Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni wase-United States kusekelwe ekuhlukaneni kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-Legislative, i-Adminitive, ne- Judicial. Loluhlelo, olufakwe ezigabeni I, II, no-II zoMthetho-sisekelo, luklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya nokuvikela inkululeko. Ngokufaka imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene egatsheni ngalinye futhi uthuthukise izimiso zokuqondisana, amaFrame akha isimiso esiye sakhuthazela amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ukuqonda indlela lamagatsha asebenza ngayo hhayi kuphela ezakhamuzi kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuhileleka ngokunenjongo enqubwebweni yezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola igatsha ngalinye ngokujula kokusebenza kwawo, silandele ukusebenzelana kwawo okuyinhloko, futhi sihlola isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuqhubekayo kwezokubusa kwanamuhla.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ummeleli Womphakathi

IGazethi, ebekwe eSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, inikwe amandla okuqala okwakha imithetho. UKhongolo luyinhlangano ye-bidaral, eyakhiwa yiNdlu yabameleli neSigeqe. Indlu, enamalungu ayo angu-435 ahlukaniswa inani labantu, iklanyelwe ukusabela ngokuqondile kubantu. ISishaya-mthetho, nabasekeli ababili esifundazwe ngasinye kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu, inikeza izimpawu ezifanayo zemibuso futhi yenza njengendikimba edelelayo. Lesi sakhiwo esimbaxa siko sasiwukuhlehla phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane eMhlanganweni woMthetho-mthetho ka 1787, futhi siyaqhubeka sibumba izigebeko ezinamandla namuhla.

Igunya Lokwenza Imithetho Nelohlelo Lohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Umsebenzi obonakala kakhulu weSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuhlanganisa, ukuphikisana, nokuvota umthetho. Isivumelwano kumelwe sidlulisele womabili amakamu ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba anikezwe uMongameli. Nokho, iSishaya-mthetho sibuye sibe namandla akhethekile phezu kwemali yemali kahulumeni: zonke izikweleti zemali zisuka eNdlu, futhi zombili lezi zikhungo kumelwe zivumele uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke. Lamandla esikhwama semali anika iSikhwama seSishaya-Congress amandla anele phezu kweSebe loMnyango loMphathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSishayamthetho singayeka ukuxhasa ukuthatha isinyathelo sikamongameli, sivimbekelele ukusetshenziswa kwaso.

Iseluleko Nokuvumelana

ISigele sisebenzisa igunya elingeziwe ngeseluleko saso nangendima yaso. UMongameli umisa amakhathektha, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa kwelungelo ngalinye ngevoti elivamile (ngaphandle kokuba i-palbuster icelwa, manje edinga amavoti angu-60 okuwanqoba). Lokhu kwenza i-e - expression ekumiseni iziphathi zezikhulu. Emashumini amuva leminyaka, ukuqinisekisa izimpi kuye kwaba yi-deaxpont, ngokungezwa kwemithetho yezikhulu zezikhulu zezezwe.

Amandla Okuzikhandla

UKhomishane futhi uphethe amandla okususa uMongameli, uMongameli umongameli, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ngokuzijezisa. Indlu iyodwa enegunya lokukhipha (ukukhipha amacala) ngevoti elivamile. Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala, ngevoti eliyizintathu ezimbili ezifunekayo ukuze siboshelwe iziboshwa futhi sisuse isikhulu. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu: amakhosi amabili aye afundiswa iNdlu kodwa akhululwa yiSigele, futhi idlanzana labahluleli abambalwa bezwe basusiwe. I-galelo gunya liyithuluzi elibalulekile kodwa elibalulekile lokubeka icala isikhulu nomthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

Isigaba II siphakamisa amandla okuphatha kuMongameli oyedwa, okhonza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni. UMongameli usizwa uMongameli ophethe, iKhabhinethi (inhloko yeminyango ephethe njenge State, Defense, Umthetho, iMali, ne- Justice), kanye nenhlangano enkulu kahulumeni yezinhlangano nezinhlangano. Umsebenzi oyinhloko weSebe leSikhungo Esiphethe ukubona ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yi-Congressbey ibulawa ngokwethembeka.

