Ukuhlenga Okuhlala Njalo Kwamaphepha Omphakathi Okuqonda

I-United States Constitution, eyagunyazwa ngo-1788, yakha uhlobo olusha lukahulumeni olwakhiwe ngesimiso samagunya ahlukene. Nokho umbhalo wodwa awuchazi ngokugcwele ukuthi lamandla ahloselwe ukusebenza kanjani. Kudala, izakhamuzi ziphendukele eqoqweni lezincwadi ezingu-85 ezaziwayo ngokuthi amaPapers . Ibhalwe ngu-Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay ngaphansi kwe-pediam "Publius," le zincwadi zaqala ukukhishwa eNew York kumaphephandaba phakathi ko-October 1787 noAugust 17888. Injongo yazo yayiwukukhombisa izakhamuzi zaseNew York ukukhomba i- - ngokomthetho ehlongosini ehlosiwe. Nokho, ifa yabo ehlala njalo, ihlelwe phansi kwesimiso sezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi, i-Foctive.[3] kunye negatsha elilodwa lomthetho olwe-A.[3]

Ukuqonda i-Federalist Papers akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo, kuwusizo ekufundeni komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda isizathu sokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso `````i-veto''' umthetho,' kungani iSigele siqinisekisa abahluleli, nokuthi kungani iNkantolo Ephakeme ingamisa imithetho engavumelani nemithetho'emishaniso', ingahlola kangcono izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zamanje. Amapesterist aguqula ulimi olusekelwe emthethweni lwemithetho efaka ezimpikiswaneni zabantu, amandla, nenkululeko. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela i-Federalist Paper ekhanyisela ngayo ama-echecks nama-arences, okwenza ukuba abafundi banamuhla bakwazi ukufinyelela izimpikiswano zezombangazwe.

Isimiso Sesisekelo

Amasesha nezilinganiso zibhekisela ezivikelweni zomthetho-sisekelo ezivumela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni ukuba lilinganise amagunya amanye amagatsha. Lesimiso sihlukile ekuhlukaneni kwemibuso, enika igatsha ngalinye imisebenzi ehlukene. Amasheke namashandishi ahlanganisa ungqimba oluhambisanayo: igatsha lemithetho yemithetho, kodwa isikhulu singenza imithetho elawulayo ibe yi-veto; i-athopholic i-systeminaliary ingayimemezela ukuthi ayihambisani nemithetho elawulayo; i-jadicadiary ichaza imithetho ehlukeneyo, kodwa i-paccompary ingaveza umthetho-mfakela noma abahluleli abahluleli. Lamandla ahlukeneyo angenza ukuba kube nzima nganoma yiliphi igatsha ukubusa.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bathonywe kakhulu yifilosofi yezombangazwe yaseMontesquieu, eyaphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko idinga ukuhlukanisa izivumelwano zemithetho, izikhulu, nemibuso yokwahlulela. Nokho, babenawo futhi ulwazi oluqinisekile ngokufuna ukuvelela komuntu. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala ku u-Fedalist No. 51, "Inkululeko kumelwe yenzelwe ukulwa nokufuna ukuvelela." Ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwakhiwe ngombono wokuthi igatsha ngalinye liyofuna ukunweba ithonya lalo ngokwalo, ngakho igatsha ngalinye elinezindlela zokumelana nokungenela ezinye. Lokhu kuphikisana okungokomthetho, kude kakhulu, injini evikela inkululeko. Ukuhlola okujulileyo namuhla, inqubo yezimiso zalesimiso [FOctal:] [FOctal Actals]

Indima Yezincwadi Ezichaza Uhulumeni Ekuchazeni Lesimiso

Amaphesenti e-Federalist amane nje achaze izinhlolo kanye nokulinganisela; ayawathethelela. Abalobi abaningi babazi ukuthi amaMelika ayesaba uhulumeni onamandla oyinhloko ozolingisa ubushiqela beNkosi uGeorge III. Ukuze anqobe lokhu kugxeka, uPublius waphikisa ngokuthi inyunyana eyayakhiwe kahle ingavikela inkululeko kangcono kunokuhlanganiswa kwemibuso ebuthakathaka. Indaba ichaza ngokuhlelekile ukuthi amandla egatsha ngalinye ahlolwa kanjani abanye, adala isimiso sokuzilawula ngokwaso.

