Indlela Amandla Angokomthetho, Aqondisayo, Nawezokwahlulela Angenela Ngayo Embusweni Wansuku Zonke

Ukusebenzelana kwemibuso yemithetho, yokubusa, neyakwahlulela kuyinjini yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Nakuba izincwadi zichaza lamagatsha njengahlukene, asebenza njalo, axoxisana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi axabana. Ukuqonda indlela la magatsha asebenza ngayo ndawonye,(ne) nokuphikisana (ichaza izinqubo zangempela ezibumba imithetho yethu, ukuvikela amalungelo ethu, futhi zigcine uhulumeni enecala. Lesihloko sidlula kude izincazelo eziyisisekelo zokuhlola imidlalo ehambisanayo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, sisebenzisa izibonelo zesikhathi nezomlando ukuze sibonise indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Akuyona Imithetho Ebhalwayo Nje Kuphela

Igatsha lemithetho, ngokuyinhloko i-U.S. Congress, lichazwa njengelungu lomthetho. Kodwa imisebenzi yalo idlulela ngalé kwezindleko zokuphothula. ISishaya-mthetho futhi silawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, ukumiswa komongameli, ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano, nokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokuzwa nokuhlola. Isakhiwo se-biobaral . `i House of Deaders (amalungu angu-435, abelwe umphakathi) kanye neSigele (amalungu ayikhulu, amagatsha amabili) kuhloselwe ukulinganisela inzuzo yezifunda zezindawo ezinabantu abancane.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Umsebenzi Wangempela Wenzeka Khona

Ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wemithetho nengamele weSishaya-mthetho weSishaya-mthetho se-Congress yenzeka emakomitini. Amakomiti amile njenge House Judicary Committee noma i-Scompal Inqueror Committee ihlola umthetho ohlongozwayo, ibambe amacala nofakazi abangochwepheshe, futhi ibhale izikweleti ngaphambi kokuba bafike phansi. Ikomiti yamapulani izama ukuhlela ezicini ezithile, kusukela kwezolimo kuya ekungalinganisweni kwezekeli-izentengiselwano. Lesimiso sivumela ukuba kuqashwe ulwazi olukhethekile kodwa futhi kubangele amathuba okuvuleka kwemigqashulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti ye Homeoser ephethe i-Oversalth and Reformation ihlola njalo izenzo zegatsha, ukudabula, ukukhwasa, noma ukuxhaphaza.

Amandla Okuthenga

Ukulawula kwe-Congress ekusebenziseni imali kahulumeni kungenye yeziphetho zayo ezinkulu egatsheni eliphethe. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane amandla emali efanelekile, okusho ukuthi umongameli akanakukwazi ukusebenzisa izimali ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Lamandla aye asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izenzo zokulawula, njengokuvimbela ukuxhasa ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ethile yezempi noma ukubopha izimo ezihlela izimali zezinhlangano. I-Government Accompability Office (GAO) isiza i-Congress Congress ekuhloleni imali esetshenziswayo, iveza imibiko evame ukuholela ekuguquleni inqubo.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

I-Congregary umqondisi we-Congregational inqubo eqhubekayo. AmaKomiti abiza iziphathi zezinhlangano kanye nezikhulu zezokuphathwa kwe-athom ukuba zifakazele ngaphansi kwesifungo, zifune izincazelo zezinqumo ezinqunyiweyo. Izibonelo eziphezulu zihlanganisa ukuthethwa kwecala leSigele nge-CIA ngezindlela zokuphenywa kwe-CIA kanye nokuphenywa kweCapitol. Lokhu kuthethwa akugcini nje ngokuzisa umthetho kodwa futhi kulolongendlela umphakathi oziphethe. Ingqungquthela ingafaka futhi izincwadi ezingaphansi kwemithetho futhi iphoqelele ofakazi, nakuba izingxabano negatsha eliphetheyo lifaka izikhulu ezibolweni eziphambili ngokuvamile ziphelela enkantolo.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukusuka Kumongameli Kuya Ebuthweni Lombuso

Igatsha eliphethe liqondiswa uMongameli wase-United States, kodwa lihlanganisa ithuluzi elikhulu lokuqondisa: iminyango engu-15 yamakhabethe, amakhulu ezinhlangano (njenge-EPA, FDA, ne-FBI), nezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo kamongameli “wokuqaphela ukuba imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka” unikeza ukunquma okukhulu ekusebenziseni imithetho. Lokhu kuqondiswa ngeziyalezo zezikhulu, izimemezelo, nokumiswa kwezinhlangano.

Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso

Iziqondiso eziphethe zinamandla emithetho yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa kumelwe zibekwe egunyeni elingokomthetho noma eMthethweni. Abameli bazisebenzisa ukumisa umthetho ngaphandle kokulinda iSishaya-mthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa uMongameli Obama’s Defered Action for Childhoomeals (DACA), uMongameli uTrump ukuvinjelwa kwamazwe amaningana amaSulumane, noMongameli Biden iziyalezo zokushintsha isimo sezulu. Izinkantolo zivame ukubukeza iziyalezo zesikhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi awaweqedi ukudlula igunya lomongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuvinjelwa kohambo [[FLT:] v. Hawaii [1][FLTY1] .[FLD:] 20168] kodwa zavava iziciphimbo ze-DCA ezisakaziweyo.

Inqubo Yokubusa

Izinhlangano ze-Federal zinikeza imithetho yokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolose. Lokhu kuhilela inqubo ende yokuhlela, ukuphawula komphakathi, kanye nencwadi yokugcina kuyi-Federal Register. Ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act, izinhlangano kumelwe zithethelele imithetho yazo futhi ziphendule emazwini abalulekile. Lokhu kumisa imithetho kungaba nemiphumela emikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ukunquma izindinganiso zokuphumelela kokudla, noma ukuchaza isivikelo samanzi ahlanzekile. Igatsha lokwahlulela lingashaya imithetho “eyimithetho ewukushaya indiva futhi eguquguqukayo, njengoba kubonakala ku- Virginia v. [[PAFLT:1]] [202], okunciphisa igunya le-EPA lokulawula amagesi ashisayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Neziphakamiso

Umongameli ungumphathi omkhulu wezikhulu zamabutho ahlomile. Nakuba umongameli engaxoxa ngezivumelwano, adinga izigele ezimbili-ntathu ukuze zihlobise. Ukuze bagweme lesi sithiyo, omongameli bavame ukusebenzisa izivumelwano zezikhulu, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSigele. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kwamandla aphethe nemithetho ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Iran Nuclear Deal (20) yayiyisivumelwano esiphethe, hhayi isivumelwano, futhi kamuva yasuswa ngumongameli olandelayo, ebonisa ubuningi bamazwe anjalo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Abagcini Bezindaba, Abavikeli, Nabalindi

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso senkantolo yombuso sihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa amacala (izifunda) kanye neNkantolo ePhakeme. Izinkantolo zinamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela. /igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nomthetho. La mandla, asungulwe ku Marbury v. Madison [1803], enza igatsha lejaji libe igatsha elikwazi ukuhlola kokubili amaKhomisha ne-presi.

Indlela Amacala Afinyelela Ngayo ENkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme izwa amacala acishe abe 70-80 ngonyaka athathwe ezincengweni ezingaphezu kuka-7000. Icala livela ezicelweni zesinqumo senkantolo ephansi noma ezinkantolo eziphezulu zikahulumeni lapho kuhileleke umbuzo. INkantolo inikeza i-certari emacaleni ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho-mfashini noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda. Izinqumo zesinqumo sokwakheka kwesimiso sokukhishwa kwesisu ([FLT:]]] Dobbs v. Jackson of Health Organization [FLT: 3, 20)], 20222] [izenzo zokwamukela ([FLT:]]) iziphakaliso zezenzo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mfunda-mfunda-mthetho.[FLT] [FLD]]

Ukunqunywa Isikhathi Sokuphila Nokulinganisela

Abahluleli abaphethe umongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigele. Basebenza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, okuhloselwe ukubavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kwenza ukuqulwa kwemithetho kuphikiswane ngonya olukhulu, njengoba ukumiswa okukodwa kungaguqula ukulinganisela kwemibono yenkantolo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ukubambezeleka kokuqinisekisa uMongameli u-Obama Mermack Garland ngo-2016, kulandelwa ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kukaMahluleli u-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, kubonisa indlela inqubo yokumisa ebekweyo eye yaba yimpi yezombangazwe ngayo.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela Kuyasebenza

