Abameleli bakha umgogodla wokubusa kwentando yeningi, usebenza njengokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezivamile nenqubo yomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyisishayamthetho sesizwe, umkhandlu wombuso, noma umkhandlu wezwe, lezizikhulu ezikhethiwe ziphathiswe umthwalo onzima wokuhumusha umphakathi uyoba semithethweni ethatha isinyathelo. Ukuqonda indlela abameleli abakhethwa ngayo kanye nalokho abakwenzayo ehhovisi kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokugcwele esimisweni sezombangazwe, kubeke abaholi bazo icala, futhi basekele ngokuphumelela emiphakathini yabo.

Indlela Abameleli Abavezwa Ngayo

Inqubo yokukhetha ummeleli iwuhambo oluneziteji eziningi oluqala ngaphambi kokuba abavoti baqale izinqumo. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezwe, umbuso, noma i-comparatimente, izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi zihlanganyela ukwakheka okufanayo okunquma ukuthi ubani ongakwazi ukusebenza, indlela imikhankaso eqhutshwa ngayo, nokuthi amavoti abalwa kanjani.

Izimfuneko Zokuvumelana Nezimo

Ngaphambi kokuba umuntu amelane no-cription, kumelwe ahlangabezane nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, umsunguli weNdlu yabameleli kumelwe ukuba okungenani uneminyaka engu-25 ubudala, ubeseyisakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-7, futhi abe isakhamuzi sombuso abafuna ukumelela. Iminyaka efanayo nezimfuneko zokuhlala zikhona ezindlini eziningi zomhlaba wonke. Lemigqa iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abazothatha isilinganiso esiyisisekelo sokuvuthwa, ulwazi lomphakathi, kanye nokuhlobana nomphakathi abafuna ukuwukhonza.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Neziqu Zokusetshenziswa Kwamagama

Ezimisweni eziningi zezombangazwe, indlela yokukhetha okuvamile iqala ngenqubo eyinhloko noma yokumisa. Amaqembu ezombangazwe ngokuvamile akhetha umlandeli wawo othandekayo ngokhetho lwangaphakathi, i-caucuuses, noma imihlangano emikhulu. E-United States, amaprimenti angavuleka (avumela ukuba angenele noma amaqembu azimele ukuba ahlanganyele) noma avalwe (ayekelwe amalungu abhalisiwe). Umnqobi oyinhloko uba umnyuli weqembu osemthethweni futhi aqhubeke ebhekene nababezokukhetha kwamanye amaqembu enkonzweni evamile.

Inqubo yokukhipha izihloko ngokwayo iwumkhankaso omncane. Abazohlomisa kumelwe baqoqe izignesha, baphakamise izimali, bakhe iqoqo lokuzithandela, futhi bamise indawo yesikhulumi esikhanga abaqotho emabuthweni. Isimo sokuncintisana sezindlu zaphezulu ngokuvamile siphoqelela abafuna ukuvala izikhundla ezicacile zemibono, ezingahlela indlela ababusa ngayo kamuva.

Umkhankaso Ovamile Wokukhetha

Lapho uqanjiwe, umkhankaso wokhetho uyingxenye ebonakalayo kakhulu. Izigaba zichitha izinyanga ezithile cishe ngeminyaka .__ngezikhathi ezithile) zizama ukunxenxa abavoti ngokufaka iminyango yendlu ngendlu, imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, ukukhangisa, ukudlulisa kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana, nezimpikiswano. Lomkhankaso ugxila ezikhundleni zesimiso somvolo, ubuchwepheshe, ikhono, nekhono lokuxazulula izinkinga zendawo noma zesizwe.

Ingxenye eyinhloko yomkhankaso wanamuhla zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlela: [ Imali igxeka ukukhangisa, amaholo ezisebenzi, uhambo, nokuvota. Imithetho yezimali yezezimali ilawula iminikelo nezindleko zokuvimbela ukonakala nokuqinisekisa ukuba sobala.
  • Ukuxhumana okune-VT:[ Ibhange locingo, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo, neposi eliqondile kuyasebenza, nakuba amathuluzi omshini engeziwe afinyelela ngezikhangiso zezokuxhumana ezihloselwe i-webhusayithi nezinhlu ze-imeyili.
  • Phuma- ngaphandle kwevote (GOTV):[ emasontweni okugcina, imikhankaso igxile ekuqinisekiseni abasekeli beboshe amabhola, ngokuvamile benikeza usizo lwezokuthutha noma lokusiza abahambi.

Amathonya angaphandle anjengamakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (ama - PAC), amaqembu enzalo, kanye nemithombo yezindaba kungathonya uhlanga kakhulu.

