ISigele sase-United States singenye yeziteshi ezimbili zeSishaya-mthetho, ezimelela itshe lesisekelo lentando yeningi yaseMelika. Izimemezeli zikhethwa abameleli abakhonza kulendikimba ehloniphekile yemithetho yezomthetho, abaphethe amandla aphawulekayo phezu kwemithetho kahulumeni, ukumiswa kokwahlulela, nenqubo yobuzwe. Inqubo yabo yokukhetha iklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isifundazwe ngasinye simelelwa kahle futhi ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abaholi bazo ngokuqondile ngenqubo yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda ukuthi abameli bakhethwa kanjani kuyimfuneko kunoma izakhamuzi zaseMelika ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo esimisweni sethu sobuningi.

Isisekelo Sophawu Lwezigele

ISigele saseUnited States sinamalungu ayikhulu, ngalinye lamazwe angu-50 likhetha izikhulu ezimbili ngokunembile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingabaphi inani lombuso. Lokhu kumelelwa okufanayo kwakuyisehlulelo esibalulekile phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka 1787, ukulinganisela ukumelelwa kwenani labantu eNdlu yabameleli. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni unezakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-40 njengeCalifornia noma ngaphansi kwezingu-60 000 njenge-Wyoming, umbuso ngamunye wamukela i-memo ye-tenator eKhongolweni.

Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda ezincane zinezwi elifanayo emehlweni kahulumeni kanye nezinye ezinkulu. ISigele ekuqaleni sathathwa njengelungu elide kunendlu yabameleli, enamagama amade futhi amalungu ambalwa ukuze akhuthaze ingxoxo enengqondo futhi avikele ekuqhutshweni kwesinqumo ngokuxhamazela okuqhutshwa izinkanuko zesikhashana ezithandwayo.

Indlela Abahlengi Abakhethwa Ngayo Namuhla

Abakhokhi bakhethwa ngevoti edumile esifundeni ngasinye, okusho ukuthi abavoti ababhalisweyo bakhetha ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani ozobamelela eSigele. Njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha, zonke izifundazwe ezingu-50 zithatha ukhetho lokukhetha abasizi bazo, nakuba kungezona zonke izihlalo zeSishaya-mthetho ezincintiswanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhetho lushaqiswa ukuze kukhethwe cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela zezihlalo zeSigele phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho.

Lesimiso sokhetho esishaqisayo sisho ukuthi iSigele silondoloza ukuqhubekeka nolwazi lweziqu, njengoba cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabasizi zihlala ezikhundleni ngisho nangemva kokhetho. Amagama ashaqisayo aqinisekisa futhi ukuthi iSigele asithathelwa indawo ngokuphelele kanye kanye, kunikeze ukuqina kwenqubo yomthetho futhi kuvimbele ukushintsha okuphawulekayo kwenqubo okungase kwenzeke uma zonke izihlalo bezincintisana ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kokwamukelwa Kwezigele

Inqubo yokukhetha abasizi be-senea ayizange ivele ngokuvota okuthandwa ngokuqondile. Ekuqaleni, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States wanikeza ukuba abameli bakhethelwe izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kunokuba bakhethwe abantu ngokuqondile. Lesimiso sahlala sikhona isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, kusukela ekusungulweni kweRepublic kuze kube ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka.

Ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo seSeventeenth ngo - 1913 kwayishintsha ngokuyisisekelo indlela abameleli abakhethwa ngayo, bemisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwamanxusa ngevoti ethandwayo. Lokhu kulungisa komthetho - sisekelo kwakuwumphumela wenhlangano yenguquko eqhubekayo eyayifuna ukwenza iSigele sisabele ngokwengeziwe esivumelwaneni sabantu futhi siqede inkohlakalo nesibopho esenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ezindlini zomthetho lapho sikhetha izimemezeli.

Ngaphambi kwalenguquko, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zazihlangana futhi zivote ukuze zikhethe abameli bezwe labo, ngezinye izikhathi ababeholela ezimpini zezombangazwe ezithatha isikhathi eside, izihlalo zeSishaya-mthetho ezingenalutho, nezimangalo zokufumbathisa nokukhohlakala. Ukushintshwa kokuqondisa kwakumelela ukuncishiswa kwezombangazwe zaseMelika okuphawulekayo futhi kwasondeza iSigele kubantu esibakhonzayo.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Yesigele Iyachazwa

Phakathi nokhetho lweSigele, abavoti ababhaliswe esifundazweni bafaka amavoti abo abawathandayo ngoSuku Lokhetho, oluba ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember phakathi neminyaka ewunombolo. Ovota kakhulu uthola imvume yokuvota uwina isihlalo futhi uyokhonza igama elithatha iminyaka eyisithupha e-United States Campers. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "okuqala-semva-sempost" noma isimiso sokuvota.

Ezifundazweni eziningi, umuntu ovotayo othola ubuningi obuvamile bevoti, okusho ukuvota okuningi kunanoma yimuphi omunye, ngisho noma engebona abaningi (‘iwin ukhetho.' Nokho, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa imithetho ehlukene, enjengokukhipha ukhetho lapho kungekho mvoti othola amavoti amaningi kukhetho lokuqala.