Abakhi baklama amagatsha amathathu ukuba abe “ahlukene kodwa axhumene,” akha amandla lapho igatsha ngalinye lingamelana khona nokungenwa amanye. Nakhu ukuhlola okuyinhloko (nendlela adlala ngayo ngokubusa kwangempela:

  • Igunya phezu kwesikhulu: Isikhongozelo singadlula i-palial withs nevoti yama-3 amabili kuzo zombili izindlu. Ingamvotela futhi isuse umongameli, njengoba kwazanywa kathathu emlandweni wase-U.S. (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump). Umbuso kumele uqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli kanye nezivumelwano ze-ravince.
  • Isenzi phezu komthetho: Umongameli angagunyaza umthetho, abize uMkhandlu ukuba ungene esiqephini esikhethekile, futhi akhiphe iziyalo eziphethe ezichaza indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo. Isekela likamongameli, njengoMongameli weSigele, lingavota amavoti e-state.
  • Inkantolo ingamemezela imithetho engavumelani ne-constitunial (ukubukeza kweze-jaji) futhi iyale igatsha eliphetheyo ukuba limise izenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-[FLT]] intsha eshatown Comment Comment=Attack & Tube Co. v. Sayyer[ [1952], iNkantolo Ephakeme yavala ukuthumba kukamongameli uTruman izigaxa zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea.
  • [[[QT:0] Igunya ngokwahlulela: Isishayamthetho singaveza izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze kudlule izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ishintshe ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme (amandla angavamile ukusetshenziswa kodwa asongelwa), futhi imise ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni.
  • [ Isehlulelo ngokwahlulela: Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni futhi anganikeza ukuthethelelwa nokubuyiselwa kobugebengu bukahulumeni, ngaphandle kwamacala okungagunyazi.

Lokhu kuhlola kwakha isimiso lapho kungekho gatsha lingathatha khona isinyathelo ngaphandle kokwenza ngokulandelana. I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) inikeza isibonelo esicacile: ISishaya-mthetho sayidlulisa, uMongameli u-Obama wayisayina, futhi izinselele eziningi ezingokomthetho zafika eNkantolo Ephakeme. [Ku] iNational Federation of Independent Business v. Igatsha ngalinye ladlala indima ekulungiseni isimiso sokugcina. [020:2], iNkantolo yasekela igunya lomuntu njengentela kodwa iMidicaid elinganiselwe. Kamuva, i-Bhunga liguqula izingxenye ze-AAA, futhi uMongameli u-Trump wakhipha iziyalezo ezithile. Igatsha ngalinye ladlala indima ekulungiseni isimiso sokugcina.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zengxabano Yama - Interbranch Nokubambisana

Umthetho Wokuthutha: Ukushikashikeka Okuthathu

Ukuhlangana kwe-immigration kubonisa i-all-apply of jan. UKhomishane umisa imithetho yokufuduka (umz., ukufuduka nomthetho we-National Act), kodwa lapho ihluleka ukukuvuselela, abaphathi basebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu ukuze bagcwalise amakhefu. UMongameli Obama wadalwa ngemva kwe-DAM Act. Lapho uMongameli Trump ezama ukuqeda i-DACA, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavala umyalo wakhe Imvume ye Homeland Security v. Regens yeNyuvesi yaseCalifornia[FLT] ), elawula ukuphatha kwakungalandelanga inqubo efanele. Khona - Posideli waphinde wandisa i-DACC wafaka inselele ezinkantolo zezenyuko zezenkantolo, igatsha ngalinye, ukubukeza komthetho, i-A.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Imfundiso Ye - Chevron Nendlela Eyayinqamuka Ngayo

Isimiso se- Chebron bence [kusukela ku-[FLT:] ICHEVron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 1984]) ukufundisa izinkantolo ukuba zibambe incazelo enengqondo yemithetho ecacile yemithetho. Lokhu kwanikeza igatsha elikhulu eliphethe imingcele eqondise ukungcola, ukuphepha emsebenzini, nokuhweba ngezimali. Nokho, I-Bright Enetrust Enprise v. [20], iNkanto ephakeme yemithetho elawulayomthetho ye-Cevron, ukudlulisela amandla emuva emalini. Lemithetho yezekwenyuswayo idinga ukukhokhisiswa kwemithetho ekhethekile futhi isebenzise inqubo enkulu phakathi kwezehlulelo, amagatsha, amagatsha aphakeme, amagatsha, amagatsha, amagatsha okwahlulela aphakeme, amagatsha, amagatsha, ama-od.

