Ukuqonda Indlela Izindibani Ezikhethwe Ngayo: Isiqondiso Esinesisekelo Ezakhamuzini

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, indlu ephezulu yendlu yomthetho wendlu yomthetho-mthetho (ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-senate(idlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni umthetho, ukwengamela, nokumelela. Inqubo yokukhetha abameleli iyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwezwe ngalinye, kodwa ezimweni eziningi, iklanyelwe ukulinganisela izithakazelo zendawo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhola okunolwazi, nokunikeza i-exakelo ephansi. Lesiqondiso esikhudlwana sichaza izimiso, izimiso zokhetho, nezindlela zokumisa ezinquma ukuthi ubani ohlala e-senate. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi kahulumeni, umvoti okhokhele, noma umane nje ofuna ukwazi i-lukuluqonda ukuthi kubaluleke kanjani ukuqaphela imithetho enziwa futhi yabelwa kanjani.

Indima YeSigele Ezakhiweni Zanamuhla

Ngaphambi kokuntanta ungene ezindleleni zokukhetha, kuwusizo ukuqonda lokho okwenziwa yi-senate. Ngokungafani nendlu ephansi, evame ukumelela izifunda ezisekelwe ezakhamuzini, i-senate ivame ukuklanyelwa ukumelela amazwe, izifundazwe, noma izifunda ngokulinganayo noma ikhethe izindawo ezincane. Ngokuvamile abahlaziyi basebenzisa amagama amade kunamalungu endlu ephansi, anikeza ukuqina kwezimiso futhi avumele ukucatshangelwa okwengeziwe komthetho. Baqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu, izivumelwano ze-raextive, futhi ngokuvamile banamandla okuvimbela noma ukuvala izindleko. Lendima ekhethekile yenza ukuba kube ngcono kakhulu ukukhethwa kwama-senator.

Izimiso Zokusebenza Kwezindiza

Indlela evame kakhulu yokukhetha ama-seneta ingukhetho oluqondile lwezakhamuzi, kodwa imininingwane iyahlukahluka. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa isimiso sokuveza izimpawu ezilandelanayo, kuyilapho amanye ethembele ezimisweni eziyinhloko noma ezixubile. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlola ukuthi ummeleli unjani ngempela.

Ama-v aqondile. Ukukhetha okungaqondile

Kukhetho oluqondile, abavoti bafaka amavoloti ngokukhethekile kubantu abazobhapathizwa. Lokhu kuvamile e-United States, e-Australia, e-Brazil, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Ukhetho olungaqondile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, luhlanganisa izishaya-mthetho zesifunda noma amakholiji akhethekile akhetha ama-senator. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, amalungu amaningi eRajiya Sabba (indlu ephezulu) akhethwa ngemihlangano yezezishayamthetho, hhayi umphakathi. EJalimane, iBundesrat imiswa ngezihambeli ezimiswe ohulumeni. Indlela ngayinye iveza ukulandisa nokusabela.

Ukumelelwa KwaleliGama

I-Prpotionel (PR) isetshenziswa kakhulu kukhetho lwe-senate ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amancane athola izihlalo ngokulingana ngokungefani nesabelo sawo sokuvota. ISigele sase-Australia sisebenzisa i-vhoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV), uhlobo lwePR evumela abavoti ukuba bathathe izigaba. I-Brazil ne-Argentina futhi isebenzisa izigaba ze-PR ukuze kukhiqizwe iziteji zabo ze-senate zikahulumeni. I-PR ithanda ukuveza amagumbi amaningi futhi ikhuthaza isakhiwo esihlangene.

Izimiso Zokuhlukanisa Imvelo Nezimiso Zokukhulekela

ISigele sase-United States sisebenzisa isimiso sokuqala esidlulile sezikhombo lapho umbheki wevoti ezuza khona isihlalo, ngisho noma engalondeki kakhulu. Lokhu kungaholela esimweni lapho iqembu lithola izihlalo eziningi ezinezihlalo ezingaphansi kweningi lamavoti. Amanye amazwe adinga isimiso esizinzile (ukusuka) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi uthola ngaphezu kwe 50% yevoti, njengoba kuboniswa eFrance ngokhetho lwalo lweNkathi (nakuba iSishayamthetho saseFrance sikhethwe yikholiji elikhethekile lezikhulu zendawo, hhayi ngokuqondile emphakathini). Izimiso zobubhishobhishi zithambekele ekuthandeni izigaba ezinkulu futhi zingaphumela emiphumeleni elinganiselwe.

