Indlela Amalungu KaRaje Sabha Alungisiswa Ngayo Nezikhathi Aphila Ngazo

Indlela Amalungu KaRaje Sabha Alungisiswa Ngayo Nezikhathi Aphila Ngazo

I-Raje Sabra, uMkhandlu wase-States, ngokomthetho uyindlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya le-bidaya. Imelela amazwe namasifunda ahlangene, iqinisekisa ukuthi inzuzo kahulumeni ivezwe ngokwezinga lesizwe. Ngokungafani neLok Sabhaha, ekhethwe ngokuqondile, iRajiya Sabbaha ilandela isimiso sokhetho esingaqondile esiklanyelwe ukubonisa ukulingana phakathi kwe-memo nesigaba sesifunda. Ukuqonda inqubo yokhetho nobude bamalungu ayo kuyisisekelo sokuqonda i-democricratic face yase-India, ukuqina kwe-Rogravition, nokuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo eningiliziwe, enegunya yendlela amalungu eRaje Sabha akhethwa ngayo, abavoti abathunyelwayo, ubude babo begama, ukujikeleza kwezihlalo, kanye nezinhlelo ezihlobene nomthetho-sisekelo. Sihlanganisa nendima yamalungu angenazo izintambo, izindinganiso zokungaguquguquki, kanye nokubaluleka okukhulu kwalenhlangano edemokrasi yaseNdiya.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nokumiswa Kwawo

I-Raje Sabba imiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 80 soMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. Ingaba namalungu aphakeme angu-250: abameleli bezifunda nezindawo ezihlangene, futhi amalungu angu-12 aqanjwe nguMongameli. Amandla angempela aye ahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; kusukela ngo-2025, iRajiya Sabha inamalungu angu-245. Ukubekwa kwezihlalo emazweni kusekelwe kubantu, kanye namazwe amakhulu njengo-Uttar Pradesh athumela abameleli abengeziwe (manje angu-31) kuyilapho amazwe amancane anjengeSikkim ethumela eyodwa kuphela. Izifunda ze-Union zinenani elincane lezihlalo; ngokwesibonelo, uDelhi noPucherry bangabameleli abakhethiweyo.

UMthetho-sisekelo uyavuma futhi ukuthi [i- i-Rajiya Sabha iyindlu ehlala njalo futhi ayinyakazi. Ngokungafani neLok Sabhaha, enegama elithatha iminyaka emihlanu, iRajiya Sabhaha iyaqhubeka ngokungapheli, ngelungu elilodwa-mitha-mitha lithatha umhlala-mhlala-phantsi njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Lomcimbi uqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kwemithetho nenkumbulo yenhlangano, uyenza ibe amandla aqinisayo embusweni waseNdiya.

Inqubo Yokukhetha: Ukukhetha Okungaqondile Kwemihlangano YoMbuso Engokomthetho

Amalungu eRaje Sabba awakhethwa ngokuqondile umphakathi. Kunalokho, akhethwa amalungu akhethiwe e-Legislative Feader (MLS) yombuso ngamunye. Lendlela yokukhetha engaqondile inikezwa yiSiphakamiso 80 futhi iningiliswe ngokwengeziwe eMqulwini we-O People Act, 1951. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi MLS, okhethwa abantu, osebenza njengekholiji elikhethweyo le-Rapya Sabhaha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi indlu ephezulu ibonisa i-profesfesche yezombangazwe ze-gatementsmes, ngaleyondlela imelela izithakazelo zesifundazwe esikhungweni.

Ukhetho luqhutshwa yi-Evolution Commission of India. Izihlalo zesifundazwe ngasinye zeRaje Sabba zigcwaliswa ngokhetho olulodwa, kodwa izikhala zigcwaliswe ngogesi uma kudingeka. Lenqubo isebenzisa isimiso sokumela sokuveza nge-projectal ngokusebenzisa ukuvota okudluliswa kanye (STV). Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amancane noma azimele ngokusekela okukhulu kungavikela, okwenza i-Rajiya Sabbaha ibonise kakhulu izinhlobonhlobo zezombangazwe zezindawo zesifundazwe.

Indlela Umsebe Ongadluliswa Ngawo Usebenza Ngayo

Ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV) iyisimiso sokuvota esithandwayo esisetshenziselwa ukukhetha abameleli abaningi ezindaweni eziningi. Ku-Raje Sabha umongo, sonke isimo siphathwa njengomthetho owodwa. I-MLA ngayinye ivoti eyodwa, kodwa leyovoti ingashintshelwa kweyesibili noma kweyesithathu uma umdlali wayo wokuqala wesifunda eboshelwe amavoti anele ukuba anqobe noma asuswe. Umgomo uwukukhetha abaphumeli abangeni abathola ivoti eyodwa.