Ukukhethwa Okuyinhloko Nokukhethwa Kweqembu

Phambi kokhetho oluvamile, abathathi-mjenga-kakhulu kumele baqale bawine ekuhlolweni kweqembu labo ngokhetho oluyinhloko. Ukhetho oluyinhloko luvumela amalungu eqembu ukuba akhethe ukuthi obani abazomelela iqembu labo kukhetho oluvamile. Isimiso sokhetho oluyinhloko siyahluka kakhulu kuhulumeni ngamunye, kanye namanye amazwe aphethe iziqu lapho noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe angahlanganyela khona, kuyilapho amanye evalela amalungu eqembu abhaliswe.

Ezinye zisebenzisa isimiso esiyinhloko, lapho bonke abazobhapathizwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlanganyela kuliphi iqembu bevela kuvoti eliyinhloko, futhi abameleli ababili bethola amavoti amaningi kakhulu kukhetho oluvamile. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungaphumela ekubeni ababili abazothatha iziqu eqenjini elifanayo babhekene kukhetho oluvamile.

Abazobhapathizwa kanye nabazobhapathizwa ngengxenye yesithathu ngokuvamile bayayiyeka inqubo eyinhloko kodwa kumelwe bahlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile ukuze bavele ebhokisini elivamile lokhetho, njengokuqoqa inani elithile lezicelo ezisayinwe abavoti ababhalisiwe.

Imali Nezimali Zomkhankaso

Imikhankaso yezigelekeqe iye yabiza kakhulu phakathi namashumi eminyaka, izinhlanga ezincintisanayo ngokuvamile ezibiza amashumi ezigidi zamaRandi.

Izikhulu ezithatha iminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye abanikelayo, amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC), kanye nezinhlangano zeqembu, zonke zingaphansi kwemingcele kahulumeni. Amaqembu angaphandle aziwa ngokuthi iPuepo Carcs angasebenzisa imali engenamkhawulo kubantu abazobhapathizwa, nakuba engakwazi ukuhlangana ngokuqondile nemikhankaso. Lendawo yezezimali eyinkimbinkimbi iye yaba isici esibalulekile kukhetho lwezigelekeqe zanamuhla.

Izimfanelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zokuwusebenzisela ISigele

Ukuze asebenzise iSigele saseUnited States, umuntu ozongenela kumelwe ahlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile ezimiswe yiSiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 3 soMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States. Lezimfanelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abazobhapathizwa banokuvuthwa, ukwethembeka, nokuhlobana nombuso wabo okudingekile ukuze bakhonze ngokuphumelelayo kulendikimba yemithetho ebalulekile.

Izimfuneko ezintathu zomthetho - sisekelo zabazobhapathizwa eNkantolo yilezi:

  • Yiba okungenani neminyaka engu - 30 ngesikhathi uthatha isikhundla
  • Sekuyiminyaka okungenani engu - 9 iyisakhamuzi sase - United States
  • Yiba isakhamuzi sesimo abafuna ukusimelela ngesikhathi sokukhetha

Lemithetho imiswe uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abazobhapathizwa bafanelekela ukukhonza eNkathini futhi banokuhlangenwe nakho okwanele kokuphila, ukuzibophezela eUnited States, nokuqonda izidingo nezithakazelo zikahulumeni wabo.

Ukuchazwa Kwemfuneko Yeminyaka Yobudala

Iminyaka engaphansi kwengu-30 yobudala babameli iphakeme kuneminyaka engu-25 yamalungu endlu yabameleli. OFata Abasunguli bamisa lemfuneko yenkathi ephakeme ngoba babebheka iSigele njengomzimba ovuthiwe nowehlazisayo. Iminyaka eyengeziwe yokuphila yayicatshangwa ukuthi iletha ukuhlakanipha okukhulu, ukwahlulela, nokuzinza enqubeni yomthetho.

Lemfuneko yenkathi ibonisa indima yokuqala yeSigele njenge-search yendlu yabameleli ethanda ukuphamazela, eyaklanyelwe ukusabela ngokuqonde ngokwengeziwe emzwelweni othandwayo. Igama elineminyaka eyisithupha lihlangene nemfuneko yobudala obuphakeme lalihloselwe ukudala indikimba yabamisi-mthetho abanolwazi abangathatha isithakazelo sesizwe isikhathi eside.

Ukuchazwa Kwemfuneko Yokuba Izakhamuzi

Imfuneko yokuba abazosebenza eNdlunyeni kumelwe ukuba babe izakhamuzi zase-United States okungenani iminyaka engu-9 iqine kunemfuneko yobuhlalo yeminyaka eyisikhombisa kumalungu endlu. Lemfuneko ende kakhulu yezakhamuzi yayiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bamazwe bayazi ngokujulile izinhlangano, izindinganiso, nezithakazelo ngaphambi kokuba bakhonze endikimbeni enemithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu yakwamanye amazwe.

ISigele sinemibuso eyingqayizivele yomthetho - sisekelo ehlobene nezindaba zomhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise negunya lokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zesivumelwano nokuqinisekisa amanxusa. Abasunguli boBabe bakholelwa ukuthi inkathi ende yobuzwe yayiyoqinisekisa ukuthi abasekeli babenesikhathi esanele sokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka eUnited States nokuqonda izithakazelo zaseMelika ezindabeni zembulunga yonke.