Ngokwesibonelo, u-Federalist No. 51, u-Madison uveza umqondo oyinhloko: "Ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile nokuhlukile kwamandla kahulumeni... kuvunywa njengokubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwenkululeko. Khona - ke uchaza ukuthi ukuze kugcinwe lokhu kwahlukana, umnyango ngamunye kumelwe ube "nentando yawo" futhi amalungu awo anikwe indlela yokumelana nokuhlasela kwamanye amagatsha. Lena isisekelo sokuhlakanipha namabhande. Ngaphandle kwamaphesenti aphezulu, okuningi kwalokhu kucabanga kungashiywa ukuba kusetshenziswe kubafundi olimi oluvamile. Indaba iguqula ibhulosha elingokomthetho libe yimpikiswano engokobuntu nangokwezombangazwe.

Izinganekwane Zomsizi Oyinhloko Nezifundo Zabo Ezinxibile Nasezilinganisweni

Izintatheli ezikhonjiwe kakhulu ezikhuluma ngemishini ye-sec nolition ngu- Federal List Nos. 47, 48, 51, 70, no- 78. Ngasinye sikhuluma isici esihlukile sokuhlukana kwemibuso futhi sibonisa indlela amagatsha ahlolana ngayo. Ukuhlola lezindaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibheke uMthetho-sisekelo hhayi njengepulani ehleliwe kodwa njengendlela yokuphila ehloselwe ukujwayela ukushintsha kwezimo kuyilapho zilondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Uhlelo Lwezokuxhumana No. 51: Ukuzivikela Kwezinhlokwana Nokulinganisela

Ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iMapas abaluleke kakhulu eFederalist, Cha. 51 ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngesidingo sokuhlola nokulinganisela. UMadison uphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi abantu abazona izingelosi, uhulumeni kumelwe akwazi ukulawula ababuswayo. Kodwa okubaluleke ngokufanayo, uhulumeni kumelwe aphoqelelwe ukuba azilawule. Uyabhala, "Ukuncika kubantu, akungabazeki ukuthi, ukulawulwa okuyinhloko kukahulumeni; kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwafundisa isintu isidingo sezinyathelo zokuvikela ezisizayo." lezozixwayiso zesiza zihlola futhi zilinganisela.

Madison uchaza ukuthi igatsha ngalinye kufanele libe nethonya elincane ngangokunokwenzeka ekumisweni kwamalungu amanye amagatsha, kodwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo unika igatsha ngalinye izindlela zokuzivikela. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla kamongameli avumela umphathi ukuba ahlole isishayamthetho, kodwa i-veto ingaba nethonya elincane kakhulu, inikeza isishaya-mthetho i-schezuke ngokuphelele. Ngokufanayo, isimiso se-judicary's siklay amandla okubukeza imithetho yomthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo (kamuva iqinisekisiwe ku [[FLT:]]] Marbury v. Madefas[FL:[FL:1]]]) sisebenza njengenhlolo kuzo zombili izishaya-ntathu, ukuhlola okuhlehlela. Indaba yenza kucace ukuthi lesimiso asiklanyelwe ukuphumelela kodwa ukugcinwa kwenkululeko. [FUK][5] [FUR.][3]

Umbambeli No. 70: Isidingo Somuntu Onegunya Linye Ukuze Kuqinisekiswe Ukulandisa

KuFederalist No. 70, uAlexander Hamilton uvikela umongameli wenhlangano yezikhulu zesonto kunoma umkhandlu noma ikomiti. Impikiswano yakhe ihlobene ngokuqondile nokuhlola nokulinganisela: umphathi oyedwa unecala elikhulu ngoba umphakathi ungawunika kalula umthwalo wemfanelo ngezenzo. Isikhulu esisebuningini, Hamilton sithi, singawulahla futhi siwenze ube nzima kakhulu umongameli wendlu yomthetho noma abantu ukuba bahlole amandla ombuso. Uyabhala, "Umlando wokuziphatha komuntu akuqiniseki ukuthi lowo mbono ophakeme wobuhle babantu ongenza kube ukuhlakanipha ukuba usenzele isizwe ukuba sifeze izithakazelo zobungqabade kangaka nohlobo olubalulekile... ukuze silahle isikhulu sodwa.""