Umqondisi Wesimiso Esiyinhloko Nakwamanye Amazwe

UMongameli ungumphathi omkhulu wamabutho ahlomile, enikeza iGatya eliphethe isigaba esiyinhloko ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasemicimbini yezempi. Nakuba uMkhandlu uphela ungamemezela impi, uMongameli angathumela amabutho phesheya cishe izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphansi kweSigqi soMbuso weMpi ka-1973. Enkambisweni yakwamanye amazwe, uMongameli uxoxa nezinye izizwe, nakuba izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele ngevoti ezimbili-ntathu. Izivumelwano zobuqondisi, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya iSishayamthetho, seziye zaba enye indlela yokusingatha izindaba zezizwe.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Abameli bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalo zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle kokulinda umthetho. Lemiyalo iphethe amandla omthetho kodwa ingagumbuqelwa ngomongameli abalandelayo noma imenyezelwe ukuba i-constitution yizinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Truman uzama ukuthatha izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi ye-Korea washaywa yiNkantolo Ephakeme e-Dich Comment & Lamp; Tube. Co. v. Sawyer [192].imiyalelo yesikhululo iyisikhali sezikhali ku-HPuercement, kodwa icindezelwa yi-Recouverselcepyn.

Amandla E - Veto

Enye yezindlela eziqondile iSebe Eliphethe i-Grands lihlola iGatya eliphethe i-Legislative ingemuva kwe-veto. Lapho uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa (ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu ukhona), noma u-veto uhlola ngokuqondile. I-veto ithumela umbiko emuva eMkhandlwini, ongawudlulisa kuphela ngenani elikhulu elingu-3 emagumbini omabili. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuthola lezozisunguli ezinkulu kunzima, i-veto inikeza uMongameli i-screassss enquin enqubweni yemithetho. Abaholi baye basebenzisa i-vetoestectal ukuze bahlele ngisho nalapho iqembu labo lisezincane.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho

ISiphakamiso III simisa iGatya leJaji, eliholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States futhi kuhlanganise nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni ezakhiwa yiSishaya-mthetho. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wejaji uwukuchaza umthetho noMthetho-sisekelo, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano eziphakama ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni. Abahluleli bakhonza ukumiswa kukho konke ukuphila kwabo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, babavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi babavumele ukuba benze izinqumo ezingakhethi.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Namandla Enkantolo

Amandla ajulile kakhulu e-Reaudicial Branch ukubukeza kokwahlulela: igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle komthetho. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungawaniki ngokuqondile lombuso, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagcizelela ecaleni lengqophamlando Marbury v. Madison [1803] [1803]). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukubukezwa komthetho kuye kwaba itshe legumbi lesimiso somthetho waseMelika. INkantolo Ephakeme izwa kuphela ingxenye encane yamacala adluliselwe kulo cishe 70 ngonyaka ngamunye.[FLT] ifaka imibuzo ebalulekile noma izingxabano ezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele Nenqubo Yokudlulisa Amacala

Ijaji likahulumeni lihlelwe laba amazinga amathathu: izinkantolo zesifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo zesifunda), izinkantolo zesifunda zecala, neNkantolo ePhakeme. Amacala avame ukuqala enkantolo yesigodi, lapho ijaji noma amajaji enquma khona amaqiniso. Iqembu elilahlekileyo lingase lidlulise icala enkantolo efanelekile, okuthi libukeze ukuqa kwecala elingokomthetho. Uma icala lihilela umbuzo oqinile kahulumeni, lingase lidluliselwe eNkantolweni Ephakeme, enquma ukuthi iyalinika yini i-certiorari (inqubo yokuvuma icala). Lesi sakhiwo esisongwele siqinisekisa amathuba amaningi okulungisa okusemthethweni.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ngezinqumo zayo, iSebe Lokwahlulela livikela amalungelo abekwe eSigqebheni samalungelo kanye nasekulungiseni okulandela. Izinqumo ze-Landmark ezinjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) eqeda ukuhlukanisa ngokohlanga, Ukuhlukanisa ngokomthetho [[FLT]] v. ] [19773]) imisa amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu, kanye no-Obergefell v. Hodges (20) [20] ukuhlukanisa ngokomthetho okufanayo [umshado]] uveza indima ye-judiary enkambisweni yenhlanganweni yezenhla. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwenkantolo ngokumiswa kwezenyunyana yeze izimpi, ehostyuwe ezihla ngehlwini ezihlahlela izigeqe.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwamagatsha: Isimiso Sokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Ingcweti yesimiso saseMelika ayikho ekuhlukaneni kwemibuso kuphela, kodwa ebuhlotsheni obuhambisanayo obuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba livimbele elinye. AmaFramers asebenzisa imiqondo kaMontesquieu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo siqu kwamakoloni lapho ekha lesimiso. Ngezansi kunezindlela eziyinhloko amagatsha axhumana ngazo ukuze alondoloze ukuhleleka futhi avimbele noma ubani ekubuseni.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhongolose angamhlola uMongameli ngezindlela eziningana ezinamandla:

  • O ukujivaza iveto ngenani eliphindwe kathathu emagumbini womabili.
  • qinisekisa noma wenqabe ukumiswa komongameli (ukuqinisekiswa kwe Santive).
  • Umqondisi wecala uphenyela ezenzweni zezikhulu.
  • [ isuse futhi isuse uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi.
  • [Control Control [ yezinhlelo zezikhulu nezinhlangano.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho encike kumphathi.