Amandla Empi Nokusetshenziswa Kwamabutho Empi

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane amandla okumemezela impi, kodwa umongameli, njengomphathi-nhloko, uye wathumela amabutho kaningi ngaphandle kokukhipha isimemezelo esingokomthetho. ISigqi soMkhosi wamandla ka-1973 ufuna umongameli ukuba azise iSishaya-mthetho phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile nemingcele ezinsukwini ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwesivumelwano. Abameli bawo womabili amaqembu baye baphikisana nesinqumo esisegunyeni lawo elingokomthetho, eliholela ezindaweni ezimpungalayeni ezingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungenela kwe-Libya kwakungagunyaziswanga yi-Congresskorounds, ukulwa kwemithetho ebekwe ezindaweni ezimile. Ukuxhumana okuhlala lapha kuhlala kungenakulungiswa, negatsha ngalinye liqinisekisa igunya lalo.

Indima Yabantu: Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano Nokulandisa

Ngaphandle kwamagatsha amathathu angokomthetho, izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokubusa. Izinhlelo zinquma ukuthi ubani ogcwalisa amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. U Votercrout, iminikelo yomkhankaso, nokulawula izakhiwo ezimisiwe. Igatsha lokwahlulela, nakuba livikelekile okhethweni oluqondile, lithonywa yinqubo yokumisa (*) futhi ngenxa yalokho abavoti abakhetha umongameli nabaphathi be-senetor.

Isivumelwano somthetho sihlanganisa nokuxhumana nabameleli, ukuthatha iqhaza enkantolo yomphakathi enqunywe ukuba kubekelwe inselele izenzo zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zomphakathi zivame ukuletha amacala achaza imingcele kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) iye yabekela inselele ngempumelelo iziyalezo eziphethe zokuqapha nokuvinjelwa.

Izinhlangano zezemfundo zingaphoqelela ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlanganisa u-interrancoch. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu waholela ekwakheni umthetho ophawulayo (umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964) nezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ( Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[). Muva nje, inhlangano ye-# MeToo yashukumisela uKhomishane ukuba ulwele ngokudlulele kwemithetho yokuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini kanye nemithetho yejaji ukuba ikhulume ngokungafanele ngabahluleli. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kukahulumeni akugcini emagatsheni amathathu; iyisimiso esinamandla esihlanganisa abantu baseMelika.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esiphilayo Sokucindezeleka Nokulinganisela

Ukusebenzelana kwemibuso yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyahlulelo akuyona indlela ecatshangelwayo ecatshangelwayo, eyisimiso esiphilayo, esiphefumulayo esihlela ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukufuduka, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi amandla angazigxilisa ngokwemvelo uma enganqandwa, ngakho baklama uhulumeni wezinhlangano ezihlukene ezihlangene ngemibuso. Lamandla okuklama acela ukuphikiswa, futhi ekugcineni avikela inkululeko ngokwenza kube nzima nganoma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lilawule.

Ukuqonda lokhu kusebenzelana kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo. Uma ubona umongameli esayina uhlelo lwesikhulu, ebuka impikiswano yomlomo weNkantolo ePhakeme, noma efunda ngokuqulwa kwecala le-conomilia, ufaka ukufakaza ukwahlukana kwamandla asebenzayo. Ukufunda okwengeziwe, ukuhlola imithombo enjenge .Gov ngenxa yolwazi lomthetho, Indlu Emhlophe.gov yezenzo zegatsha, nenkambiso yeNkantolo yeNkantolo yesikhulu [[FLT:] [FLT:]] [FLT] [FLD] [FLD]] [5] ngenxa yemibono nezimpikiswano. Lezi zikhonza abantu kuphela uma abantu bekhonjiwe.[FLT]