshelwa ukuthatha amapulangwe amancane ezindaweni ezilula ngezinhlelo zokudambisa, kanye nezinkonzo ze-cell phone ezisekelwe kuma-atmone. ENigeria, uhlelo lwe- “Weth in Agricultion”, lusekelwa yi-African Development Bank, inikeza izibhebhebhe ze-dic syl-m-mea ezinezincul eziqondene nezinsu ezibalelwa abalimi abancane abangu-10 000, zibahlanganisa nabathengi ngezindawo zemaketheli.
Ukufunda nokubhala kanye nocingo kuhlala kuphansi kwezinye izindawo zasemaphandleni, kodwa ukuthambekela kuyathuthuka. Njengoba ukuhlanganisa kunwebeka, ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe kumakhalekhukhwini, izibikezelo zesimo sezulu, nezinkonzo zezimali kungaba yisishintshi-screenshot(ukube izinhlelo zosizo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abesifazane nemikhaya empofu iyakwazi ukufinyelela ngokulinganayo.
Isiphetho - Usizo Njengomculi Wezilwane, Hhayi Isisulu
Usizo lwangaphandle alunakuzixazulula zonke izinkinga abalimi abancane ababhekene nazo, futhi akufanele lwakhe ukuncika okuhlala njalo. Izinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu zisebenza njengezinto ezibangela ukuphakama kwenhloko - dolobha, ulwazi, nokusekela komphakathi kokuqala okuvumela abalimi ukuba bazithwale, bahlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ezomnotho zendawo echumayo. Uma bezenza zilungile, zinciphisa indlala, zikhuphule inzuzo, futhi ziqinisa imiphakathi ngokumelene nokushaqeka kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ubufakazi busobala: ukutshala imali ekulimeni okungenalutho kungesinye sezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokufinyelela i-Sustainable Development Mands, ikakhulukazi i-Zero Interry (SDG 2) ne-NoPoverty (SDG 1). Kodwa impumelelo idinga ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, ukusekela okuguquguqukayo, kanye nesibopho sokubeka amazwi abalimi ezingeni eliphezulu. Njengoba ukucindezela kokuma kwesimo sezulu kwanda kanye nabantu bembulunga yonke kukhula, indima yosizo lwangaphandle ekunikezeni abanini abambalwa iyakuba ngcono kakhulu. Ngokuqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa, nokulinganisa imisebenzi, umphakathi wezizwe zonke ungasiza abalimi abambalwa abahlala ezimbonini zokudla ukuba baphumele ezimbonini zokudla ezimweni eziyingozi.