Lamathuluzi aqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli ngeke athathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlangana. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMongameli uAndrew Johnson ephula uMthetho we-Office ngo-1868, iNdlu yamlahla (nakuba iSigele sasimkhululile). Muva nje, uMkhandlu usebenzise amacala okuhlola ukuziphatha okubi kwegatsha elikhulu, njengendaba ye-Iran-Contate ku-1980 nehlazo lamanzi kuma-1970.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala

Igatsha Eliphethe Libuye libe Nethonya phezu Komhlangano:

  • [ I-Veto umthetho ukuvimbela izikweletu ekubeni zibe umthetho.
  • izikhawu ezikhethekile[ zoMkhandlu (owasetshenziswa kabusha ezikhathini zanamuhla).
  • Lobby Congress ngethonya likaMongameli nomholi weqembu.
  • Imiyalo yesikhulu esiphethe [ edlula isenzo somthetho.

I-veto iwukuhlolwa kwe-athom okuqondiswe kakhulu. Umongameli u-Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhipha izikweletu ezingu-635 phakathi nonyaka wakhe we-tenare, ngaphezu kwanoma imuphi owandulelayo. Omongameli banamuhla bavame ukusebenzisa usongo lwe-veto ekumiseni umthetho phakathi nezingxoxo.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Igatsha Lokwahlulela lihlola amanye amagatsha ngamandla alo okuhlaziya ukwahlulela:

  • [ Imithetho engavumelani nemithetho uma iphula umthetho-sisekelo.
  • Sehlisa izenzo zezikhulu [ ezidlula igunya lomongameli.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izimiso ze-interpret ngezindlela ezingabhuntshisa inhloso yomthetho.

Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa United States v. Nixon (1974]), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yayaleza khona uMongameli uNixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi eWatergate, okwaholela ekuyekeni kwakhe, futhi i-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[FLT] [20:3], lapho iNkantolo isekele khona ingxenye enkulu ye-Afford Carect kodwa ibeke i-Classiste Claus.

Amasheke Angokomthetho Ejele

UKhongolose unamathuluzi amaningana okucindezela izinkantolo:

  • Ukuqinisekisa noma ukulahla[[[QL:1] ukwahlulela ngokugunyaza (ukuqinisekisa okungagunyaziwe).
  • [[[UMTL:0] Isikhala esithekile futhi sisuse [ amajaji kahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.
  • Amen Constitution ukugumbuqela izincazelo zokwahlulela.
  • Ukushintsha imingcele yecala le-'FLT'' yezinkantolo zikahulumeni (imingcele).
  • dala noma ususe izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni.
  • imisa umthetho omusha [ ukucacisa noma ukudlula isinqumo sokwahlulela.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaye umthetho weSigodlo seSikole Senkululeko sikaGun ku-United States v. Lopez (1995), uMkhandlu wawungaphinde ubhale umthetho ukuze uhlanganiswe ngokucacile nezentengiselwano zamazwe. Ngokufanayo, ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo komthetho - sisekelo ukushisa ifulegi nokusekela umkhankaso kwembula indlela iSishayamthetho ngezinye izikhathi esizama ngayo ukuqala eNkabeni.

Izinselele Zomlando Nezangesikhathi Esidlule

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siye sashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Phakathi neRepublic yokuqala, uhulumeni kahulumeni wawumncane, futhi amagatsha asebenza ngokuzimela okulinganiselwe. IMpi Yomphakathi ne-constructionon yavivinya imingcele .Pudent Lincoln walengisa i-habeas corpus, uKhomishane wadala i-Freedmen’s Bureaument, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha izinqumo ezifana [[FLT:] Ex ex eMilligan[ [1866] izikhulu ezihlukanisa izikhulu zempi. Inkathi entsha ye-Dreaual yaqala ukubona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwamandla okuphatha njengoMongameli Franklin D. Rooselt yafuna ukulwa kwezomnotho olukhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme yahlasela izinhlelo eziningi ze-Realbactalvesssss, kodwa ngemva kweNkakhulu leNkantolo (1977) yaqala ukuveza iziqondiso zezomnotho.