Lendatshana ifundisa izakhamuzi ukuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuxhomeke emigqeni ecacile yegunya. I-veto iwukuhlolwa okunamandla kweSishaya-mthetho, kodwa kuphela uma umongameli enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuyisebenzisa. Uma kuhlanganyelwa amandla aphethe phakathi kwabantu abaningana, akukho muntu ongase abekwe icala, futhi igatsha lemithetho lingalawula kalula kakhulu isikhulu. Izimpikiswano zikamongameli zisebenza kakhulu namuhla uma kuphakama izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene neziyalezo zezikhulu, imibuso yempi, kanye nobukhulu begunya lomongameli. Ukuqonda i-Frefederalist No. 70 kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi umongameli wamanje unamandla amakhulu kakhulu noma unecala elincane kakhulu.

Umhleli Wezindaba No. 78: Igatsha Elincane Kunawo Wonke

U-Alexander Hamilton's Federal List No. 78 uwumbhalo oyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuzimela kokwahlulela namandla okuhlola. Hamilton uphikisa ngokuthi ijaji lizoba igatsha eliyingozi kakhulu ngoba alinalo "ithonya phezu kwenkemba noma isikhwama semali." Alilawuli ibutho lezempi noma umcebo. Nokho, ukusebenza njengesehlo esifanele emagatsheni omthetho nasemagatsheni aphethe, ijaji kumelwe lizimele, abahluleli abaphethe isikhundla phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle (ngokufanelekile ukuphila).

Hamilton uphikisa ngokucacile ukuthi izinkantolo zinamandla okumemezela izenzo zomthetho ezingenalutho uma ziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuwumsuka wokuhlola kokwahlulela njengalokho okuhlola kwamanye amagatsha. Ubhala, "Incazelo yemithetho iyisifunda sezomthetho esifanelekile nesingavamile sezinkantolo. Umthetho-sisekelo uwukuthi, eqinisweni, futhi kumelwe ubhekwe ngabahluleli, njengomthetho oyisisekelo. Ngakho, abahluleli kumelwe basekele uMthetho-sisekelo kunoma imuphi umthetho ophikisanayo. Lencwadi inikeza izakhamuzi isisekelo sesizathu sokuthi kungani izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho, umqondo owawuphikisana ngesikhathi futhi uhlale ukhona. Umthetho uchaza futhi ukuthi ukuphila kuvimbela abahluleli abangaphansi kokucindezelwa kwezombangazwe, ubavumela ukuba basebenze njengabaphikisi abangakhethi bemiyalo yemithetho. Ukubukeza indlela izinkantolo zanamuhla [FT] [Freme]

Izincwadi Ezinezinye Ezivela KuFederal Federal Nos. 47 no - 48

Federal List No. 47, ebhalwe nguJames Madison, iveza ukungavumelani kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngoba amagatsha awahlukene ngokuphelele. Amadison aphendula ngokucaphuna i-Montesquieu, eyayisho ukuthi elinye igatsha akufanele lisebenzise wonke amandla elinye igatsha. Ingxenye ehlela isigaba seSigele sokugunyaza isivumelwano noma indima kamongameli ekutholeni amandla e-veto/idingekile ngempela ukuze igatsha ngalinye lizivikele. I-Foderastrist No. 48 iyanweba kulokhu ngokuxwayisa "ngomoya owesishaya umthetho", ngoba iseduze kakhulu kwabantu, ithambekele ekutholeni amandla. UMadimonia uveza ukuthi umthetho obhalwe ngokuhlola okusemthethweni ubalulekile ukuze kuvinje ukubusa. Le ngxoxo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi ukulinganisela futhi aziqondise isivikelo esingokwemvelo kodwa aziqondiswe ekuhlolweni.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingasebenzisa Ngayo Amaphepha Okuhlola Uhulumeni Wanamuhla