Izindlela Nezimiso Zokusakaza

Indlela amavota avota futhi abalwe ngayo iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Isimiso esivamile e-United States kanye nezinye eziningi ezikhuluma ngesiNgisi idemocracy yi yokuqala-ngaphambili-isigqebhezana (FTP), lapho umvoti othola kakhulu ephumelela khona, ngisho noma engafinyeleli inani elikhulu. Lokhu kuveza ingxenye eyodwa yohulumeni abaningi kodwa kungashiya ingxenye enkulu yabavoti abangameleli.

Ezinye izimiso zihlanganisa:

  • Uvota-okanyelwe (RCV): Abavoter abamele ukuvota ngokwentando. Uma kungekho muntu owamukela iningi lamavoti okuqala, othatha i-choce ephansi kakhulu uyasuswa futhi amavoti abo akhishwe kuze kuvele umnqobi. Lesimiso sikhuthaza imifelandawo ebanzi futhi sinciphisa umkhankaso ophambene.
  • ukhetho olusebenzayo: Uma kungekho mgomo othatha umnyango odingekayo (futhi 50%), ukhetho lwesibili luphakathi kwabafezi ababili abaphezulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi unqobile kakhulu kodwa unwebe ikhalenda elikhethiwe.
  • I-PRODUCTYY Imelelwa (PR): esetshenziswa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, i-PR inikezela izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso samavoti atholwa umphakathi ezweni lonke noma ezifundeni ezinkulu. Nakuba i-PR ngokunembile iveza okuthandwa yivoti, ingaholela kuhulumeni abahlangene ngezingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

I-exec yalesi simiso, ukuvota ngokwako kungakwenziwa ngoSuku Lokhetho, ngokuvota kwasekuqaleni, noma ngeposi. Ukuphepha kwebhola, ukutholakala, nobuchwepheshe − kuhlanganise nemishini yokuvota ye-electronic nezindawo zokufaka iphepha qhaza eliqhubekayo.

Ukuvuselela Nokushintsha Izindawo

Ezimisweni zesifunda esisodwa, ukudwetshwa kwemingcele yekhethelo kunemiphumela ejulile ekumeleni. Inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi iveza indawo[ njalo eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ukuze balungise izigodi zezinguquko zomphakathi. Iqembu elinamandla lingalawula imingcele ukuze lizibonele ngokwalo noma lizisebenzise ngokusemthethweni izilinganiso. Inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-gerderning[[. Lokhu kungakha ukubizwa "izihlalo eziphephile" lapho umphumela wokhetho unqunyelwe khona ngokuphumelelayo, ukunciphisa umfutho wokuncintisana nokulinganisa i-mmelelo wonke. Unqano olubomvu lokusebenza kwezinye izinhloso, kodwa uhlale ulokhu ukhankampane.

Ukuze uthole ithonya lokumelela, bheka [[FLT] Brennan Center ye- Justice ukucaciswa kwe-rediforming.

Indima Yommeleli Kuhulumeni

Lapho sebekhethiwe, umsebenzi wommeleli uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokumane uvote ezikweletini.

Ukushaya Imithetho Nomthetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho-mthetho wesishaya-mthetho ukuhlanganisa, ukuphikisana, nokuvota imithetho ehlongozwayo. Endlini yabameleli yase-U.S., lokhu kuqala lapho ilungu lingenisa isikhokhelo. Imali ibhekiswa ekomitini ukuze ihlolwe kabanzi. Icala lekomiti livumela ochwepheshe, abameleli, noma abaphikisi ukuba bafakazele. Ikomiti ingasithumela isikhokhelo ngaphambi kokuba ivote ukuthi ingasithumela yini egunjini eligcwele.

Impikiswano ye-Floor nokuvota ilandela imithetho eqinile. Abameleli bangathembisa ukulungisa, ukuphikisa noma ukuphikisa isigwebo, futhi ekugcineni bavote. Uma imvume, imvume yokubhalisa ijelo libhekise eSigqeni se-Gatenal ukuze lithole ukwelashwa okufanayo noma, ezimisweni ze-bamaral, kumelwe ihlanganiswe nenguquko eyodwa. Lenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ingathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka, futhi izikweletu eziningi ezisungulweyo azilokothi zibe umthetho.

Umsebenzi Wekomiti

AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi wangempela wokuhlela uyenzeka khona. Abameleli babelwa ukumisa amakomiti asebenza ezindaweni ezinjengeziqu zobumboni, ezolimo, ezokuzivikela, imfundo, noma izindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Ngamakomiti, amalungu athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, anezimemezelo zokuhlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, futhi amise umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike phansi.

