Ukuqonda Iziqhingi Ezishisayo Zasemadolobheni Nosongo Lwazo Olukhulayo

Iziqhingi ezishisayo zasedolobheni (UHHS) zimelela enye yezinselele ezicindezela kakhulu zendawo ezungezile emadolobheni emhlabeni wonke. Zichazwa njengezindawo zasedolobheni ezibhekene namazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu kunalawo azungeze amaphandle, i-UH Is ingaphakamisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngo-1.7°C (1.8.12.6°F) phakathi nosuku kanye ngo-2/5°C (3.6/9°°°F) ebusuku, kuye ngobukhulu nobukhulu bamadolobha. Kubaphathi bedolobha, lesisimo sinciphisa imfuno yamandla, ilula isilinganiso somoya, futhi ifaka izakhamuzi ezimweni ezisengozini ngokungenamandla, yenza ukubekwa komthwalo wemfanelo wokubusa kwanamuhla kwamadolobha.

Imiphumela ye-UHI ayiwona inqubo engokwemvelo kodwa iwumphumela oqondile wendlela esakha ngayo futhi sisebenze ngayo amadolobha. Njenge- i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imibiko yabashayeli abayinhloko ihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwendawo engokwemvelo enobumnyama, indawo engavikelekile edonsa imisebe yelanga; ukushisa kokungcola okubangelwa yizimoto, izakhiwo, nezinqubo zezimboni; kanye negeometryon yemifa yomgodi eqinile yasedolobheni evimbela ukushisa nomoya owehlasileyo. Ngaphandle kokungenela ngamabomu, lezi zikhula ngentuthuko ngayinye entsha, ivala amazinga amade aphakeme emvula.

Izimbangela Zeziqhingi Ezishisayo Zasemadolobheni

  • I-Albedo Reduction: izinto zophahla oluhlanganisayo (asphalt, ukhonkolo omnyama) zibonakalisa kuphela 5-20% yelanga elizayo, zidonsa ezinye futhi zizenze zibe shushu. Uphahla olumnyama lungafinyelela amazinga okushisa angu-75-10°C (167-194°F) ntambama eshisayo.
  • Izikhala zokuphefumula: Imbewu ipholisa umoya ngokukhipha umhwamuko emaqabungeni awo. Uma amahlathi nezindawo kuthathelwa indawo izindawo zokupaka izimoto nezakhiwo, lezindawo ezingokwemvelo zokujikeleza komoya ziyanyamalala. Umuthi owodwa ovuthiwe ungakhuphuka ufinyelele kumalitha amanzi angu-50 ngosuku, unikeze ukupholisa okulingana nama-patromist avamile amabili asebenza egumbini amahora angu-20.
  • Ukushisa Okusuka Kubantu Active:[[FL:1] Izilinganiso zomoya ezilungisa ukushisa, izimoto, amaloli, nemishini yezezimboni kukhipha ukushisa endaweni ezungezile ngokuqondile. Kwamanye amadolobha, ukushisa okungasasebenzi kungabangela ukushisa okufinyelela ku-30% kobukhulu be-UHI phakathi nobusuku basehlobo.
  • Urban Geometry: izakhiwo ezithathu zidala amagobolondo asedolobheni abamba imisebe ye-relwave ephumayo futhi anciphise ijubane lomoya, avimbele ukushisa ekuncipheni. Ukuphola kwasebusuku kwehla ngendlela ephawulekayo, kuholela ekushiseni okucindezela izakhamuzi nesisekelo ngokufanayo.

Ithonya Empilweni, Engamandla Nasekulinganiseni

Imiphumela ye-UH Is idlulela ngalé kokungaphatheki kahle. Phakathi namaza ashisayo, amazinga okushisa e-UHI-intenten anengxenye ngokuqondile ezifweni ezihlobene nokushisa nokufa. I- World Health Organization (WHO) ibika ukuthi ukushisa okukhulu kakade kubulala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu minyaka yonke, futhi i-UHS yenza lezi zenzakalo zibe nokubulala kakhulu emadolobheni. Ukuhanjelwa okuphuthumayo kwegumbi ngenxa yokushisa, ukucindezeleka kwemithambo yenhliziyo, kanye nezinkinga zemigudu yokuphefumula phakathi nezenzakalo ezikhuthayo, kucindezela izimiso zempilo zomphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kunyuka kakhulu. Kulokhu kwanda okukodwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi, isidingo sikagesi esiphezulu singanyuka ngo-2-4%. Emadolobheni anjengeLos Angeles ne Houston, i-UHI inezela amashumi ezigidi zamaRandi ezindlekweni zamandla ngonyaka. Lokhu kwanda okufunwayo, kubangela ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo ephuma ezimbonini zamandla ezinto zakudala, kubangele ukukhiqizwa kwegesi eshisayo eyingozi.