AmaFederalist Paper awayona nje imisebenzi engokomlando; anikeza uhlelo lokuhlola izingxabano zezombangazwe zamanje. Uma umongameli enikeza umyalo ophethe obonakala udlula iKhongolo, isakhamuzi esijwayelene nomphathi uNo. 70 siyakuqonda ukushukuma kwamandla phakathi kwesikhulu nesidingo sokuhlola imithetho. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya umthetho kahulumeni, u-Federali No. 78 uchaza ukulunga kwefilosofi. Lapho i-Congress ihlola igatsha lesikhulu, i-Federalist No. 51 isikhumbuza ukuthi igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okuvikela imvume yalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Federal List Paper asiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uma amapheshana nezilinganiso zisebenza kahle uma zisebuthakathaka. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izihambeli zomthetho zeSishayamthetho zinamandla amakhulu kakhulu ezinhlanganweni eziphethe, ukulinganisela kuyashintsha. Uma umongameli enqaba ukumisa imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress, ukuhlola kwemithetho kuyancitshiswa. Uma ijaji lezehluleli lithatha indiva kakhulu ezindabeni zokuvikela kwesizwe, ukuhlola kokwahlulela kuyaphela. Ukuqonda umklamo wokuqala kwenza izakhamuzi zibone ukuphambuka nokufuna ukulandisa.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuhlanganyela Namaphepha Abasizi Bezwe

  • Funda u-Federal No no-10 no-51 kuqala. Lezizinqhingana ezimbili zinikeza isiqalo esingcono kakhulu sokuqondana kwamaqembu kanye nezivikelo zokwakha amasheke nezilinganiso. No. 10 ichaza indlela i republic enkulu engalawula ngayo imiphumela ye-costation, kuyilapho No. 51 ichaza iziphetho zangaphakathi emandleni kahulumeni.
  • Indaba ngayinye enesehlakalo samanje. Ngemva kokufunda u-Federal No. 70, bheka impikiswano yamuva nje ngeziqondiso zezikhulu. Ngemva kuka-70, hlola icala leNkantolo Ephakeme elamemezela umthetho kahulumeni ongekho emthethweni. Le nkinga ibhulomela igebe phakathi kwemfundiso nomkhuba.
  • Sebenzisa amazwana kulayini. Imithombo enjenge-Avalon Project eYale Law School ne-National Constitution Center ephendulayo ye-National Constitution inikeza izincazelo zolayini-hlangothi ezenza ulimi lwekhulu le-18 lutholakale kangcono.
  • Izihloko ezihambisana nezinye. AmaPhepha aFederali abhalwa kuqala ukuze anxenxe umphakathi ongakholwa. Ukuhlanganyela ekuxoxeni ngezincazelo zazo ezifana nenqubo elula futhi ijulise ukuqonda.

Ukungaqondi Okuvamile Ngamasheke Nokulinganisela Okulungiswa Amaphephandaba Angomphakathi

Izakhamuzi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi i-compativement isho ukuthi amagatsha amathathu alingana kuzo zonke izici. I-Federalist Papers icacisa ukuthi amagatsha awalingani emandleni noma emsebenzini; kunalokho, ngalinye linohlobo oluhlukile lwamandla aklanyelwe ukuhlola ezinye. Indlu yomthetho inamandla kakhulu ngokuklanywa, ngoba imelela abantu ngokuqondile. Isikhulu sinikezwa amandla nobunye ukuze senze ngokuvumelana. Ijaji linamandla abuthakathaka kakhulu kodwa libamba amandla abalulekile okuchaza. Ukuqonda la mandla awe-ammethis avimbela izakhamuzi ukuba zilindele ukulingana okuphelele futhi zisize ukuba zibone ukuthi kungani, ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ephakeme ingenakuyiqala imithetho noma isebenzise imithetho yayo siqu.