Isilinganiso sibalwa ngokusebenzisa ikhambi: amavota asemthethweni / (Inani lezihlalo + 1) + 1. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni unezihlalo ezine-Lackeya Sabba ne 100 MLN njengovota, isilinganiso singaba (100 / 4+1) + 1 = 20 + 1 = 21 cotes. Umvoti ovikela okungenani amavoti angu-21 okuqala umisiwe. Uma umbaleki ethola ngaphezu kwesilinganiso, amavoti adluliselwa ngokwesilinganiso kwinani eliphawulwe kumaphephandaba wesibili. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kugcwaliswe zonke izihlalo.

Voters (MLS) ziphawula izintando zazo ngezinombolo (1, 2, 3, njalonjalo) ephepheni lokuvota. Ukubala kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokumelela ngokulandelana ngevoti eyodwa edluliswayo, njengoba kuchazwe eMphathini we-Evolution Respons, 1961. Isimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi iqoqo lokugcina labanqobi lilinganisa inani lamavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye noma iqembu phakathi komhlangano.

Isibonelo Se - STV Kukhetho Lwe - Raje Sabha

Cabangela isimo esinezihlalo ezi-3nac Rabya Sabba nekhulu lama-ML Avha njengovota. Isilinganiso singu-(100 / 3+1) + 1 = 25 + 1 = 26 amavoti. Iqoqo A linama-55 MMA, iParti B ine-30, kanti i-Parti C ine-15 yesigaba sokuqala, X, ithola amavoti angu-55 okuvota, ngaphezu kwesigamu ngo-29 X unyulwa, futhi amavoti angu-29 athunyelwa ezinkonzweni ezithandwayo ezibili kulezo zibonda. Ngokuvamile, isigaba sesibili esisuka eParti AML saN sihamba siye eRRRRRRR, X, ngokunjalo, ama-B amaqembu ama-B alandelanayo angenisa amavoti angu-30 okuvota, futhi akhudluzayo ngo-Y akhushuliwe. Ngokukanje, isigaba sesithathu siyohlala sihlala kanye nesihlalo sesithathu esisele ngokuvotisi-R. Uma singekho sinye esisesigaba esisele esisele esisele, noma esincane

Ubude Besikhathi: Iminyaka Eyisithupha Nemihlalaphansi Eshaqisiwe

Ilungu ngalinye leRaje Sabha lisebenzisa igama iminyaka eyisithupha , njenge-Artic 83 yoMthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, lamagama ashaqiswa ukuze indlu iqhubeke isebenza futhi ikwazi. Umthetho-sisekelo ugunyaza ukuba cishe ngangokunokwenzeka, ilungu elilodwa-mithathu lithathe umhlala phansi ekupheleni konyaka wesibili. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo ekukhiweni kwendlu ephezulu futhi sinikeze ukuzinza komthetho.

Ukujikeleza kunqunywa yi-Ecomtion Commission. Emhlanganweni wokuqala we-Raje Sabba ngemva kokwakhiwa kwayo ngo-1952, amalungu ahlukaniswa aba amaqembu amathathu asekelwe emimoyeni, nenkathi yeqembu ngalinye iphele ngemva kweminyaka emibili, emine, noma emithandathu. Okhetho olulandelayo lugcwalisa izihlalo zamalungu athatha umhlala-phansi, futhi amalungu asanda kukhethwa afeza iminyaka eyisithupha egcwele. Lo mjikelezo oqhubekayo usho ukuthi ukukhetha kukaRajiya Sabba kwenzeka ngezihlalo ezivamile zeminyaka emibili, nakuba amazwe engenza ukhetho ngezikhathi ezihlukene kuye ngokuthi amalungu awo athathe nini umhlalaphansi.

Indlela Amagama Asetshenziswa Ngayo

Ake sithi uhulumeni unamalungu amahlanu anezinkulumo ezizophela ngo-2026, ngo-2028, nango-2030. Ngo-April 2026, kuzakukhethwa amalungu athatha umhlala-mhlala-phantsi ngo-2026. Labo abakhethiwe bazokhonza kusukela ngo-2026 kuya ku-2032. Okwamanje, amalungu akhethwe ngo-2024 aqhubeke kwaze kwaba ngo-2024. Lesi sakhiwo esishaqisayo siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho kukhethwa okukodwa okungashintsha ngokuphawulekayo inani elikhulu le-rapya Sabba, futhi ulwazi lwenhlangano lugcinwe emijikelezweni yokhetho.