Izimiso Ezixubile Noma Ezixubile

Emazweni anjengeJapane neMexico, indlu ephezulu ikhethwa ngenhlanganisela yezifunda eziyilungu elilodwa nangokumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele saseMexico sinezihlalo ezingu-96 ezikhethelwe ama-contitue (lapho iqembu elinamavoti amaningi lithola izihlalo ezimbili, futhi umgijimi uthola esinye) nezihlalo ezingu-32 ezibekwa ngokumelelwa kwesizwe.

Amagama Nokungabi Nabudoda: Ubani Ongaba Isitho?

Imithetho engokomlando ibonisa ukuhlehla okufanelekile ngezimfanelo ezifanele zabenzi bomthetho abayosebenzisa amagama amade futhi banikeze ithonya elizinzile.

Izinga lokushaya

Inkulumo yesigele cishe inde kakhulu kuneyamalungu aphansi endlu.

  • United States:[ iminyaka eyisithupha (nengxenye eyodwa-mithathu kukhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili)
  • Australia:[ iminyaka eyisithupha (ingxenye ekhethiwe njalo eminyakeni emithathu)
  • Canada: ihlelelwe ukuphila kuze kube iminyaka engu 75 (kusukela ngo-1965, ukuthatha umhlalaphansi okuphoqelelwe)
  • Brazil:[ iminyaka engu-8 (ngokuhlelwa kokhetho)
  • France:[ iminyaka engu-6 (ingxenye ivuselelwe njalo eminyakeni emithathu)

Amazwi angenanjongo asiza ekulondolozeni ukuqhubeka nokuvimbela ukushintshashintsha kwenqubo ngokuphazima kweso.

Izimfuneko Zobudala

Iminyaka emincane kakhulu yabaquli iphakeme kakhulu kunakumalungu endlu ephansi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • United States:[ iminyaka engu-30 ubudala
  • Australia:[ uneminyaka engu-18 (efana nendlu)
  • Canada:[ uneminyaka engu-30 ubudala (futhi kumelwe okungenani ube nendawo engu-$4,000 esifundazwe)
  • I-Italy:[ iminyaka engu-40 ubudala yeSigele (sincitshiswe ku 25 ku 2021 ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo)
  • IsiJamani:[ Akukho mthetho oqondile wobudala, kodwa amalungu avame ukuba yi-18 okungenani

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Nokuzivumelanisa Nendawo

Amazwe onke afuna ukuba abameli babe izakhamuzi zesizwe abamelelwayo. Abaningi bafuna futhi ukuba bahlale esifundazweni noma esifundazweni abasimelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ugunyaza ukuba i-sene ibe isakhamuzi sombuso ngesikhathi sokukhetha. E-Australia, abameli kumelwe babe izakhamuzi zase-Australia futhi babe abahlala esifundeni. Amanye amazwe adinga ukuba kuhlale isikhathi eside ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umphakathi unezimpande.

Ezinye Izici Nezici Ezingafani

Izindawo eziningi zokulawula ngentando yeningi zabekwa icala lezigebengu, abantu abawile, noma labo abanezikhundla ezithile zomphakathi (njengabahluleli noma izisebenzi zomphakathi) ekukhonzeni njengabasizi.

Ukunqumelana usuku. Ukukhetha: Umehluko kwinqubo yokukhetha

Nakuba ukhetho oluqondile luyindlela evame kakhulu, inani elikhulu lamazwe lisebenzisa i-asscreen(as) impela noma ingxenye ethile ye-senate. Izizathu zisuka ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane kuya ekuqinisekiseni ubuchwepheshe noma ukuhlalisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni.