Okunye ukungaqondi kuwukuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwenza uhulumeni ungasebenzi kahle. I-Federalist Papers ivuma ukuthi lokhu kuhweba akuphumi. Ku-Efterist No. 70, Hamilton uphawula ukuthi "ukungavumelani nomphathi kungubuntu obuphambili encazelweni kahulumeni olungile," futhi ku-No. 51, uMadison uyavuma ukuthi isimiso singabangela "iziphazamiso ezithile" kodwa siphikisa ngokuthi ingozi yobushiqela imbi kakhulu. Izakhamuzi ezifaka le bhizinisi ngaphandle akuvamile ukukhungathekiswa yizi futhi cishe ziqonde isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esinciphisa izinguquko ezinkulu.

Ukubaluleka Kokufundisa Amaphephandaba Emfundo Yesibalo

Enkathini yokungahlangani kwezombangazwe nokuncipha kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni, amaFederalist Paper anikeza isisekelo esingathathi hlangothi sokuqonda indlela uhulumeni waseMelika okufanele usebenze ngayo. Abawona amalungu eqembu lezombangazwe. kokubili amasu nenkululeko anganxusa uPublius ukuba aphikise ngencazelo ehlukile yemibuso engokomthetho. Ukufundisa lezizindatshana ezisezikoleni nasezindaweni zomphakathi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zidlulele ngalé kwezihloko ezithiyo futhi zihileleke ekucabangeni okuthonya isizwe.

For example, debates about the president's use of executive orders often cite the same Federalist Paper to support opposing views. Some point to No. 70 to argue that a strong executive is necessary; others point to No. 51 to argue that the legislature must push back. Understanding the full context of these essays equips citizens to weigh these arguments critically rather than simply accepting partisan talking points. The Library of Congress has a helpful guide to the Federalist Papers that educators and self-learners can use as a starting point.

Ukuhlanganisa Amaphepha Abasizi Bawo Nezincwadi Zanamuhla

Izifunda eziningi zifuna ukuba abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme baphumelele ukuhlolwa okuhlanganisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ama-Federalist Paper awumthombo oyinhloko ongajulisa izimpendulo zabafundi ngaphandle kwezincazelo nje. Kunokuba bamane basho ukuthi umongameli angathatha izikweleti, abafundi bangachaza ukuthi kungani iveto ikhona, ikhomba impikiswano kaMadison kuNo. 51 ukuthi igatsha ngalinye kumelwe libe nezindlela zokuzivikela. Loluhlobo lokuqonda olujulile lubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yentando yeningi kunezenziwa ngekhanda. Izakhamuzi ezindala zingazuza ekuphindeni lezi zincwadi ukuze zivuselele ekuqondeni kwazo izimiso zomthetho.

Isiphetho: Iphepha lohlelo lokulawula njengesiqondiso sesakhamuzi sokubusa

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela singenye yezici ezihluke kakhulu zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa incazelo yaso egcwele ayibonakali. Amape asebenza njengombhalo obalulekile ohambisana nawo, owembula ukucabanga kwabasebenzi, ophendula ukuphikiswa, nobonisa indlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo ukuze alondoloze inkululeko. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda uhulumeni wazo, ukufunda amaFederalist Paper akuwona umsebenzi wokunethezeka ozikhethela.

Ngokufunda izinqumo ezifana no Federal List No. 51, No. 70, no- 78, izakhamuzi zithola amathuluzi okuhlola ukuthi uhulumeni wanamuhla usebenza yini phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Zifunda ukubona izinhlomo nezilinganiselo hhayi njengezithiyo zokuthuthuka kodwa njengezivikelo zokuvikela ebushiqela. Ngesikhathi lapho imithetho yentando yeningi ivivinywa, ukuhlakanipha kukaPublius kuhlala kusebenza kunanini ngaphambili. AmaFederali awayimiseli imithetho ethile, kodwa anikeza uhlelo oluhlala njalo lokucabanga ngegunya, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, inkululeko. Isakhamuzi sonke esithatha isikhathi sokuqonda lokho kuba yilungu elinolwazi lokuhlola idemocricial eqhubekayo.