Izindawo ezigawulwa ukuyeka umsebenzi, ukufa, noma ukungakhi zigcwaliswa ngemishini. Ilungu elikhethwe ngokukhethwa lisebenza kuphela engxenyeni esele yegama lomuntu owandulelayo, hhayi igama elisha elithatha iminyaka eyisithupha. Lokhu kulondoloza umjikelezo onyaka onyakazayo.

Izimfuneko Nezinto Ezingafanele Kumalungu

Ukuze afanelekele ukukhethwa kuyiRaje Sabha, umuntu kumelwe ahlangabezane nezimfuneko ezivezwe esiphakamisweni 84 soMthetho - sisekelo:

• Kumelwe sibe isakhamuzi saseNdiya.
• Kumelwe okungenani abe neminyaka engu - 30 ubudala (iminyaka engaphansi yeLok Sabha ineminyaka engu - 25 ubudala).
• Kumelwe sibe nezinye izimfanelo ezinjalo ezigunyazwe iPhalamende ngomthetho (manje, ukumelelwa kwe - People Act, 1951 kudinga umvoti ukuze agunyaze ukumiswa kwephalamende).

Ukungalungi kulawulwa iSiphakamiso 102 nophawu lwe-Tenth Shegel (umthetho wokukhipha inzuzo) ka-1951. Izinyuko zihlanganisa ukuba nesikhundla senzuzo ngaphansi kukahulumeni, ukuba nomqondo ongenangqondo, ukuba umhlaziyi ongazinzi, noma ukuba ubekwe icala lamacala athile. Ukungaqiniseki kungavela futhi ekuphambukeni ngaphansi kwe-Tentith Shetel (umthetho wokususa inzuzo), nakuba usihlalo we-Rajaya Sabha (usihlalo we-Vace-Prent we-India) eyigunya lokunquma amacala okuqubuka ama-Rayya Sabahaba.

Amalungu Ayingxube: Isigaba Esikhethekile

UMongameli umisa amalungu angu-12 eRaje Sabba ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 80 (1) (a) soMthetho-sisekelo. Laba bantu bakhethwa ngenxa yobuchwepheshe babo emikhakheni enjengezincwadi, isayensi, ubuciko, inkonzo yezenhlalo, nemidlalo. Injongo iwukuletha abantu abavelele enqubeni yephalamende okungenzeka abasekelwa kwezombangazwe ukuze banqobe ukhetho kodwa banganikela ulwazi oluyigugu. Amalungu afunyanisiwe anamalungelo afanayo namandla njengamalungu akhethiwe, kuhlanganise nokuvota kuzo zonke izikweleti ngaphandle kokuba bahlanganyele ekukhetheni umongameli waseNdiya (njengoba uMongameli ukhethwa yikholi elikhethwe yikholiji elihlanganisa amalungu azo zombili izindlu, kodwa angahlanganiswe amalungu ezwe elikhethiwe).

Amalungu akhethiwe asebenzisa futhi inombolo yeminyaka eyisithupha, kodwa awathonywa isimiso somhlalaphansi esifana nesamalungu akhethiwe. Avame ukubekwa eziqenjini, futhi amagama awo ayashaqeka. UMthetho-sisekelo awufuni ukuba amalungu angenazo izitho abe amalungu eqembu elithile lezombangazwe, nakuba ngokwesiko amaningi evumelana nemibono yeqembu elibusayo.

Ukumelelwa Kwezindawo Zobumbano

Amasimu e-Union (ama-UTS) anamalungu ombuso (Delhi, Jamimu & Kashmir, ne Puducherry) akhetha uRajeya Sabha amalungu alandelanayo ngesimiso esifanayo sokumelelwa, kodwa nge-MMLSS As of theoperations. Amanye ama-UT anjenge-Chandigarh, Lakshadhiver, kodwa amanye awawakhethanga amalungu e-Rajiya Sabhaha; ukumelelwa kwawo kunikezwa amalungu abekwe ngaphansi kweSiphathiso sa 80(c) (manje aqedwa ngemva kwe-Jammu ne-Kashmirorgation Act, 2019, kodwa ngenxa yeminyango ethile ye-Us), njengoba i-Rajaha i-Sabha imele izihla kusukela e-Delkah (31), Puuchn) kanye nezihlalo ezinswe nge-kahhh (4) njengoba amalungu asele kumele amalungu esele i-UT.