Ukuchazwa Kwemfuneko Yokufuna Ukuphinde Uziphathe

Kumelwe kube izakhamuzi zendawo ezifisa ukumelela ngesikhathi sokhetho. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bamazwe bahlobene ngempela futhi baqonde izifundazwe abazikhonzayo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungasho ukuthi kumelwe ukuba ozobhapathizwa wahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani esifundeni ngaphambi kokuba angene esigedlweni, abavoti ngokuvamile bakhetha abazothatha izintambo ezijulile emiphakathini yabo.

Imfuneko yokuhlala ivimbela abantu ekukhetheni ukugijima ezifundazweni lapho bengase babe namathemba angcono okukhetha ngaphandle kokuxhumana kwangempela nalezo zindawo. Kuqinisa isimiso sokuthi abasekeli kufanele bamelele izithakazelo nezindinganiso zezakhamuzi zikahulumeni.

Iminyaka Eyisithupha Yokuhlelwa Kwemithetho

Iziphathi zisebenzisa amagama eminyaka eyisithupha, athatha iminyaka emibili ngokuphawulekayo kunamagama asetshenziswa amalungu endlu yabameleli. Lobubude obude bakhethwa ngamabomu abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo ukuba banikeze izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile enqubeni yemithetho ye-athomu nakumbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika uwonke.

Leligama elithatha iminyaka eyisithupha livumela abasizi ukuba bagxile emigomweni emide yezimiso kunokuba baqhubeke besekela ukukhethwa kabusha. Libanika inkululeko yezombangazwe yokwenza izinqumo ezinzima noma ezingathandeki uma kudingekile, bazi ukuthi baneminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba baphinde babhekane nabavoti. Lesi sakhiwo sikhuthaza abasizi ukuba bacabange ngalé kokucindezela okusheshayo kwezombangazwe futhi bacabangele imiphumela emide yezenzo zabo zomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elide lisho ukuthi abasizi bangathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, bakhe ubuhlobo nozakwabo abasemaqenjini, futhi bahileleke emsebenzini oningiliziwe wokwenza umthetho ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo komkhankaso. Igama elithatha iminyaka eyisithupha linezela empucukweni yeSigele njengelungu elilula nelingameleki kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nendlu yabameli.

Imijikelezo Yokukhetha Eshintshashintshayo

ISigele sihlukaniswa sibe amakilasi amathathu ezinjongo zokukhetha, nesigaba ngasinye esinendawo ecishe ibe yingxenye yesithathu yezihlalo zeSishaya-mthetho. Isigaba I samanxusa sivulelwe ukukhethwa eminyakeni ehlukene ngesithupha (njengo-2024, 2030, njll.), isigaba se-Clas III sishiya ingxenye yesine eminyakeni eshiya isithupha uma ihlukaniswa (njenge-2026, 2032, njll, njll), nesigaba III (esigabeni esishiya ingxenye yesine uma ihlukaniswa (engu-2028, 2034, njll).

Lesimiso esishaqisayo sisho ukuthi ngisho naseminyakeni yoshintsho olukhulu lwezombangazwe, iSigele siyaqhubeka sikhona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetho lungaba lukhulu kangakanani, okungenani ama-intshi amabili ezisebenzi zocingo luyoqhubeka lusebenza, lulondoloze ulwazi lwenhlangano futhi luvimbele ukushintsha okukhulu kokuhlelwa kwegumbi nezinto eziza kuqala.

Isimiso sokhetho esishaqisayo futhi sisho ukuthi abavoti ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene banamathuba okukhetha abasizi ngezikhathi ezihlukene, bevumela ukwakhiwa kweSigele ukuba kancane kancane kubonise umbono womphakathi oshintshayo kunokuba bashintshe ngokuphelele, ngokushesha.

Ukukhethwa Okukhethekile Nezigele

Lapho isihlalo sesigele singasekho ngenxa yokufa, ukuyeka, noma ezinye izizathu ngaphambi kokuphela kwegama, inqubo yokugcwalisa lesosihlalo iyahluka ngokwezwe. ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth, esamisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabaphathi bombuso, sanikeza futhi izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni amandla okugunyaza ababusi babo ukuba bamise ukumiswa kwesikhashana kuze kube yilapho kumiswa ukhetho olukhethekile.

Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela ababusi bazo ukuba bamise ozothatha indawo yesikhashana ukuze bakhonze kuze kube yilapho ukhetho olulandelayo oluhlelwe njalo noma kuze kuhlelwe ukhetho olukhethekile. Ezinye zifuna ukuba isigele esimisiwe sibe esivela eqenjini elifanayo lezombangazwe njengesazi esithathe isihlalo, kuyilapho ezinye zingabekeli mingcele enjalo ekukhetheni kombusi.

