Yini Abaphehli Bemfundo Abanayo Futhi Kungani Bebalulekile?

I-Electoral College iyinqubo eyamiswa yi-United States Constitution njengesivumelwano phakathi kokhetho oluthandwayo nokhetho lweSishaya-mthetho. Lapho abavoti befaka izivoti zabo kumongameli nesekela likamongameli, eqinisweni bakhetha isileti salabo ababoshelwe ukusekela labo abazobhapathizwa. Ukuqonda indlela abakhethwa ngayo nendlela abavota ngayo okubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umvoti ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele enqubweni yentando yeningi futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izwi labo liyazwakala.

Abafundi abalona iqembu eliqaphile labangenisi bezombangazwe abazenza izinqumo ezizimele. Bangabantu bangempela abanemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile, izibopho ezingokomthetho, nendima ecacile kukhetho lukamongameli. Lesi sihloko siphula yonke inqubo, kusukela ekukhetheni ukuvota, ukuze usondele kuSuku Lokhetho ngokuqiniseka nangokucacile.

Indlela Abaphehli Abakhethwa Ngayo

Inqubo yokukhetha abavoti iyahlukahluka ngokwesifundazwe, kodwa ilandela uhlelo oluvamile olulawulwa imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho yeqembu lezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lenqubo kusiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwevoti yabo nabavoti abazoyimelela.

Ukuchazwa Kwezigaba Zezombangazwe

Inqubo evame kakhulu yokukhetha abavoti ingeyokumiswa kweqembu lezombangazwe. Phakathi nentwasahlobo nehlobo leminyaka yokhetho, amaqembu ezombangazwe aphethe imihlangano yezombangazwe, imihlangano yamakomiti, noma ezinye izinqubo zangaphakathi ukuze akhethe abantu. Laba bantu ngokuvamile bangamalungu eqembu elithatha isikhathi eside, akhethwe, iziphathi zeqembu, noma abaholi bomphakathi abaye babonisa ukwethembeka kulomphakathi nakulowo othathelwa phambili.

Amakhampani ahlawulwa uvoti afaka izicelo noma athathwa ngomholi weqembu. Iqembu libe selivota esiletini salabo abavota abalingana nenani lamavoti agunyaziwe uhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni unamavoti angu-20 akhethiweyo, umkhandlu ngamunye uthatha abavoti abangama-20. I-relathi yeqembu eliwinayo ekugcineni lilahla amavoti kahulumeni.

Izimfuneko Zokukhetha

Nakuba zimbalwa izimfuneko zikahulumeni ezisebenza njengomkhethi, uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni ubeka imingcele ethile eyisisekelo.ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1, uClause 2 uphawula ukuthi akukho mmeli, ummeleli, noma umuntu ophethe isikhundla sokuthemba noma inzuzo ngaphansi kwe-United States ongasebenza njengokhetho. Lokhu kwenqabela kuqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti abangewona amalungu kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ohlangene abangase baxabana ngesithakazelo.

Imithetho kahulumeni yenezela izingqimba ezengeziwe. Izigodlo eziningi zidinga abavoti ababhaliswe ngokomthetho nezakhamuzi zikahulumeni. Ezinye ziveza ukuthi abantu ababoshwe ngecala elithile noma abanamahhovisi athile kahulumeni abangafaneleki. Amaqembu ezombangazwe avame ukuphoqelela iziqondiso zawo, njengobude obuncane beqembu noma imfuneko yokusayina isiqinisekiso sokusekela umbhanqwani.

Indima Yemithetho Kahulumeni

Umbuso ngamunye unegunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokunquma ukuthi abavoti bawo bakhethwa kanjani. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuhlukahlukahlukanisweni okukhulu ezweni lonke. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlela abavoti abayinhloko ukuze zikhethe abavoti, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa i-caucuuses noma imihlangano yedipoli. Izifunda ezimbalwa zisebenzisa uhlu lwabavoti ngokuqondile kuyi-collet, zivumela abavoteli ukuba babone amagama abantu abavotelwayo. Nokho, ezizweni eziningi, i-ballot imane ibonisa amagama omongameli nomphathi-mongameli, kanye nabavoti ababhalwe ngokubhalwe kahle noma hhayi konke.

IRepublican and Democratic amaqembu athatha uhlu lwawo lwabavoti kumphathi omkhulu wokhetho lukahulumeni, ngokuvamile unobhala kahulumeni, ngohlelo olumisiwe lomthetho. Khona - ke umbuso ufaka isikweleti sokuwina esisekelwe kwimiphumela ethandwayo yokuvota.

Inani Lababonisi Abayisifundazwe

Inani labavoti abatholwa yisifundazwe ngasinye linqunywa ukumelelwa kwalo okuphelele eMkhandlwini: ingqikithi ye-United States Senators (ngaso sonke isikhathi) kanye nabameleli bayo base-United States (okuthi kuyahlukahluka ngokwenani labantu). Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke amazwe athola amavoti amathathu akhethwe ngokuzenzekelayo, okuyisilinganiso esincane kakhulu sezifunda ezinabantu abancane njenge-Wyoming, i-Alaska, ne-Vermont.

Ihlazo Elisekelwe Ekufanekisweni Kwezakhiwo

Ukwabiwa kwezihlalo zendlu kubalwa kabusha njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokuba kuqalwe inani labantu. Njengoba ukushintshana kwenani labantu kwenzeka, izifundazwe zingathola noma zilahlekelwe amavoti angokhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokubalelwa kwabangu-2020, iTexas yathola amavoti amabili akhethiwe ngesikhathi iCalifornia ne New York ngayinye ilahlekile.

ICalifornia manje iphethe amavoti angu - 54 angokhetho oluningi, kuyilapho amazwe amancane amaningana ephethe isilinganiso esincane samathathu. Inani labavoti abanqamula kuzo zonke izifunda zaseColumbia lingu - 538, limelela amalungu angu - 435 eNdlu, izikhulu zezikhulu zekhulu, nabavoti abathathu beWashington, D.C.

Isigodi SaseColumbia Esiyingqayizivele

I-Food of Columbia ayisona isifundazwe, kodwa ithola amavoti amathathu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo somthetho-mthetho sekhulu lama-23, esagunyazwa ngo-1961. Lokhu kunikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lukamongameli, nakuba isifunda singameleli ekuvotelweni kweSishayamthetho. Inani labavoti likaD.C. lilingana nenani labavoti abaphethe umbuso nomphakathi omncane kunawo wonke ozokwamukela, okuyinani elithathu.

Indlela Abafundi Abazihlela Ngayo Izinsimbi Zabo

Uma nje ukhetho lusekhona futhi imiphumela yevoti ethandwayo ifakazelwa, abavoti bencwadi yeqembu eliphumeleleyo babizelwa ukuba bahlangane futhi bavote ngokusemthethweni. Lenqubo ihlelwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi icacile futhi ivunyelwe ngokomthetho.

Ukuhlangana Kwabaqondisi Bemizwa

Umthetho we-Federal ufuna ukuba abavoti bahlangane ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngemva koLwesithathu lwesibili ngoDecember ngemva kokhetho. Ngo-2024, lolu suku lungoDecember 17. Abavoti bahlangana ezinhloko- dolobhani zabo, ngokuvamile esakhiweni sikahulumeni noma kwenye indawo emisiwe kahulumeni. Bahlangana ngesikhathi esimisiwe futhi balandele inqubo ethile emiswe umthetho kahulumeni.

Umhlangano uyi-structural joint. Ababethi bafaka amavoloti ahlukene kamongameli nesekela likamongameli. Basayina futhi bafake uphawu lwesitifiketi sovoti, esaziwa njengeSitifiketi seVote, esiyingxenye yencwadi enkulu ebizwa ngokuthi iSitifiketi Sesiqinisekiso Sabavoti, amavoti, nokusayinwa kwabavoti kanye nesikhulu sokhetho sikahulumeni.

Isitifiketi Semfundo Ephakeme

Ngemva kokuba abavoti sebevote, isifundazwe sikhiqiza amakhophi amaningi okuqala eSitifiketi seVote. Lamakhophi athunyelwa ngeposi ebhaliwe kubathumeli abaningana:

  • Enye ikhophi iya kuMongameli weSigele (Umongameli oyisekela wase - United States).
  • Amakhophi amabili aya kuMbhishobhi Wase - United States.
  • Enye ikopi iya kunobhala kahulumeni.
  • Enye ikhophi iya kumahluleli omkhulu wenkantolo yesifundazwe embusweni lapho abavoti babehlangana khona.

Lezi zitifiketi ziyimibhalo engokomthetho yevoti evoti futhi zisetshenziswa phakathi nesimiso esihlangene soMkhandlu ukuze zibale amavoti.

Ukubala Izingoma Ezingqungquthelani

Isinyathelo sokugcina enqubweni yokuvota senzeka ngo-January 6 ngemva kokhetho, lapho uMkhandlu uhlangana ndawonye ukubala amavoti akhethiwe. UMongameli ongumsizi, osemandleni awo njengoMongameli weSigele, uqondisa izibalo. Izitifiketi zivulwa ngokulandelana kwezibalo zikahulumeni, futhi amavoti amenyezelwa ngokusho izibikezelo ezimisiwe kuzo zombili iNdlu neSishayamthetho.

Uma ozovota bethola amavoti amaningi, okungenani angu-270 phakathi kuka-58, kuthiwa uphumelele. Uma kungekho mtapo ofinyelela emnyango omkhulu, ukhetho lunqunywa yiNdlu yabameleli, futhi inxusa ngalinye lombuso livota kanye. Lesi simo senzeka kabili kuphela emlandweni waseMelika, muva nje ngo - 1824.

Impumelelo ithatha-Konke. I-propotional Alposition

Iningi lezifundazwe lisebenzisa isimiso sokuwina esithatha wonke umklomelo kumavoti agunyazwayo. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, umvoti othola amavoti athandwayo esifundazweni uthola wonke amavoti akhethiwe kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nokunqoba okuncane kuka-91% kuya ku-49% kunemiphumela ekhulu lamavoti akhethwe abaya ku-okhetho abawinayo.

Uhulumeni Usebenzisa Impumelelo-Yonke

Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili neSifunda saseColumbia zisebenzisa indlela yokunqoba. Lesimiso sithambekele ekukhuliseni ukubaluleka kwezindawo ezijingajizayo, lapho umphumela ungaqinisekile, futhi singaholela ezimweni lapho umbhalisa ezuza khona ivoti ethandwayo kodwa alahlekelwe yivoti ethandwayo, njengoba kwenzeka ngo 2000 nango2016. Umvuzi-yo-yonke inqubo ilawulwa umthetho kahulumeni, futhi akukho mfuneko kahulumeni yokuyisebenzisa.

Indlela yesifunda se-Maine ne-Nebraska

IMaine ne Nebraska ziwukuphela kwezindawo ezisebenzisa indlela yokuhlukanisa imingcele, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi indlela yesifunda. Kulezi zifunda, amavoti amabili avunywa kulowo othandwa kakhulu uhulumeni wonke, futhi ivoti eyodwa evoti inikezwa umnqobi wevoti ethandwayo esifundeni ngasinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ivoti evoti yokhetho ingahlukaniswa phakathi kwabavoti, ibonise ukuhlukaniswa okuhlukile kwezinto ezithandwayo zikavoti esifundazweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2020, i-Nebraska yanikeza amavoti amane kwamahlanu ayo kuDonald Trump nakomunye kuJoe Biden, owawina isifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesibini sikazwelonke. Ngokufanayo, uMaine uye wabona amavoti ahlukene phakathi kokhetho oluningana lwamuva. Lesimiso sinikeza isibonelo esingavamile sokumelelwa kwe-electoral College.

Abakhangisi Abangenalukholo Nemiphumela Engokomthetho

Abavoti abangenalukholo bangabo abavotela umnyundeli ngaphandle kwalowo abathenjiswe ngaye. Nakuba igama elithi "abangakholwa" lisikisela ukukhashelwa kwethemba, isikhundla esingokomthetho salabo bavoti siyinkimbinkimbi futhi siye saba yindaba yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yamuva.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando

Abavoti abangenalukholo baye bavela okhethweni lwezikhulu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, nakuba bengakaze bawushintshe umphumela wokhetho. Ngo-2016, abavoti abayisikhombisa bavotela abanye abazobhapathizwa ngaphandle kwalabo abathenjiswe ukuba basekele, inani eliphakeme kunawo wonke esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Abavoti abane bezwe laseWashington nomunye umbhali waseMinnesota abathembisa uHillary Clinton ukuvotela abanye abavotelwa, kuyilapho abavoti ababili baseTexas bethembise uDonald Trump ukuba avote abanye abavoti.

Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa uvoti waseNtshonalanga Virginia ngo - 1988 owavotela uLloyd Bentsen esikhundleni sikaMichael Dukakis, novoti wasePennsylvania owavotela uGeorge Wallace esikhundleni sikaRichard Nixon.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Nezinkantolo Eziphakeme

Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho efuna abavoti ukuba bavote lowo abathenjiswe yena. Lemithetho iyahlukahluka ezijezini zabo, kusukela kuhhhala kuya ekususweni kwendawo. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela uhulumeni ukuba usule ukhetho lokhetho olungenalukholo futhi esikhundleni salo uthathe omunye ovoti ozovota ngokufanelekile.

Ngo-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo esiphawulayo emacaleni Chiafalo v. Washington kanye no[FLT] Umnyango we-Colado weSizwe v. [Baca[. INkantolo yavumelana ukuthi igunya lomthetho ligunyaza izifungo futhi likhiphe noma likhiphe abavoti abangenaluleki abangenalukholo. Lesinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe angafuna abavoti ukuba balandele imiphumela ethandwayo esifundazweni sabo, iqede ngokuphumelelayo noma yisiphi impikiswano esingokomthetho ngenxa yokuzikhethela.

Lokho Abalobi Okudingeka Bakwazi

Njengomvoti, ukuqonda inqubo kavoti kukusiza ukuba ubone umbono ogcwele wendlela amavoti akho aphendukela ngayo ekukhethweni komongameli. Ukucabangela okuningana okuwusizo kungakusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuqonda Ibhola Lakho

Uma uvota umongameli, uvota ngokobuchwepheshe ngesileti sabezivoti. Kwezinye izifundazwe, amagama abavoti avela kuvoti eduze kwamagama omongameli kanye nawophini abazokuba abaholi. Kwezinye izizwe, amagama abazovota kuphela avela, nencwadi ebonisa ukuthi abavoti babo. Ngandlela-ke, ivoti yakho inguvoti yabavoti babo ababoleki, icela ukuba baphumelele kuhulumeni.

Uma uhlala eMaine noma eNebraska, ukuvota kwakho kunquma futhi umphumela esifundeni sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sakho, okungaphumela ekuvotelweni kwevoti ehlukene. Ukuqonda lomehluko kubalulekile kubavoti kulezozifunda.

Ukuhlola Izindawo Ezibhaliwe Nezokuhlaziya

Phambi koSuku Lokhetho, qinisekisa ukuthi ukubhalisa kwakho kovota kungokunembile. Hamba webhusayithi yokhetho kahulumeni wakho noma sebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge USUSA.gov's uvota ikhasi lokubhalisa [ ukuhlola isimo sakho. Qinisekisa indawo yakho yokuvota namahora ayo okusebenza. Uma uhlela ukuvota ngeposi, cela ibholaoti yakho phambili futhi ulandele zonke iziyalezo ngokucophelela, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokusayina.

Izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza ukukhetha kokhetho kwasekuqaleni, okungasiza ekugwemeni imigqa emide ngoSuku Lokhetho. Qaphela uhlelo lokuqala lovota lwezwe lakho futhi usebenzise uma lukhona.

Ukubaluleka Komsakazo Othandwayo

Nakuba i-Electoral College ekugcineni inquma ubumongameli, ivoti ethandwayo esifundazweni ngasinye inquma ukuthi yiliphi ileti elikhethwayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke amavoti kuzo zonke izindaba zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezisezindaweni lapho i-engile isondele khona. Ngisho noma uhlala esimweni esivotela iqembu elilodwa njalo, ukuhlanganyela kwakho kuthonya isimo sezombangazwe futhi kuthumela umyalezo mayelana nentando yalowo ovotayo.

Amazinga okuvota ayahluka kakhulu ngonyaka kahulumeni nokhetho. Ukhetho lukamongameli lwa 2020 lwathola ishende eliphakeme kakhulu esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, cishe kunama-66% abavoti abafanelekayo abaphonsa amavoti. Imizamo yokwandisa ukuhlanganyela kwabavoti iyaqhubeka, futhi ukuqonda inqubo yabavoti kuyingxenye eyinhloko yokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngalabo Abafundayo

Ukuchaza lezi zinkulumo kungasiza abavoti ukuba basiqonde kangcono lesi simiso.

  • Ukuzifihla: Abaphehli besinqumo abazimele abangavotela noma ubani. Eqinisweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekise ukuthi izifunda zingafuna abavoti ukuba balandele ivoti ethandwayo. Abakhethi abangenalukholo bayivelakancane futhi bangajeziswa.
  • Ukufakwa kwe-Misc: I-Electoral College iyindawo ebonakalayo. Igama elithi "college" lisho iqembu labantu, hhayi isakhiwo. Abakhangisi bahlangana ezifundeni zabo ezihlukene, futhi akukho ngxenye ye-Electoral College.
  • U-Miscreetion: ukunqoba ivoti ethandwayo iqinisekisa umongameli. Nakuba ukhetho oluthandwayo lubalulekile, yivoti ethandwayo enquma umnqobi. Omongameli ababili eminyakeni engu-25 edlule baye bawina umongameli ngaphandle kowina ivoti ethandwayo.
  • Ukuveza: Abaphekisi abaziwa noma abaziwa. Izifundazwe eziningi zinyathelisa amagama abavoti ngaphambi kokhetho. Ngokuvamile bangabaholi beqembu, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, noma abashisekeli bomphakathi abaziwa obala ezizweni zabo.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Kwabezovolo

Ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi uvoti yakho ihlosiwe, landela lezi zinyathelo eziwusizo:

  1. Siqinise isimo sakho sokubhalisa okungenani izinsuku ezingu-30 ngaphambi kokhetho. Sebenzisa USUSA. ukuhlola kokubhalisa [ ukuqinisekisa isimo sakho.
  2. Bheka ibhola likahulumeni wakho ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho. Izigodlo eziningi zinikeza amavoti amasampula kuyi-inthanethi, akuvumela ukuba ucwaninge abazohlola kanye nokwaziswa kusengaphambili.
  3. Yazi imithetho yokuvota kazwelonke [, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko ze-ID yomvoti, imisebenzi yokungahlangani nohlelo lokuvota kwangaphandle, kanye nezinketho zokuvota ezisheshayo.
  4. [[QUTY:0] Ukuveza kusenethuba uma kungenzeka ukugwema imigqa emide kanye nodaba lwemizuzu emincane.
  5. Track i-collet yakho uma uvota ngeposi. Izifunda eziningi zinikeza izinkonzo zokulandelela i-bolot ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ivoti yakho yamukelwa futhi yabalwa.
  6. Zifundise e-Electoral College nendlela esebenza ngayo esifundazweni sakho. Ukuqonda isimiso kukusiza ukuba uqaphele ithonya eligcwele levoti yakho.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, iNational Archives Electoral College ikhasi inikeza imithombo ebanzi, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okungokomlando nezinqubo zikahulumeni.

Ukuqonda indlela abavoti abakhethwa ngayo nendlela abavota ngayo bakunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enqubweni yokukhetha. Ukuvota kwakho kunquma ngokuqondile ukuthi isiphi isileti sabakhethi esimelela umbuso wakho, futhi labo abakhethayo banendima echazwayo elawulwa kahle nguhulumeni nomthetho kahulumeni. Ngokuhlala benolwazi futhi behlanganyela esimisweni, usiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yentando yeningi iyaqhubeka ikhanya, ilandisa, futhi isabela ekufuneni kwabantu.