Mhlawumbe okunzima kakhulu, i-UH iwukuxhumana okungalingani. Izindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi nezindawo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene ngokuvamile zinezihlahla ezimbalwa, amatshe avulekile angaphezulu, futhi amadala, angavikelekile kahle ezindaweni zokuhlala. /Izici ezikwaziyo ukushisa. Ucwaningo [u-Natting Commentauals[ luthola ukuthi emadolobheni angu- 97% e-U.S., abantu abanombala bahlala ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu kunabantu abamhlophe. Ngakho - izikhulu zeDolobha kumelwe ziphathe i-UHI i-higigtion njengendaba yobulungisa bendawo ezungezile, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zokuhoxanyiselwa kweze kakhulu kwezentengo yomphakathi oshushu kakhulu.

Ukulinganisa IziQhingi Zasedolobheni: Kusukela Eziphuphuthekini Kuya Ezizwaneni Ezisemgwaqweni Ezingaphansi

Ukulinganisela okuphumelelayo kuqala ngesilinganiso esinembile. Amamenenja amadolobha awasakwazi ukuthembela eziteshini ezimbalwa zesimo sezulu ezikhumulweni zezindiza; adinga ukwaziswa okuqinile, okungokoqobo ukuze athole izindawo ezishisayo nentuthuko yemizila. Amathuluzi nezinqubo eziningi manje ziyatholakala:

  • Satellite Reate Sountain: Iziphuphutheki ze-NASA zinikeza imifanekiso ye-infrared ezinqunyweni kusukela kumamitha angu-30 kuya ku-1 km, ivumela amadolobha ukuba adwebe amabalaze ezingeni lokushisa elingaphandle kulo lonke idolobha. Lokhu kusiza ekuboneni izindawo ezingenayo izihlahla noma ezinezindawo ezikhuphukile kakhulu.
  • Izinzwa ezisekelwe ngokusekelwe: Inethiwekhi zezinga lokushisa okuphansi nezinzwa zomswakama ezibekwe ezibanini zasemgwaqweni, ezakhiweni, nasezinhlahleni ze-irtibility zingabamba izimo zendawo eziphezulu kakhulu njalo emizuzwini embalwa. Amadolobha anjengeLouisville, Kentucky, nePhoenix, i-Arizona, athumele amakhulu ezinzwa ezinjalo emininingwaneni yesiphuphutheki.
  • Intelligences neSayensi yoMhlaba: Izisebenzi zokuzithandela zingashayela noma zichaze imizila yamabhayisekili ebekwe ngezindlela zokugawula izinga lokushisa ezinyusiwe ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngezikhathi ezihlukene zosuku. Izinhlelo ezifana ne- Heat.gov (Isimiso solwazi lwezempilo somphakathi) sinikeza imithetho ehleliwe ngokwezimiso zokubala izibalo zokushisa komphakathi.
  • Izimo zezulu ezihamba phambili:[[FLT] Amathuluzi okulingisa anjengesimo se-Weather Research and Firefining (WRF) ehlangene nemithetho ephezulu yasemadolobheni angabikezela ukuthi izinguquko ezihleliwe esimbozweni noma ezintweni zokwakha ziyothinta kanjani amazinga okushisa azayo. Lezi zimo ze-freethi zivumela abaphathi bedolobha ukuba bahlole izimo ngaphambi kokuba basebenzise izikhitsha ezibizayo.

Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zindlela, amadolobha angakha amabalazwe aningiliziwe okungavikeleka ekushiseni ahlanganisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezinga lokushisa nokwaziswa okuphathelene nenani labantu, impilo, nesisekelo semvelo. Lokhu kuhlola okunemigqa kwembula ukuthi yimiphi imiphakathi esengozini kakhulu nokuthi ukungenela kuyoletha ithonya elikhulu lokuphola.

Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela: Ikhambi Lezikhambi Zezimvunulo

Akukho ukungenela okungaqeda i-UH Is. Kunalokho, abaphathi bedolobha kumelwe basebenzise amasu asebenza ngokubhala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezilinganayo, ngokusukela ezakhiweni ngazinye ukuya kwezinye izindawo. Lezi zimo ezilandelayo ziqiniswe ngokucwaninga nokusetshenziswa kwangempela kwezwe.