Kungase kwenziwe ukhetho olukhethekile ngezikhathi ezihlukene kuye ngomthetho wezwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zithatha ukhetho olukhethekile ngokushesha ukuze zigcwalise isikhala, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela isigele esimisiwe ukuba sisebenze kuze kube umjikelezo wokhetho olandelayo oluvamile. Onqobile kukhetho olukhethekile usebenza kuphela ingxenye esele yegama lokuqala leminyaka eyisithupha, hhayi igama elisha eligcwele.

Ukukhetha Okukhethekile Okuphawulekayo

Ngezinye izikhathi ukhetho olukhethekile luye lwaba nezindima ezibalulekile kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, ngezinye izikhathi lunqume ukuthi iliphi iqembu elilawula iSigele noma eliletha abazobhapathizwa abangalindelekile ekuveleleni kwesizwe.

Ngenxa yokuthi okhetho olukhethekile luyenzeka ngaphandle komjikelezo wokhetho oluvamile, bangaveza imiphumela ehlukene kunokhetho oluvamile, njengoba izindlela zokuvota kanye nezinamandla ezombangazwe kungase kuhluke eminyakeni yokukhetha evamile. Abasemdlalweni wokhetho olukhethekile ngokuvamile babhekana nezikhathi zokhetho ezicindezelwe futhi kumelwe basheshe bafune ukuqashelwa nokuqoqa amagama.

Indima Yezidili Zezombangazwe Ekukhetheni Kwezigele

Amaqembu ezombangazwe afeza indima eyinhloko okhethweni lweSigele sanamuhla, asekela abazobhapathizwa ngokusekela inhlangano, aqoqe usizo, asungule umkhankaso, aqoqe imithombo yezokuvota. Amaqembu eDemocratic and Republican abusa ukhetho lweSishaya - mthetho, nakuba abazofuna ukumiswa kwemincintiswano ngezikhathi ezithile, nakuba abazothatha isigaba sesithathu behamba behamba bencintisana.

Izinhlangano zenhlangano yesizwe, kuhlanganise neDemocratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC) neNational Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC), zisebenzela ukuqasha abazothatha igxathu eliqinile, zinikeza iseluleko sezimali nesezimiso zokuxhumana, futhi zixhumanisa ukunqamula kwemijaho eminingi yeSishaya-mthetho. Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukugxila ezinhlalweni zokuncintisana ezinganquma ukuthi yimaphi iqembu leNkathi.

Izinhlangano zeqembu likahulumeni zinikeza futhi ukusekela okubalulekile kwabazoncintiswano beSigele, zisiza ngokuvota ngemishini yokuvota, ukuphuma ngaphandle kwemizamo, nemisebenzi yendawo. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabazohlolwa nezinhlangano zamaqembu bungathonya kakhulu umkhankaso nempumelelo.

I - gestry Candidages Nezingxenye Zesithathu

Nakuba izinyunyana eziningi zihlangene neqembu leDemocratic noma iRepublican, abazozuza izihlalo zeSishaya-mthetho ezizimele neziyingxenye yesithathu ngezikhathi ezithile. Abahleli be-endipendent bangazuza izihlalo zeSishaya-mthetho kanye nomunye wamaqembu amakhulu enhlangano kuyilapho belondoloza isikhundla sabo sokuzimela nokuvota.

Abazozimelayo nababenengxenye yesithathu babhekene nezinselele ezinkulu okhethweni lweSigele, kuhlanganise nokuthola imvume elinganiselwe yokuqoqa iziteshi zezinhlangano, ukuncishiswa kwemithombo yezindaba, kanye nokubona ukuthi abanakuphumelela noma baphumelele ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokusekela kweqembu. Nokho, kwezinye izizwe ezinezimo eziqinile zezombangazwe, laba abazongenela i-odanti bangancintisana futhi ngisho banqobe.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekwamulweni Kwezigele

Umnyango ophambili okhethweni lweSigele uhluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ukhetho luyenzeka yini phakathi nonyaka wokhetho lukamongameli noma phakathi nonyaka wokukhetha. Izinhlanga zezigele eziba khona phakathi neminyaka yokukhetha kukamongameli zivame ukubona umvoti ephakeme ngoba abantu abaningi beza kuleyo mikhankaso bezovota umongameli futhi futhi bavote nasemijahweni ephansi ehlanganisa nemincintiswano yeSigele.

Ukhetho lwe-Midter, oluqhutshwa ngisho naseminyakeni enombolo lapho kungekho kukhethwa komongameli, ngokuvamile kuvela kancane umvoti. Nokho, izinhlanga zeSigele zingasabangela isithakazelo esiqinile nokuhlanganyela, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezincintisanayo noma lapho ukulawulwa kweSigele kusengozini. Ukubopha ukhetho lwezigele kuye kwakhula eminyakeni yamuva njengoba ukuhlaliswa kwezwe ngokwezombangazwe kuye kwakhula futhi abavoti baye baqaphela ngokwengeziwe indima ebalulekile yeSigele ekuqinisekiseni sabahluleli nasekudluliseni umthetho.