Ukuhlalisa ikomiti enamandla − njenge Komiti ye House Home ne-Frant shom Office inikeza ithonya elinamandla kakhulu enkambisweni yentela, ezohwebo, nezinhlelo zezenhlalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ilungu lekomiti engadumile kakhulu lingakuthola kunzima ukuqhubekisela phambili amacebo abo.

Izinkonzo Eziwusizo Nemisebenzi Yokucophelela

Enye yezindlela ezibonakala kakhulu abameleli abasiza ngayo abantu yizinkonzo ezihlanganyelwayo, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi cossecs. Uma isakhamuzi sixabana nenhlangano kahulumeni . Njengenzuzo ye-Social Security ebambezele, ipassport engakhishwanga, noma ukugonywa kwehhovisi lommeleli kungangenela ekuqedeni lenqubo. Izisebenzi ze-accompair bureaucratic ty ne-media ebomvu exhumana ngqo ne-ikhusimu lazo ze-octive.

Umsebenzi womthetho uthatha isikhathi kodwa wakha umusa omkhulu. Abameleli abasabela ngokushesha ezidingweni zomphakathi bathambekele kakhulu ekuphinde bakhethwe, njengoba abavoti bezwa ukuhlobana kwabo siqu nehhovisi lommeleli.

Ukumelela Nokubusa

Ngaphandle kokubekwa kwecala, abameleli baveza ukukhathazeka kwesifunda sabo phakathi nezimpikiswano zemithetho namavoti. Kumelwe bacabangele indlela isikweleti esiyothinta ngayo imisebenzi yendawo, izikole, izakhiwo nendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela ukuhlangana nomeya, abaholi bamabhizinisi, izinhlangano ezingazuzisi, namaqembu omphakathi ukuze ziqonde izinto eziza kuqala endaweni.

Ukungafundi kusho futhi ukukhokha amaphawu noma [imali eqondiswe ngokuqondiswe [ (eyayaziwa njengemisebenzi yenkukhu evimbela ingulube) emikhankasweni yesigodi enjengokulungisa umgwaqo omkhulu, ukucwaninga kuyanika, noma ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zezempi. Nakuba izimali ezinjalo zingathuthukisa umnotho wesifunda.

Ukuphatha Igatsha Eliphethe

Iziqu zomthetho akuzona nje kuphela ezokwenza izindikimba zomthetho; futhi zihlola amandla esikhulu. Abameleli basebenza emakomitini alalelayo ukuze bahlole izinhlangano zikahulumeni, omabhalane be-khampal, namaphepha angaphansi. Ukuqondisa kuveza ukungcola, ukukhwabanisa, nokuhluleka kwezimiso − ukubheka ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela ehlosiwe. Amandla esikhwama − ukulawula izimali /further aqinisa ukuqondisa, njengoba abameleli bengaphika ukuxhaswa kwezinhlelo abamelene nazo.

I-'. i-website ye-gov inikeza imithombo esemthethweni namacala amakomiti amanje alabo abanesithakazelo ekulandeleni imisebenzi yommeleli.

Ngalé Kwemithetho: Umphakathi Negunya

Ukuphila kommeleli akugcini emakamelweni ekomiti naphansi. Kumelwe kube khona esifundeni sabo, kubonakale futhi kufinyeleleke kubantu ababakhonzayo. Lendlela] yekhaya [1] [ ihlanganisa imihlangano yasikhathi sonke yasedolobheni, izenzakalo zendawo, ukuhambela kwesikole, nokuhlangana kwesikole. Ukuthembisa okunjalo kusiza abameleli ukuba babonise umzwelo womphakathi futhi baxhumane ngezikhundla zabo.

Ukusekela Imisebenzi Yasendaweni

Abameleli bavame ukusebenza njengabalweli bentuthuko yezomnotho yesifunda. Basebenza ukudonsa izimali zezinhlelo zokuqeqesha umsebenzi, ukusekela amabhuloho nemisebenzi ebanzi, nokusekela usizo lwenhlekelele ngemva kwezimo ezingokwemvelo. Ezimweni eziningi, babambisana nezikhulu zikahulumeni nezikhulu zendawo ezibopha imigqa yeqembu ukuze basekele imali. Ngokwesibonelo, ummeleli ophethe inkampani yokulungisa izimoto angathola imvume yokuthola usizo olubalulekile lwezothutho oluzuzisa izifunda zabo zombili.