Yandisa Iziyalezo Eziluhlaza

Ukuvundisa idolobha kuyinto etuswa kakhulu neyizindleko kakhulu. I-sociation i-UHI mitigne ehlelwe kahle yezemisebenzi eluhlaza ihlanganisa izihlahla, amapaki, uphahla oluluhlaza, izingadi ezimile, izitshalo ezimile, izitshalo, nezingadi zemvula. Izihlahla zinamandla kakhulu: isihlahla esivuvundayo esingavaleka kakhulu: izihlahla ezikwazi ukuvala i-40% yokukhipha imisebe yelanga ephuma emhlazaneni waso emhlane futhi zipholise umoya ozungezile unciphe inte ngo-2=5°°C kuya nge-evapotlansping. Ngokwenkonzo ye-.S. Inkonzo yasehlathini, ukutshala izihlahla ezisemgangala eseningizimu nasentshonalanga yezakhiwo kunganciphisa izindleko zomoya ngo-15.35%.

Uphahla oluluhlaza olunemifantu emile nezitshalo ezikhulayo . Zinciphisa amazinga okushisa ophahleni ngo-15-3°°C uma kuqhathaniswa nophahla oluvamile olumnyama, amanzi aphansi asuka ngo-50-100%, futhi zithuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwezindawo. Amadolobha anjengeChicago, Toronto, neCopenhagen agunyaza uphahla oluluhlaza oluluhlaza ngentuthuko entsha enkulu, futhi ubuchwepheshe buyanda ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke.

Amapaki nezindawo eziluhlaza zakha iziqhingi ezipholile zendawo ezinganciphisa amazinga okushisa nge-1/3°C phakathi kwemingcele yazo futhi zidlulisele imiphumela epholisayo ngamakhulu amaningana amamitha ehla umoya. Nokho, akuwona wonke amapaki alinganayo: lawo anezihlahla eziphakeme namanzi anikeza ukuphola okukhulu. Abaphathi bomuzi kufanele bahlele ukusungulwa kwamapaki asemaphakethe endaweni egcwele, ebandayo, lapho amaphakethe amakhulu engekho khona.

Ukugcwalisa Izintambo Ezipholile Nezimfashini Ezipholile

Uphahla olupholile luklanyelwe ukubonisa isilinganiso esiphakeme semisebe yelanga futhi lukhiphe ukushisa okungenayo ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokuvamile uphahla olumhlophe noma olukhanyayo, olupholile lune-sobedo e-lar (albedo) ka-0.608.8.5 uma kuqhathaniswa no-0.10.0.20 kuphahla oluvamile olumnyama. Ukufakwa kophahla olupholile kulo lonke idolobha kunganciphisa izinga lokushisa komoya eliphakathi ngo 0.2/0.0°C, ngokwe [[FLLLM]] LAWREnce Bercebray National Laboration National Laboration . Izimiso eziningi zezakhiwo manje zihlanganisa izimfuneko zophahla olupholile, nezinhlelo zezokushukumisa izakhiwo ezikhona.

Izindawo ezipholile zemigwaqo zisebenzisa ama-aggree abonisa amagesi, izibopho ezimibalabala, noma izindawo ezikhanyayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukushisa. Nakuba kusavela ubuchwepheshe, imisebenzi yomshayeli ePhoenix, iLos Angeles, ne Baltimore ibonise ukuthi izingwengwengwezi ezipholile zaso eceleni komgwaqo zinganciphisa amazinga okushisa angaphezulu ngo-3/6°C. Izindawo ezihambayo zivumela amanzi ukuba angene futhi ahwamuke, anikeze amanzi anciphe futhi anciphe amanzi. Abaphathi bamadolobhethe kufanele bahlole ukupholisa izinto ezise emgwaqweqweni obuncane nasezindaweni zokupaka izimoto ngaphambi kokuba zinyuke, njengoba kudingeka ukuba kukhululwe izintambo zokujinga nokuvala kwamanzi.

Yenza Ukuhlela Edolobheni Kube Nemikhuba Ephansi

I-UHI mitigation ethatha isikhathi eside idinga ukuncishiswa kokushisa okungapheli kube yimithetho elawula indawo, izindinganiso zokwakha, namapulani abanzi. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Isihlahla se-canophy Ordinance: ifuna ingxenye encane yesembozo sesihlahla ngenkatho yangasese phakathi nokukhula okusha noma ukuvuselelwa. Amanye amadolobha abeka isisulu sesembozo somphetho wezindawo zokuhlala ezingu-30-40%.
  • [[IFLT:0] I-Cool Roof ne-Coout Pavement Manudates: Ithatha i-International Energy Conservation Code (IEC) epholileyo yophahla noma izinto ezifana nalo zendawo, futhi idinga izinto zokubukisa imigwaqo yomphakathi nezindawo zokupaka izimoto.
  • Isici esiluhlaza noma i-Green Areation: Izinqubo ezisekelwe kwiphuzu ezidinga intuthuko ukuze kufinyelelwe inani elincane lamachashaza ohlaza, uphahla oluluhlaza, kanye nendawo ekhanyayo.]
  • [[[NT: 0] I-Heat Action Access: Ihlangene phakathi kwempilo yomphakathi, ukuphatha isimo esiphuthumayo, ukuhlela amadolobha, neminyango yezindlu ukuze kuvulwe izikhungo zokupholisa, ukuhlola izakhamuzi ezingakwazi ukuvikeleka, futhi ilungise uhlelo lomsebenzi ngaphandle phakathi namaza okushisa.