Ukuze ihlanganyele kukhetho lweSigele, izakhamuzi kumelwe zibhaliswe ukuze zivote ngokwezimfuneko zikahulumeni wazo. Izinqubo zokubhalisa, izindlela zokuvota (ekhonkini, ekuvoteni kwasekuqaleni, ekuvoteni iposi ebhaceni), nezimfuneko zokuzichaza ziyahluka ngokwezwe. Ukuqonda lezi zimfuneko kubalulekile ngezakhamuzi ezifuna ukusebenzisa ilungelo lazo lokuvota kukhetho lwezigele.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Eyingqayizivele Yesigele

Ukuqonda ukuthi abameleli bakhethwa kanjani kuba nengqondo ngokwengeziwe lapho kucatshangelwa amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo ephawulekayo abaphathi abake bayisebenzisa esikhundleni. ISigele sinemibuso eminingana eyingqayizivele ehlukanisayo neNdlu yabameleli futhi senze ukhetho olulandela ukubusa kwaseMelika.

ISigele sinamandla okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ejajini likahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye namalungu ekhathekhabethe, amanxusa nezinye izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe eziphezulu. Lamandla okuqinisekisa anikeza ithonya eliqinile ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke nasezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kanye nemiphumela engahlala izizukulwane.

ISigele sinegunya elikhethekile lokuthola izivumelwano ze-rayfy ezixoxwe nomongameli, okudinga ukuvota okuyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ukuze kutholwe. Lombuso wenza iSigele sibe umdlali obalulekile enkambisweni yangaphandle yaseMelika nasebuhlotsheni bezizwe ngezizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele siqhuba ukuqulwa kwecala lezikhulu zikahulumeni eziyekwa yi House of Deaders, kanye namandla okususa izikhulu ezikhundleni ezisesikhundleni.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Engokomthetho

Ngaphandle kwalemibuso eyingqayizivele, izinyunyana zihlanganyela namalungu endlu umthwalo oyinhloko wokwenza nokudlulisa umthetho kahulumeni. Abaqondisi baveza izikweletu, bakhonza emakomitini ahlola umthetho ngokuningiliziwe, iziphakamiso ezibekwa esitezini seSigele, futhi bavote ukuthi izimali kufanele zibe umthetho yini. Ubukhulu obuncane kanye namagama amade akhuthaza ukuphikisana okukhulu nokuphenya kunokuba kuvame ukuba kwenzeke eNdlukeni yabameli enkulu.

Imithetho yeSigele, kuhlanganise nenqubo ye-finbuster ne-ambritature, inikeza izigelekeqe nezigaba ezimbalwa amandla amakhulu okuthonya umthetho kunalawo abendlu yabo abanawo. Lemithetho ye-procedve isho ukuthi umthetho ophumelelayo udinga ukubambisana kwe-bipartis nokuhlehla, ukwenza iSigele sibe inkundla ebaluleke kakhulu yokuxoxisana nokwakha ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Umkhankaso Wokukhetha Izigele

Imikhankaso yezigebengu isebenzisa amasu ayinkimbinkimbi ukuze ifinyelele kubavoti futhi inqobe okhetho. Amakhandi kumelwe akhe igama kuwo wonke umbuso, okungaba yinselele kakhulu emazweni amakhulu ezimakethe zezindaba eziningi nabantu abahlukahlukene. Amasu omkhankaso ahlanganisa ukukhangisa ngethelevishini nangamanani, ukuthumela iposi, ukubhalisa ucingo, ukuvalwa kweminyango yocingo, imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, nezinkulumo - mpikiswano.

Imikhankaso yesigele yanamuhla incike kakhulu ekwazisweni okungagunyaziwe nasekuchazisweni okuncane ukuze kubonwe abavoti abakholisayo nabaqoqayo. Imikhankaso iqoqa futhi ihlaziye izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane yabavoti ukuze ivumelane nezindawo ezithile zokuzalana kwabantu. Imithombo yezindaba yezenhlala-khaya iye yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile, ivumela abazofuna ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nabavoti, baphendule abamelene, futhi babangele intshiseko yabahlazi.

Abafuna iSigele esiphumelelayo kumelwe bakhe imifelandawonye ekwazi ukuzuza ukunqoba embusweni, ngokuvamile okudinga ukukhanga emabhukwini ahlukene anezici eziza kuqala nezikhathazayo ezihlukene. Abathathi-lwazi kumelwe balinganisele izimfuno zesisekelo seqembu labo kanye nesidingo sokudonsa abavoti abazimele nabalinganiselayo abavela eqenjini eliphikisayo. Lokhu kulinganisela kusebenza umkhankaso wokubhala imiyalezo, izikhundla zezimiso, kanye nezinqumo ezihleliwe kulo lonke umjikelezo wokhetho.

Izimpikiswano Nezindaba Ezisakazwa Ngemithombo Yezindaba

Izimpikiswano eziqanjiwe phakathi kwezigele zeSigele zinikeza amathuba abalulekile kubavoti ukuba baqhathanise abazobhapathizwa ngokuqondile futhi bahlole izikhundla zabo ezindabeni eziyinhloko.