Ekhulwini lamashumi amabili namashumi amabili nane lokuqala, iGatya eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu kokubili ngobukhulu nangegunya. UMongameli manje wengamela izisebenzi zikahulumeni zezisebenzi ezivamile ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Izinselele zanamuhla ezinjengobuphekula, ukwanda kwe-inthambi, kanye nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe ziye zabangela ukunqwatshezwana kokulawula, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuncishwa kwegunya lemithetho. I-Jajijier Branch iye yabhekana nokuvikelwa kwemingcele empini eqinisekisiwe, njengoba kuboniswa ekuzwaneni okuphikisanayo kweJaji koMahluleli Brett Kavanuagh noAmy Conney Barrett.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu akunabungane ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni kwenzeka lapho uMkhandlu noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngokusebenzisa imali. Izimpi ngenxa yelungelo lokulawula nangenxa yezigebengu ngokuvamile ziphelela enkantolo. Noma kunjalo, isimiso siye savuleka. Igatsha ngalinye liqapha amalungelo alo ngonya, futhi umphakathi usebenza njengesehlo sokugcina ngokhetho nangokubopha uhulumeni.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zokungenela Kwegatsha

Ukuze kubonwe ukuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo, cabangela inqubo yokuyisa umthetho omkhulu. Ake sithi uMongameli usikisela umthetho wezokwelapha ogcweleyo. UKhomishane kumelwe alungise futhi aphikisane ngokomthetho; iNdlu neSigele kungadlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, kufune ukuba ikomiti yengqungquthela izwane nazo. Uma imvume idlula, uMongameli angasayina noma ashaye umthetho. Uma i-vetototo, uMkhandlu ungazama ukuqeda. Uma nje umisiwe, umthetho ungabhekana nezinselele zomthetho; amaqembu enzalo angawukhipha, aweqedise umthetho. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyophula umthetho. Inkantolo yomthetho ziyolalela icala, mhlawumbe zifinyelele iNkanto ephakeme. Inkantolo ingawusekela umthetho noma igawugawule phansi. Uma ikhesa, ikhesa, ingazama ukudlulisa inguquko noma ukuveza inqubo ewuhlelayo. Igatsha aliyikhoshala lelo hlelo.

Esinye isibonelo yindima yeNkantolo Ephakeme ekunqumeni ukuvikeleka komongameli. Trump v. [20], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uMongameli akagonyiwe ngokuphelele kuma-pain alpoena, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nomphathi omkhulu ungaphansi kwenqubo engokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, Trump v. Mazars USA, LLLP[FLT:] [20], iNkantolo yeNkantolo yabeka imingcele engqungqutheleni yemithetho ye-Pronaltiontionpoenas yemist, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nomphathi omkhulu ukuphathwa kwemithetho ye-creauault, ngokulinganisela ukuphatha kwelungelo lempathi.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwamandla Ahlukene

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwe-Legislative, i-Guide, i-Adminitive, and Judicial Brants kuyisici esiyinhloko sokubusa kwaseMelika. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla nokwenza i-linellans, uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ekubuseni kuyilapho wenza isimo esisebenzayo. Lesi simiso sikude nokuphelela, singathatha isikhathi eside, siphazamiseke, futhi sixabane, kodwa sisalokhu siyisibonelo sokuziphendulela ngokwentando yeningi. Abafundi nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela lamagatsha ahlolana ngayo inyathelo lokuqala lokuhlanganyela. Njengoba iNkampathi ePhakathi uLouis Randers yakeides yaphawula, “Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yathathwa ngoMhlanga ka 1787 ukuba ingaqhubeki phambili kodwa ingasebenzi ngendlela yokusebenzisa amandla omthetho omthetho owentandoyo.”

Ukuze bahlole lezizihloko ngokuqhubekayo, abafundi bangahlola .gov ukucazululwa kwamagatsha [, [[FLT:] i-Chonarn.gov ulwazi lwezesivumelwano [, kanye [[FLT:] ne-SP] SUPME] yenkaba yeNkanto yecala yemibono nemininingwane yecala. Umongo womlando owenaniselwayo wezentengiselwano zezincwadi zesizwe ukhona kumthetho wezwe [[[FLT][FLT:] kanye ne-[FLT] BB yeqoqo leNhlangano ye-FOURFY]