Ukuhlobisa kungathintana ne-geometry yasedolobheni ngokukhuthaza izakhiwo nobubanzi bemigwaqo obukhuthaza ukugeleza komoya. Amanye amadolobha amise isilinganiso esikhulu sokwakha izakhiwo nezindawo eziphansi eziphezulu kakhulu ezifundeni ezishiswa ukushisa ukuze kugwenywe ukwenza izigodi ezijulile zasedolobheni.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Ezinemininingwane Nezobuchwepheshe Obuhlakaniphile Zasedolobheni

Abaphathi bamadolobha bayakwazi ukuvala imininingwane ye-alytics namathuluzi ahlakaniphile asemadolobheni ukuze bafake i-UHI izimali. I-Gographic Information Systems (GIS) ingahlukanisa izindawo eziza kuqala zokungenela ngokuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu komhlaba, umphetho wezihlahla, indawo engaphezulu engavikeleki, nokungalawuleki kwezomnotho. Imithetho-algorithrics yezesayensi ingabikezela ukuthi iziphi izifunda ezizozuza kakhulu ekungeneleni okukhethekile, okwenza ukuba kukwazi ukuncitshiswa kwemali ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe izindleko.

Imishini yokuhlola ukushisa yangempela ingabangela ukusabela okuzenzekelayo: ngokwesibonelo, uma inzwa izwa amazinga okushisa asemaceleni edlula emnyango, isimiso sokunisela ngenkasa esingakhanyisa indawo ngokupholisa. Amabhodi e-amanani abonisa amazinga angempela okushisa angasiza abaphathi bamadolobha ukuba baxhumane nengozi emphakathini futhi baqondise imithombo edinga kakhulu. Amadolobha anjengoBarcelona neSingapore kakade ahlanganisa i-UHI abhekise amapulatifomu awo alawula amadolobha asemaphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokufundisa Komphakathi

Awukho umklamo wezakhiwo zezobuchwepheshe ozophumelela ngaphandle kokuthengwa umphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela izakhamuzi namabhizinisi e-UHI i-Uhimigation kuqinisekisa ukuthi amakhambi afanelekile ngokwesiko, asakazwa ngokulinganayo, futhi alondolozwe ngesikhathi. Abaphathi bamadolobha kufanele:

  • Ukungenela okungaqondile emiphakathini: kugcina amashabhu omphakathi ezindaweni ezishisayo ukuba aqonde izinto eziza kuqala zendawo kanye nezingalawuleki. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhamuzi zingakhetha imithi yethunzi emithunzini yemigwaqo ebonisayo uma idinga indawo engaphandle esebenziseka.
  • Akhiqize izinhlelo ezishukumisayo kumnini zindawo: Izindawo zokufakwa kophahla olupholile, izihlahla ezikhululekile ezitshalwa ngamalungelo endlela, futhi izimali zokunikeza izingadi zomphakathi zingasheshisa ukutholwa. ELos Angeles, uhlelo lweCooolSeal lunikeza abanikazi indawo ebandayo ezindaweni ezithwele ukushisa.
  • Imikhankaso yemfundo yezempilo eshisayo: Imishini yokusakaza i-ipernet, okuqukethwe imithombo yezokuxhumana, kanye nezimpawu zikamahamba-hamba ngezingozi zokushisa, izindawo eziphakathi, kanye nokupholisa amanzi emzimbeni. Ubuhlobo nemitholampilo yendawo, imitapo yezincwadi, nezinhlangano zokholo ukuze zifinyelele kubantu abadala nakulabo abangangeni kuyi-intanethi.
  • Abaphathi bomphakathi: Qeqesha izakhamuzi ‘ njengokaputeni ovimbelayo” ukunakekela izihlahla ezintsha zomgwaqo nokubika izidingo zokuzinakekela. Amaqembu okuzithandela angahlela izinsuku zokutshala izihlahla futhi asize ekulondolozeni izithuba eziluhlaza zasedolobheni.