Imithombo yezindaba inendima ebalulekile okhethweni lwezigelekeqe, ithonya ekuqondeni komphakathi abazobhapathizwa kanye nezindaba. Izikhulu zincintisana ukuze zihlanganise izindaba ezinhle kuyilapho zifaka imali eningi ekukhangiseni okukhokhelwayo ukuze kulawule ukuthumelelana kwazo. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemikhankaso nemithombo yezindaba buye baqala ngokuphawulekayo ngokunyuka kwemithombo yezindaba, amathekthali ezokuxhumana, nokuhlukana kwezilaleli zezindaba ezingokwesiko.

Umphumela Wokunciphisa Izinga Nohlelo Lwezibalo

Ngokungafani nokhetho lwasekhaya, ukhetho lwezigebengu aluthinteki ngokulungisa ngoba izinyunyana zimelela zonke izifundazwe kunokuba zimele izigodi ezihlangene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukhetho lweSishayamthetho lunikeza isilinganiso esicacile sokukhetha kwezwe lonke kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezaqala ngokusetshenziswa kwe-gerrymandering nomthetho wesifunda.

Nokho, ukushintsha kwenani labantu kungayithinta kakhulu inqubo yokukhetha iSishaya - mthetho. Ukushintsha kwenani labantu, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlanga nezinhlanga, ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo zasedolobheni, nokuguqukela kwezizukulwane konke kuthonya isimo sezombangazwe lapho kuvela khona ukhetho lweSishaya - mthetho. Amazwe ake avumelana ngokuqinisekile neqembu elilodwa angase ancintisane noma ashintshele kwelinye iqembu njengoba izakhamuzi ziguquka.

Ukuqonda lokhu kuthambekela kwenani labantu kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukhetho lwezigele kwezinye izifunda luye lwancintisana kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva kuyilapho ezinye ziye zancishisana. IMikhankaso ekwazi ukubona futhi ithathe isinyathelo ngokuphumelelayo ekushintsheni kwenani labantu ngokuvamile inezinzuzo ezikhethelwe ukudlula lezo ezincike emibonweni ephelelwe isikhathi ephathelene nokukhetha kukahulumeni wazo.

Inzuzo Enkulu Ekukhetheni Kwezigele

Abasizi abazimele − labo kakade abakhonza eNdlungwini futhi abafuna ukukhethwa futhi bajabulela izinzuzo eziphawulekayo kunezinselele. Lezinzuzo zihlanganisa ukuqashelwa kwegama, ukusungulwa kweminyango egciniwe, ukutholakala kweminyango yezindaba, ikhono lokuzibopha ngempumelelo yemithetho nezinkonzo zobuProfethi, kanye nengcebo yehhovisi leSigele.

Abaqondisi bangasebenzisa isikhundla sabo ukuze badlulisele imithombo yezindaba eqondile ngemisebenzi engokomthetho, baqiniselwe ukuxhasa kwemisebenzi yemisebenzi ezindaweni zabo, futhi bakhe ubuhlobo nezikhulu ezinethonya. Lezi zinzuzo zichaza ukuthi kungani abasizi bezuza ukuzuza ukukhethwa kabusha ngenani eliphakeme, nakuba kungephezulu njengamalungu endlu emilenze.

Nokho, inzuzo enzima ayiyona engenakunqotshwa. abavikeli bangayinqoba ngokusekela ukunganeliseki kovoti, ukukhankasela ngokuqinile, ukuphakamisa izimali ezanele, nokuzuza ezimweni ezifanele zezombangazwe ezinjengomlandeli odumile weqembu labo noma ukuthambekela kwesizwe okusekela iqembu labo.

Lapho Abayimishikashika Belahlekelwa

Abasizi basengozini kakhulu lapho bebhekene nezinselele ezinkulu phakathi nezindawo zezombangazwe ezingathandeki, njengokhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi lapho umongameli weqembu labo engathandwa. Ama-scandal, amavoti aphikisanayo, noma imibono yokuthi ingxubevange ayizange izwane nombuso ingadala amathuba futhi kubabekela inselele.

Izinselele eziyinhloko phakathi kweqembu lombango sezivame kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ikakhulukazi lapho abamelelwayo bebhekwa njengabangathembekile ngokwanele ezikhundleni zeqembu noma bezimisele kakhulu ukuyekethisa kuqembu eliphikisayo. Lezinselele eziyinhloko zingadamba ngisho noma besinda, zizenze zibe yizisulu kakhulu okhethweni oluvamile.

Indima Yemali Ekukhetheni Kwezigele

Izindleko zezinhlanga zezinhlanga ezincintisanayo ziye zanda ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ezinye izinhlanga ezibiza imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - R2,50 lapho zihlanganisa nokusetshenziswa abazovota, amaqembu, nangaphandle.

Lemali eningi echithwayo ibonisa izimpawu eziphakeme zokhetho lwezigele nokubaluleka kwemithetho yeSigele kanye negunya lokuqinisekisa. Amakhasi kumelwe anyuse futhi asebenzise izizumbulu zemali ukuze axhumane nabavoti kuzo zonke izifundazwe zethelevishini, izokukhangisa ngezokuxhumana, iposi, kanye nemisebenzi yasemasimini.