Izigele Ezimiswe Ngokugcwele

ISigele saseCanada siyisibonelo esivelele sendlu ephezulu emiswe ngokuphelele. Abahlaziyi bamiswa nguMbusi omkhulu ngokweseluleko soMphathi omkhulu. Lesi simiso siye sagxekwa ngokuhlulwa kombuso futhi singabi nasibopho sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Nokho, sivumela futhi ukumiswa kwabantu abanolwazi olukhethekile abangafuni ukukhethwa. E-United Kingdom, i House of Lords imiswe ngokwengxenye (ontanga abaphilayo bamiswa ngumbusi ngeseluleko se-PMS) futhi ngokwengxenye i-Bhutan imiswe ngefa.

Ukumiswa Ngokwengxenye, Kuyaboniswa Ngokwengxenye

Amanye amazwe ahlanganisa ukuhlelwa nokhetho lokulinganisela ukumelelwa kwezithakazelo ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Ireland, i-Seenad Éirean (Senate) inamalungu angu-60: 43 akhethwa ezindaweni ezinhlanu zomsebenzi (ezimelela amangxenye afana nezolimo, umsebenzi, izimboni, njll.), 6 akhethwa abathweswe iziqu zaseyunivesithi, kanye ne 11 amiswe yiTaoissuch (umfundisi wezezifunda). ENingizimu Afrika, i-National Council of Provinces provinces amalungu ayishumi esifunda ngasinye (amelela amaqoqo amahlanu ezolimo, asebenza, amabhizinisi asebenza, amabhizinisi, ama-6 avela kwamanye amaqembu) nezihambeli 6 ezisuka eSikhungweni sesizwe. Lezi zinhlebo zohlobo ze-prigine zihlose ukuthatha imibono ehlukene ngaphandle kwezezwezwe.

Ukukhethwa Okungaqondile Kwemithetho Yesifunda Noma Amakholiji E - Electoral

Izimiso zikahulumeni eziningana zisebenzisa ukhetho olungaqondile ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi ohulumeni bezwe banendima eqondile esimisweni sombuso. I-Indian Ravya Sabha inamalungu angu-233 akhethwe amalungu emihlangano yomthetho ekhethekile esebenzisa isimiso esisodwa sokuvota. Amalungu asele angu-12 atyunjwa nguMongameli ngenxa yenkonzo ekhethekile. Ngokufanayo, eNepal, i-National Assembly inamalungu angu 56 akhethwe yimihlangano yesifunda sasesifundazweni kanye nengqungquthela yase-Kathmath Valley, kanye namalungu amathathu akhethwe nguMongameli. ISigele saseFrance sikhethwa yikholiji yabavoti abangaba ngu-Rostor 150 000 (abavoti, abahmi, nj.), isenza i-demo yentando yentando yezwe.

Izibonelo Eziqhathanisayo: Indlela Amazwe Amakhulu Akhetha Ngayo Abasizi Bawo

Ukuhlola amazwe athile kwembula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusingatha izindaba nokucabanga okungokomlando okuzibangelayo.

United States

Ekuqaleni, izinyunyana zase-U.S. zazikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izifundazwe ziyaqhubeka zilawula uhulumeni. ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth (1913) sashintsha lokhu ukuze siqondise ukhetho oluthandwayo. Namuhla, uhulumeni ngamunye ukhetha izinyunyana ezimbili zeminyaka eyisithupha, ezinendawo eyodwa kwezintathu zokukhetha njalo eminyakeni emibili. Izinqubo zokukhetha zibuswa isifundazwe, futhi okhethayo ngevoti enkulu uphumelele (umphakathi). Izindawo zomgebengu zinquma iqembu elithile ukuba lingakhokhiswa ama-mine, nakuba amanye amazwe esebenzisa iziteshi eziphezulu-zimbili noma izikhundla ze-ace. [FLT:U]. [FLT]. izinqubo zokukhetha zegesalo zihlelwa yimithetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Australia