Elinye ithuluzi elinamandla ingadi yasedolobheni noma ihlathi elidliwayo, elinikeza kokubili ukupholisa nokudla. Lemisebenzi ingasungulwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi futhi isekelwe yizimali ezihambelanayo zasedolobheni, iguqule inkatho kakhonkolo ibe izikhala ezikhiqizayo nezinomthunzi ezinciphisa ukuhlangana kwe - UHI lapho kwakha izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Amadolobha Ahamba Ngendlela

Amadolobha amaningana aye abonisa ukuthi ukuvelela kuyi - UHI kuyinto engenakufinyelelwa.

  • Phoenix, Arizona: Elinye lamadolobha amakhulu ashisayo kakhulu e-U.S., iPhoenix iye yamukela i-Heat Action Plan [ Plan [ ehlanganisa ukunwetshwa kwezihlahla (ukuhlanganisa 25% nge-2030), izinhlelo zokushayela egcekeni ezipholile ezihlanganisa amakhilomitha angaphezu kwayikhulu emigwaqweni, nesikhulu esiphethe isikhulu sokuhlela imizamo ezindaweni ezihlukene.
  • Milan, Italy: Inhloso yeFortaM ihloselwe ukutshala imithi eyizigidi ezintathu enqamula indawo yedolobha ngo-2030, igxile ezindaweni ezishiswa ukushisa. Idolobha futhi lifuna uphahla oluluhlaza kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezintsha futhi linikeza izithasiselo zentela zophahla.
  • I-Melbourne, Australia: Iqhinga leHlare lase Urban labeka isisulu se-40% yephepha ngo-2040 futhi lasebenzisa ibalazwe lokushisa ukuze kubonwe amaphasishi okutshalwa kokuqala. Leli dolobha futhi lithumela i-athonsi yenkasa ehlakaniphile emapaki ukuze kugcinwe izihlahla ziphilile phakathi nesomiso.
  • Seville, eSpain: iSeville iqala i-'exper' yokuphayona''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' inethiwekhi ehlangene newele le-injini ye-injini ye-injini yedolobha, futhi iye yabiza iNkulumbuso yokuqala yomhlaba. Idolobha lisebenzisa isimiso sokufuduza i-pasethiwater kanye ne-gateororation's' esifana nezilinganiso zeziphepho ukuze ikhuthame umphakathi.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukuphumelela kwe-UHI kudinga intando yezombangazwe, ukusekela imali ngokuqhubekayo, ukuhlanganisa izimo eziphazamisanayo, nokuzimisela ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe obusha. Abaphathi bamadolobha kufanele bahlole lezizimo zemifanekiso kodwa bazivumelanise nesimo sawo sezulu, isiko, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemali.

Isiphetho: Ubizo Lokupholisa Zonke Isinqumo

Iziqhingi ezishisayo zasedolobheni aziyona into engenakugwenywa ngenxa yokuzalwa kwempilo yasemadolobheni, ziwumfantu okwazi ukuxazululwa. Ngokuqonda izimbangela, ukulinganisa inkinga ngesilinganiso esiqinile, usebenzise iqoqo elihlukene lamasu okuvimbela ukushisa, futhi ubudlelwane nemiphakathi njengezisebenzi, abaphathi bedolobha banganciphisa kakhulu ukuqina kwe-UHI kanye nezingozi ezihlobene nayo.

Izinzuzo zidlulela ngalé kwemigwaqo epholile. Izindawo ezinamabhayisekili zikhuthaza ukuhamba nokubhayisekile, zithuthukisa impilo yomphakathi futhi zinciphisa igesi ephumayo. Uphahla olupholile nezakhiwo eziluhlaza ziphansi, zidala imisebenzi eluhlaza, futhi zithuthukisa isimo sezulu esishintshayo edolobheni. Futhi ngokufaka izimali ezindaweni ezigciniwe, abaphathi bedolobha bangaqala ukuqeda amashumi eminyaka okungabi nabulungisa kwendawo ezungezile.

Igagasi ngalinye lokushisa, ihlobo ngalinye ukushayeka kwemali, zonke izimo eziphuthumayo ezihlobene namazinga okushisa aphakeme ziyisikhumbuzo sokuthi isimo sesimo asikwazi ukufinyelelwa. Abaphathi bamadolobhe banamathuluzi, ulwazi, negunya lokuvuselela indawo eshisayo yasedolobheni. Isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo manje singu-$ ngaphambi kokuba amaza alandelayo okushisa aqhubele imiphakathi idlule endaweni yayo eqhekekile.