Ukukhulumisana Okuqinile

Abameleli banamuhla balondoloza iziteshi zokuxhumana eziqinile: amaphephandaba, ama-akhawunti ezokuxhumana, ama-website asemthethweni, namahhovisi esigodi ezindawo. Baphethe amahholo edolobha anezingcingo noma izikhawu ze-Q&A ukuze bafinyelele abantu abangakwazi ukuya ngokoqobo. Ukuphendula izincwadi nama-imeyili /izinga elivamile elithunyelwa izisebenzi (isilinganiso esiyinhloko sokuthola. Ukuxhumana okuhle kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zizizwa zizwiwe, ngisho nalapho zingavumelani nevoti yommeleli.

Ukuhlanganyela Namaqembu Anesithakazelo

Abameleli bahlangana njalo nama-aplovakie ebhizinisini, amaqembu ezisebenzi, izinyunyana, nezinzuzo ezingekho. Lamaqembu afuna ukuthonya amavoti ommisi-mthetho futhi ahlanganyele ubuchwepheshe ezihlokweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinjengokukhokhela imali engokwempilo, isimiso sezulu, noma imithetho yezimali. Ubuhlobo obuqinile namaqembu enzalo bunganikeza ukuqonda okungokomthetho, kodwa abameleli kumelwe baqaphele ithonya elingafanele kubenzi bemiya eqenjini ehlangene.

I-Conrealional Management Foundation inikeza ukuhlolwa okujule kakhulu kwezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokulinganisela lemithwalo yemfanelo eminingi.

Indlela Abameleli Abahluke Ngayo Ezimisweni Zezombangazwe

Igama elithi “elimelelayo” lingasho izinto ezihlukene kuye ngokwakheka kukahulumeni. Endluni yase-U.S., amalungu asebenzisa iziphakamiso zeminyaka emibili futhi kulindeleke ukuba asabele kakhulu ezidingweni zawo ezisheshayo zesifunda. EUnited Kingdom’s House of Commons, Amalungu ePhalamente akhonza kuze kube iminyaka emihlanu futhi ngokuvamile anesiyalo esiqinile, okusho ukuthi abopheke kakhulu ekuvoteleni imigqa. Ezimisweni zephalamende, abameleli bakhonza njengezikhonzi noma izikhonzi zesithunzi, bafinyeza umugqa phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-opalment nezikhulu.

EBundestag yaseJalimane, ingxenye yamalungu ikhethwa ngokuqondile ezifundeni eziyilungu elilodwa, futhi ingxenye ithathwa ngezinhlu zeqembu, idala isimiso esixubile esihlanganisa ukuhlangana kwesizwe nesizwe. Ngokufanayo, eLok Sabhaha yaseNdiya, amalungu amaningi akhethwa ezifundeni, kodwa amalungu avinjelwe akhona ezigabani ezihleliwe nezizwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi isigaba esincane simelela abantu abambalwa.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kusiza ukuba kuchazwe ukuthi ummeleli oyedwa unethonya elingakanani ngempela. Kuhulumeni ohlangene onezigaba eziningi, abameleli kungadingeka bayekelele kakhulu; esimisweni esinamandla, ukuphambuka komuntu ngamunye kuyivela kancane. Ukuze kube nombono wembulunga yonke ngezimiso zokukhetha, hlola i-IDEA Electoral System Designimary [.

Isizathu Sokuba Siqonde Lezindaba

Ukhetho nomsebenzi wabameleli uthinta zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke kususela ezingeni lemigwaqo nasezenzweni zomphakathi kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasemshuwalenseni wempilo. Uma izakhamuzi zazi ukuthi abameleli bakhethwa kanjani nokuthi benzani, zingabahlola kangcono abazovota, zibabeke icala phakathi kokhetho, futhi bahlanganyele enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngokuthinta izikhundla zabo noma ngokufakaza enkantolo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-volotiteotentium engazi ukuthi ivikela kangcono ekubusweni kwabampofu. Ukuqonda izithiyo zokulawula, izimali zomkhankaso, kanye nezici eziyinhloko zembula ukuthi kungani amanye amazwi ekhula kuyilapho amanye ethukile. Izakhamuzi ezihlangene zingasekela izinguquko ezenza ukumelelwa kwemisebenzi engcono kakhulu (ezifana nokuvota okuzimele kwezezikhundla, noma izimali zomkhankaso.

Ngamunye ummeleli wake waba isakhamuzi esizimele esanquma ukugijima. Uhambo lwaso ukusuka kumfundisi kuya kumthetho wezobuciko lubonisa izinhloso zentando yeningi zokuzilawula. Ngokuqonda ngokugcwele inqubo yokukhetha nokusebenza komthetho, abavoti bangakhetha izinto ezifundiswa futhi babe abasizi abakhuthele ekulolongeni ikusasa lomphakathi wabo. Lapho siqonda ngokwengeziwe isimiso, kungcono sisebenzela wonke umuntu.