ISigele sase-Australia sinamalungu angu-76: 12 kusuka kulelo nalelo-6 zwe (elikhethwe ngeminyaka emithathu, ingxenye ngayinye eminyakeni emithathu) kanti eyesibili ukusuka emasimini asezwenikazini (amagama amathathu). Izinhlelo zisebenzisa isimiso sokumelela (ivoti eyodwa edluliselwa kwelinye) esifundeni ngasinye. Amavoter angavota “ngaphezu komugqa” weqembu (ukwamukela ukuhlelelwa kwalo) noma“ ukubeka umgqa ngezansi kwe-" bonke abameleli. Isimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amancane angazuza ukumelelwa. [[FLT:] Australian Camper [[FLD:1]] ukhetho lwe-Australia [FLT] lulawulwa yi-Australian costation ye-Elmectoral Commis.

Canada

ISigele saseCanada sinamalungu angu-105 amiswe nguMbusi jikelele ngeseluleko sikaNdunankulu. Umthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba ama-senator amele izifunda ezine (Ontario, iQuebec, izifundazwe zaseMaritime, izifundazwe zaseNtshonalanga) nezihlalo ezingu-24, kanye nezigaba zeNewfoundland neLabrador, amasimu, neBritish Columbia. Ama-Osmension avame ukugxekwa ngokuthi asekela. Ngo-2016, uhulumeni wamisa ibhodi elizimele lokumisa izikhundla ezifaneleyo, kodwa isinqumo sokugcina sihlala noNdunankulu.

United Kingdom

Indlu yaLords ayiyona i-senate kodwa isebenza njengendlu ephezulu. Amalungu amaningi angontanga abaphilayo abamiswe yinkosi ngeseluleko sePMS, enontanga abangu-292 abazuza ifa kanye nababhishobhi baseSheshi abangu-26. Indlu yoLords Reform Act ka-2014 ivumela amalungu ukuba ashiye noma athathe umhlala-mhlala-phantsi. Akukho kukhetha okuqondile, kodwa iHouse of Lords Plactos Commis Commisnsensensensensensensenses ihlola ama-nomes.

EJalimane

IBundesrat ayiyona i-senet ngomqondo ongokwesiko; iwumkhandlu kahulumeni okhiwa amalungu ohulumeni bakahulumeni. Iqembu ngalinye lombuso livota njengeqembu, nenani lamavoti aqiniswa abantu (3 kuya ku-6 amavoti ahlukene ahlukene ahlukene). Amalungu amiswa uhulumeni futhi asebenze ngenjabulo yawo. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zinezwi eliqondile emthethweni kahulumeni.

Brazil

ISigele sase-Brazil esingu-81 esiphethe iSishaya-mthetho sinamalungu angu-81, umbuso ngamunye ne-Federal District, ekhethelwe izinqumo zeminyaka engu-8 ngokhetho olungakholeki. Isimiso sisebenzisa isimiso esizingisile esimilweni ngasinye. Izindawo zokukhetha ziqondile futhi ziyancintisana.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi Zezindlela Zokukhetha Ezihlukene

Asikho isimiso sokukhetha esiphelele. Ngasinye sinezinga lokwaziswa uma kuqhathaniswa nomfanekiso, ukulandisa, ubuchwepheshe, nokuzinza kwezombangazwe.

Ukukhetha Okuthandwayo Ngokuqondile

Izinga eliphezulu: ukubuswa kwentando yeningi, ukulandisa okuqondile kubavoti, ukuthembisa kwezakhamuzi eziphakeme.
Izinga eliphezulu:[[[[FLT:]] Abacebile, bangabuswa imishini yeqembu, bangangakhombisa izithakazelo zedlanzalo ezimbalwa noma izifunda ezincane.

Ukukhetha Okungaqondile

Ama-act: Izikhombisi ezikhombayo ezivela ekucindezeleni kwe populist, zivumela ukukhethwa kwamabomu okwengeziwe, zingaqinisekisa isifunda/ohulumeni besifundane nezwi.
amabala aphezulu: idemocraties, ethambekele ekukhohliseni nasekusebenzeni kwasegumbini, izakhamuzi zizizwa zingenamdlalweni ekukhetheni.