Ukubaluleka Kwesimiso Sokumelela

Ukukhethwa kokumelelwa okulinganayo nge-STV nge-Raje Sabra kungamabomu. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amancane nabazimele bangazuza izihlalo uma benezikhundla eziqinile emhlanganweni wezwe. Lokhu kungafani ‘ nokudlula kuqala esimisweni seposi esisetshenziselwa i-Lokabhaha, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa amaqembu amaningi. Ngakho isimiso seRajiya Sabbaha sinikeza i-ekebon endlini ephansi, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezidinga izikhundla ezikhethekile, njengokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho kazwelonke. Ivikela futhi izithakazelo zamalungu ayo ngoba ekhethwa yizindlu zomthetho-mthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, esimweni lapho kungekho mfantu ozimele oneqembu eliningi, imifelandawonye kumelwe isebenze ndawonye ekukhetheni iRavya Sabba abazobhapathizwa. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla. Isimiso se-STV sinciphisa ukuvota, njengoba ngisho nalabo abangayisekeli i-MLA abangatholakali impumelelo bengabalelwa.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Kulok Sabha

Feature	Rajya Sabha	Lok Sabha
Mode of election	Indirect (by MLAs)	Direct (by citizens)
Voting system	Single transferable vote	First past the post
Term	6 years (staggered)	5 years (dissolution possible)
Minimum age	30 years	25 years
Representation	States and UTs (population-based)	Constituencies (population-based)
Nominated members	12 by President	None

Inhloso Yokuziphatha KukaRaje Sabha

IKhomishane yoNhlolo-nqumo yaseNdiya inikeza isaziso esicela ukuba kukhethwe izikhala. Le nqubo ihlanganisa:

1. Ukwaziswa kokhetho: UMongameli, ngokweseluleko sikahulumeni, ukhipha isaziso esichaza usuku lokhetho nenani lezihlalo ezizogcwaliswa.
2. Ukufakwa kwemijovo: kuchaza amaphepha amafayela nesikhulu esibuyayo (ngokuvamile isikhulu esiphethe i-IAS) phakathi nenkathi emisiwe. Isigqebhezana ngasinye sidinga imali efakiwe (manje engu-7610 000 kubathathi-mfunda-lwazi, 765 000 ku-SC/Spostations) futhi kumelwe kuhlongozwe okungenani ngo-MLA.
3. Ukuthatha kanye nokuhoxa: Ukucubungula kuyacubungula, futhi abazothatha bangahoxa phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe.
4. Ukuvota: ngosuku oluhleliwe, UML njengovota egumbini lomhlangano wesifundazwe usebenzisa i-collet yangasese. Ukuvota kuqhutshwa ngamaphepha ebhola nangamabhokisi akhethekile.
5. Ukubala: Isikhulu esibuyayo sibala amavoti ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-STV. Amakhansi afinyelela isilinganiso esimisiwe. Uma abavoti abambalwa befika kunezihlalo, ovota abambalwa kakhulu basuswa, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa kwezinye izintando ezilandelayo. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe.
6. [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhipha imiphumela:[ Isikhulu esibuyayo simemezela abawinileyo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Raje Sabba Sabra ngezikhathi ezithile uye wabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Izimpikiswano zihlanganisa ukumangalelwa komthetho omelene nokukhipha iziphakamiso, ifuna ukuba isimiso sophatho sivuleke ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphambuka kweqembu, futhi izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakamileyo zokusebenza kweziyalezo zokuvota. Ngo-2017, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuvota eRajiya Sabhaha akukhishwanga kumthetho omelene nokulwa nomthetho wokuvota; yanquma ukuthi i-MLAMLA evotelayo eqenjini le-Rajiya Sabbaha ingagwetshwa. Nokho, kamuva inkantolo yacacisa ukuthi isiswelo singakhishwa kuphela ngenxa yeqembu labavotisi futhi singadluliswanga ububanzi bokuzithandela. Ngo-2023, iNkakhulu yasekela ukufaneleka kwebhola elivulekile lebhola e-Scyrabha eqedingle ekuvisweni kweqembu labo.

Isiphetho

Ukukhethwa kweRaje Sabba amalungu ngokumelelwa okungalingani kwe-voti eyodwa edluliswayo kuyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi elinganisela ukumelela nokuzinza. Igama elinyaka eyisithupha elishaqisayo liqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nokuvuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Lomklamo uqinisa isimo sikahulumeni ngokunikeza izwi eliqondile endlini ephezulu futhi unikeza ochwepheshe indawo ngokuphambanisa. Ukuqonda inqubo yokhetho iRajya Sabhaha ibalulekile kumfundi wentando yeningi yaseNdiya, njengoba uqokomisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezihlukene phakathi kwezimiso zokhetho, umklamo womthetho-sisekelo, nokusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, bhekisela emabhukwini angokomthetho: i-Constitution of India i-Chonstitution of India (Athles 80-84), i- Commission of India[[[[FLT]]]] ye-tebhu ye-linderings parankya Sabha, ne-[FLT:] kanye nongeno lwe-[FLT] i-Rajya Sabta . Izinqubo ezinikezelwe zikhona naku-[FLT:] ku-'ult,[FLT]