Imithetho yezezimali kahulumeni ilinganisela ukuthi abantu ngabanye banganikela ngokuqondile kangakanani kubazosebenza eNkantolo, kodwa izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zavumela ukuba kusetshenziswe imali engenamingcele ngamaqembu angaphandle angahambisani nemikhankaso. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni kwamaPACILE kanye namanye amaqembu angaphandle angaphakamisa futhi achithe imali engenamkhawulo ukuze asekele noma aphikise abamele iSigele.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi indima enkulu yemali okhethweni lweSigele inikeza abanikela ngezimali nezithakazelo ezikhethekile ithonya elikhulu ngokuthi ubani okhethwayo nokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezisekela abasekeli bemithetho.

Ukukhethwa Kwezigele Nezombangazwe Zesizwe

Nakuba abameleli besifundazwe ngasinye bemelela amazwe aso, ukhetho lweSigele luye lwamiswa ngokwandayo, lapho abavoti benza izinqumo ezisekelwe emibonweni yabo yezindaba zesizwe, abaholi beqembu, nomongameli kunokuba bagxile kuphela ezinkathazweni zikahulumeni eziqondile noma ezimfanelweni zomuntu ngamunye.

Lokhu kumiswa kwesizwe kokhetho lweSigele kubonisa ukuthambekela okukhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa okukhuphuka kwezindawo, ukukhushulelwa kwemithombo yezindaba nezokuxhumana, nokubaluleka okukhulayo kokulawula kwenhlangano yeSishaya - mthetho ukuze kuqhutshekiswe noma kuvinjelwe izinhloso zomongameli. Izikhulu zibheka ukhetho lweSishaya - mthetho njengophawu olubhekiswe kumongameli noma abaholi benhlangano yesizwe kunokuba kube ukukhetha phakathi kwabantu ngabanye.

Ukuhlelwa kwesizwe kokhetho lweSigele kuye kwanciphisa inani lezifundazwe ezahlukanisa amathikithi azo ngokusekela umlandeli wobumongameli kwelinye iqembu nomsekeli weSigele komunye umbutho. Ukuhlukanisa i-attet kuye kwehla kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, futhi izifundazwe eziningi manje zikhetha abasizi beqembu elifanayo nomongameli owina umbuso wazo.

Ukulawula ISigele

Yiliphi iqembu elilawula iSigele esinemiphumela emikhulu yokubusa kwaseMelika, ethinta ukuthi yimuphi umthetho ongayidlula, imuphi owejaji abaqinisekiswayo, nokuthi iziphi intuthuko noma iziteshi zikamongameli. Ukulawulwa kweSigele kungaxhomeka emijahweni embalwa nje encintisanayo, ukwenza izindaba zokhetho lweSigele ngasinye zesithakazelo esikhulu sesizwe nokutshala imali.

Lapho iSigele sihlukene, zonke izindaba zezihlalo zihlukaniswe kakhulu, futhi izinhlanga ezincintisanayo zidonsa ukusetshenziswa nokunakwa okukhulu okuvela emaqenjini esizwe, amaqembu esithakazelo, nemithombo yezindaba.

Izindlela Zokusakaza Nesimiso Sokuqondisa

Izigebengu zihlelwa ngokhetho lwezigaba zikahulumeni neziphathi - mandla zokuvota ngokwemithetho nezinqubo zendawo, nakuba kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni kuhlanganise noMthetho Welungelo Lomphakathi kanye nezinye izivikelo zamalungelo omphakathi. Izwe linezinguquko ezinkulu endleleni eliqhuba ngayo ukhetho, okuholela ekuhlukahlukahlukaniseni kwezindlela zokuvota, ukufinyelela kokhetho, kanye nezinqubo zokhetho kulo lonke izwe.

Izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza izindlela eziningi zokuvota, kuhlanganise nokuvota okungokwesiko ngoSuku Lokhetho, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni phakathi nenkathi engaphambi koSuku Lokhetho, nokuvota ngeposi noma ukuvota okungekho. Umqedazwe we-COVID wandisa ukukhula kokuvota ngeposi nokukhetha kokhetho kwasekuqaleni emazweni amaningi, nakuba amanye amazwe aye anciphisa ngokulandelana nalokhu kukhetha kuyilapho amanye aye andisa.

Ukulondeka kokhetho nobuqotho kuye kwaba yizindaba eziyinhloko zenkulumo - mpikiswano yomphakathi, izikhulu zokhetho ezisebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokuvota zilondekile, zinembile, futhi ziyatholakala lapho zilondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi emiphumeleni yokukhetha. Okhetho lwesishaya - mthetho basebenzisa isisekelo sokuvota nezinye izinqubo ezifanayo njengokhetho, benza ubuqotho bokuphathwa kokhetho bube yisidingo esibaluleke kakhulu sokufaneleka kwentando yeningi.

Ikusasa Lokukhethwa Kwezigele

Ukhetho lwezigebengu luyaqhubeka luziguqula ukuze kutholwe izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, intuthuko engokomthetho, kanye nezinguquko zezombangazwe.

Ubuchwepheshe buyoqhubeka buguqula umkhankaso, ngokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, ngemishini ethuthukisiwe yokuxhumana, kanye neziteshi ezintsha zokuxhumana ezidala amathuba amasha nezinselele kwabazofuna ukuxhumana. Indima yezokuxhumana nokukhangisa okungokwezinombolo cishe iyoqhubeka ikhula, okungase kunciphise ukudlondlobala kwezokukhangisa okungokwesiko kwethelevishini osekuyisikhathi eside kuyingxenye eyinhloko yemikhankaso yezigele.