Ukunqumelana usuku

Izinga eliphezulu: ungaletha ochwepheshe nabaholi abangeke basebenzise isikhundla, banikeze ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka, bagweme izindleko zokhetho.
Izinga eliphansi:[ Ukungabekeli bufakazi, ukuhluleka kwe-crinonyism, ukululaza ubukhosi obuvamile.

Izimiso Zezokuxhumana

Izimiso ze-propatiation[ (njenge-Australia) iholela ekumelelweni okuhlukahlukene kodwa ingabangela i-grid lock uma kudingeka amaqembu amaningi ukuze akhe izinqubo eziningi. [ [njenge-U.S.] iveza abawini abacacile kodwa ingashiya izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi ngaphandle komelelwa kwe-testate.

Imizamo, Ukukhishwa Kwezitho Zomzimba, Nendima Yezidili Zezombangazwe

Emazweni akhethwe ama-senate, lenqubo iqala kudala ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho. Amaqembu ezombangazwe anendima enkulu ekutholeni abathathi-nxaxheba, ekuphakamiseni izimali, nasekuqoqeni abavoti. Ezimisweni zoluhlu oluvaliwe (abavamile ePR), abaholi beqembu banquma uhlelo lwabazobhapathizwa, banike amandla amakhulu. Ezimisweni zomphakathi ezivulekile noma eziyingxenye eyodwa, abahlolwayo bahlakulela amavoti abantu ngabanye. Imihlangano, kanye nokusekela iqembu ukuma kwensimu yokubhalisa. Izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuba izinyunyana ngokuvamile zidinga ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi phakathi kweqembu, ziphakamise imali enkulu, futhi ziqhube imikhankambiso ephumelelayo. Ukuqonda amandla kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda indlela abaholi abakhethwe ngayo, njengoba iqembu elivamile lingakhetha, njengoba nje izifunda ezingxenyeni zokukhetha.

Izinguquko Zamuva Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Amazwe amaningi aye aphikisana noma athatha izinguquko ezinqunyweni zawo zokukhetha. ECanada acabangela ukukhethwa kwamanxusa kodwa ahluleka ukudlulisa izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho. I-United Kingdom iye yaxoxa ngeNdlu ekhethiwe yamaLord kodwa ayithathanga isinyathelo. E-United States, ifuna ukuqediswa noma ukushintshwa kweSigele kuvele ngenxa yamandla amancane angenakulinganiswa ezwe. Abanye basikisela ukuba izigodi eziningi noma ukuvota okuthatha izinketho ukuze kwenziwe amajekethi amagellary anci futhi amele. Ukuqonda lezinkulumo zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izicelo ezingase zithinte isithiyo sezwe lazo.

Okwenza Izakhamuzi Ziyikhathalele Indlela Abakhethwa Ngayo

Indlela abameleli abakhethwe ngayo ithinta ngokuqondile izinga lomthetho, ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha, nekhono lezakhamuzi lokulandisa ngohulumeni. Uma izinqubo zokukhetha zifinyele noma zilawulwa yimali, ukuthemba umphakathi kuyaphela. Uma zigcwele futhi zibonakala, izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni futhi zizizwe zimelelwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izwe lakini lisebenzisa ukhetho oluqondile, ukukhetha okungaqondile, noma ukumisa, ukuhlala linolwazi ngemithetho nemiphumela yalo kuyingxenye eyinhloko yesabelo sentando yeningi. Ngokuqonda indlela abahlali be-data abakhethwa ngayo, ungenza izinqumo ezingcono ebhokisini lebholathi futhi usekeli lokulungisa okuqondisa okulawula.

Lesi sihloko sabhalwa njengensiza yemfundo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okungokomthetho ngemithetho yokhetho yezwe lakini, hlola ukukhomishana kwezwe lakho kokhetho noma inkonzo yobulungisa. Ama-compact angaphandle anikeza umongo owengeziwe; ayenembe ngesikhathi sokunyatheliswa.