Izinguquko zesimiso somlando ziyoqhubeka ziguqula isimo sezombangazwe ezifundazweni eziningi, ngokunokwenzeka zibangela ezinye izifundazwe ukuba zincintisane kakhulu kuyilapho zenza ezinye zingancintisani kakhulu.General revover, nabavoti abasebasha abathatha indawo yabavoti abadala, bangase bashintshe imifelandawonye yezombangazwe futhi bashintshe izimpikiswano ezibusa imikhankaso yezigele.

Izimpikiswano ngomkhankaso wokuguqula izimali, amalungelo okuvota, nokuqondisa ukhetho cishe ziyoqhubeka zihlela isimiso somthetho nomthetho phakathi kokhetho lweSishaya - mthetho. Lezinkulumo ziveza imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo ezinjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukulingana kwezombangazwe, ukulondeka kokhetho, nokungena komvoti.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo

Ukuqonda indlela abameleli benhlangano abakhethwa ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kunikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Kunezindlela eziningi izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela kuzo okhethweni ngaphandle kokuvota nje kuphela, nakuba ukuvota kuseyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlanganyela.

Izakhamuzi zingacwaninga kanye nezimo zazo ngezindaba ngewebhusayithi ezifuna ukuhlolwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba, iziqondisi, kanye nokuqoshwa kwenkulumo-mphikiswano. Izinhlangano ezinjenge I-Lomeagues Women Voters[ namanye amaqembu angewona amaqembu ahlukene anikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ukuze asize abavoti benze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini.

Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingavota ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, zinikele kwabazobhapathizwa, zibe khona emikhankasweni, zithintane ukuze ziveze imibono yazo ezindabeni, futhi zikhuthaze abanye ukuba bavote.

Izakhamuzi zingahlala futhi zaziswe ngemisebenzi yabaphathi bazo lapho zisehhovisi ngokulandela ukuxhumana kwabo okusemthethweni, ngokuya emihlanganweni yehholo ledolobha, ukuxhumana namahhovisi azo ngezindaba ezikhathazayo, nokuhlola amarekhodi azo okuvota nemisebenzi yezomthetho. Lokhu kuthembisana okuqhubekayo kusiza ukuba abameleli bahlale benecala kubantu abamelelayo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Okuphana

Isakhamuzi ngasinye saseMelika esifanelekayo sinelungelo lokuvota okhethweni lweSishaya - mthetho, futhi ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuvota kubalulekile ukuze uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo. Ilungelo lokuvota livikelwe umthetho - sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni ehlanganisa i - Voting Rights Act, enqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni.

Ukuze usebenzise ilungelo lakho lokuvota, kumelwe ubhaliswe ngokwezimfuneko zikahulumeni wakho. Ukubhalisa ngezikhathi ezimisiwe kuyahluka ngokwezwe, ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukubhaliswa emasontweni amaningi ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho. Izizwe eziningi zinikeza ukubhaliswa kolayini, okwenza le nqubo isebenziseke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Uma uhlangabezana nezinkinga zokuvota noma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphuliwe, imithombo ikhona ukuze kusizwe. Inkululeko yomphakathi yase-Americana ye-Union nezinye izinhlangano zinikeza ukwaziswa ngamalungelo okuvota nosizo kubavoti ababhekene nezithiyo noma ukucwaswa.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokukhethwa Kwezigele

Ukhetho lwezigele luyisici esibalulekile sentando yeningi yaseMelika, luvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abameleli abayokwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene nomthetho, ukumiswa kokwahlulela, isimiso bezizwe, nezinto eziza kuqala. Inqubo yokhetho, kusukela emikhankasweni eyinhloko ngokhetho oluvamile, inikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela nokulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda indlela abameleli abakhethwa ngayo − kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izinqubo zokhetho, imikhankaso, nemikhankaso yeSigele (izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo) ukuthatha iqhaza ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ngokuvuma, ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela, ngokuhlala benolwazi, noma ngokuhlanganyela nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi kusemqoka ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iSigele simelela ngempela intando nezithakazelo zabantu baseMelika.

Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe siqhubeka siguquka, ukhetho lweSigele luyosala luyizikhathi ezibucayi lapho izakhamuzi zisebenzisa amandla azo ukuqondisa amazwe azo nesizwe. Ngokuqonda lenqubo nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo, amaMelika angasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amazwi azo azwakala nokuthi abasizi bazo bamelela ngempela izindinganiso zabo nezinto eziza kuqala emahholo eSishaya - mthetho.

Ukukhethwa okuqondile kwezifene, okwamiswa eminyakeni engaphezudlwana kwekhulu edlule, kumelela ukuguqulwa okunzima kwentando yeningi okwasondeza iSigele kubantu. Ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota okhethweni lwezigele ezidumisa iziteshi eziguqula futhi zisize ekugcwaliseni isithembiso sentando yeningi yabameleli esisenkabeni yesimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika.