Table of Contents
Lapho iFederal Reserve ikhuphula inzalo ngesilinganiso sengxenye yekota yesilinganiso, izigidi zamaMelika zibona ukukhokha kwazo kwamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti kwanda phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa. Uma zincipha, abathengi bamakhaya ngokushesha bathola ukuthi bangathenga izindlu ezazingafinyeleleki ngaphambili. Lapho inquma ukufaka izigidigidi zezigidi ezomnotho phakathi nenhlekelele, imiphumela isuka kuzo zonke izimakethe zomsebenzi kuya entengweni yesitolo. Nakuba Imiphumela enkulu yezezentengiselwano yemali yezakhamuzi zansuku zonke , amaMelika amaningi anokuqonda okunga kahle kwezentengiselwayo phakathi kwezentengiselwano phakathi nezindleko zawo zansuku zonke noma ukuthi zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwawo kwansuku zonke.
I-FLT `FEDAL Reserve System' [ .Ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "iFad""" qhaza njengebhange eliphakathi leMelika, isebenzisa amathuluzi angashukumisa noma anciphise wonke umnotho. Izinqumo zayo zithonya ukuthi ingabe uthola lokho, ukuthi imali yakho egciniwe izuza isithakazelo esinenjongo, ukuthi amabhizinisi aqasha noma abeka izisebenzi, nokuthi i - dolla ephaketheni lakho ilondoloza amandla akho okuthenga. Ukuqonda ukuthi imisebenzi yeFid ayiwona umsebenzi wemfundo nje kuphela okwazi ukuwenza ngenzuzo okungakusiza wenze izinqumo ezingcono ngokwezimali, ulindele izinguquko zezomnotho, futhi uqonde amandla aguqula isimo sakho sezomnotho.
Lokhu kuhlukana phakathi kokubaluleka kwe-Fed nokuqonda komphakathi kudala izinkinga kokubili zentando yeningi nezezimali zomuntu siqu. Izakhamuzi zizama ukuhlola izimiso zezomnotho noma zibeke abaholi icala uma bengaqondi izisekelo zesimiso semali. Abantu ngabanye benza ukukhetha okuyisisekelo kwezezimali uma bengaqondi ukuthi izinqumo zeFace zithinta kanjani izikweletu zezikweletu, ukutshala izimali, nokulondolozwa kwemali. Ngokususa iFederal Reserve nomphumela wazo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, singaba izakhamuzi ezifundile kakhulu nabenzi besinqumo sezezimali abahlakaniphile.
Iyini Isimiso Sezilwane Ezigciniwe?
Ukwakhiwa Nenkululeko
Isimiso se-Federal Reserve [ imelela i-project eyingqayizivele yezakhi zomphakathi nezesifuba, eklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukulandisa kwentando yeningi nokuzimela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Yadalwa yiKhomishane yomthetho we-Federal Reserve ka-1913 ilandela uhide lwezehlakalo ezingokwezimali, i-Fed isebenza njengebhange eliyinhloko lesizwe kuyilapho ilondoloza ukuzibusa okungajwayelekile kokubili uhulumeni nenhlangano ezimele.
Isimiso sinezici ezintathu eziyisihluthulelo ezisebenza ekhonsathini. IBoard yoMbusi eWashington, D.C., ihlanganisa amalungu ayisikhombisa abekwe nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe iSigele seminyaka engu-14. Lamagama amade, adlula amanxusa amaningi amongameli, asiza ekuvimbeleni isimiso semali ekucindezeleni okufushane kwezombangazwe. Isihlalo noVice Chaice, asebenza izinombolo ezine, abe ubuso bomphakathi nolimi oluyinhloko.
Izifunda eziyishumi nambili I-Federal Reserve Banks isebenza ezweni lonke, ngalinye likhonza izifunda ezithile. Lamabhange .amadolobha-angena emadolobheni ukusuka eBoston ukuya eSan Francisco . .Izimiso zesifunda nokuhlangana nezomnotho zendawo. Zihlelwa njengezinhlangano ezizimele nezingamalungu ebhange njengababambi, kodwa zisebenzela izinjongo zomphakathi kunokuba zizuze inzuzo. Lesakhiwo siqinisekisa i-Fed iqonda izimo zezomnotho ngalé kweWashington noWall Street.
I-FLT i-Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) yenza izinqumo ze-Fed's ezilandelanayo kakhulu ngokuphathelene nenqubo yemali. Le komiti ihlanganisa bonke abaphathi bebhodi abayisikhombisa, umongameli weNew York Fed, nabanye abane bamongameli besifunda abasebenza izinqumo ezishintshashintshashintshayo. Bahlangana izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili ngonyaka ukuze bahlole izimo zezomnotho futhi bahlele isimiso semali, kanye nezinqumo zabo ezithinta inzalo, umsebenzi, nokunyuka komnotho kwezomnotho.
Isiqalo somsinga wempuphu
UKhongolose unike iFederal Reserve imithwalo emithathu eyinhloko eqondisa zonke izenzo zayo. Okokuqala, umsebenzi omningi kakhulu [ usho i-Fleed" isho ukuthi i-Fold kufanele ikhuthaze izimo lapho wonke umuntu ofuna ukusebenza engathola khona umsebenzi. Lokhu akusho ukuthi akusho ukuthi akusebenzi futhi kungabi namisebenzi (izinga elivamile) lokungatholi "ukungasebenzi" njengoba abantu beshintsha imisebenzi", kodwa kunalokho bagwema ukungawutholi umsebenzi ngenxa yezimo zezomnotho ezibuthakathaka.
Okwesibili, ukuqina kwemali kudinga i Fed ukuze igcine ukwehla kwamandla emali kuphansi nokungaguquguquki. I-Fed iye yakuchaza lokhu njengokuhlasela ukwehla kwamandla emali okungu 2% ngonyaka, ukukholelwa ukuthi lelizinga livumela ukukhula okunempilo kwezomnotho kuyilapho ligwema izinkinga zokwehla kwamandla emali nokuncipha. Lokhu kunikeza isikhawu ngokunciphisayo kokuncibilika kwenanisela phansi komnotho kuyilapho kugcina ukwehla kwamandla entengayo kuphansi ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba abantu bangakhathazeki njalo ngentengo enyukayo.
Okwesithathu, amazinga enzalo ende elinganayo [ yosizo oluqinisekisa ukuthi amabhizinisi angatshala imali futhi imikhaya ingaboleka izindleko ezifanele emakhaya. Lokhu kubhalisa amanye .ukuthola umsebenzi omningi kanye nokuzinza kwenani lemali kuholela ekutholeni inzalo elinganiselwe ngokwemvelo. Uma intengo iqinile futhi ikhula, inzalo ithola izinga elilinganiselwe elingenakudlula noma elicindezela umsebenzi wezomnotho.
Lemiyalo ivame ukuphikisana, iphoqelela iFed ukwenza izintengo ezinzima. Ukunciphisa ukuswelakala komsebenzi kungadinga izinqubo ezifaka engozini ukwehla kwamandla emali . Ukulwa nokwehla kwamandla emali kungabangela izenzo ezikhulisa ukungasebenzi. I-Fed kumelwe ihlale ilinganisela lemigomo encintisanayo, yenza izahlulelo ezibangela usongo olukhulu empumeleni ezomnotho nganoma yimuphi umzuzu.
Indlela Izindiza Ezisebenza Ngayo Ngokuzimela
Ukuzimela kwe-Federal Reserve ekulawuleni okuqondile kwezombangazwe kubhekwa njengokubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukuhleleka kwemali. Abezombangazwe ababhekene nokukhethwa bangase balingeke ukuba bathuthukise umnotho okwesikhashana ngenkambiso yezemali engalawuleki, ngisho noma kubangela izinkinga zamandla emali esikhathini eside. Isimiso sikaFed sizama ukuvikela izinqumo zemali kulezo zingcindezi zezombangazwe ezimfushane.
Lenkululeko ayiyona ngokuphelele--(Chorrest) eyakha i-Fed futhi ingashintsha isimo sayo noma igunya. UMongameli angathonya amalungu ebhodi futhi angathonya isimiso ngokumisa. UKhongolo lunezahlulelo ezivamile lapho izikhulu ezidume kumelwe zichaze futhi zivikele khona izinqumo zazo. Lokhu kudala ukulandisa kuyilapho kulondoloza inkululeko yokusebenza.
Imali ekhokhelwayo ngokwayo ngokuyinhloko ngenzalo etholakala ngezahlulelo zikahulumeni eziyiphethe, iyenza izimele ngokwezimali kumthetho we-Congregational Relations. Lokhu kuthanda kwayo kuvimbela abadlali bezombangazwe ukuba basebenzise usongo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ukuze bathonye isimiso semali. Nokho, i-Fed ibuyisela inzuzo yayo kuBeki yemali ngemva kokuhlanganisa izindleko zokusebenza, igcina izinjongo zayo zomphakathi.
Inkululeko ehleli iphikisana. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izikhulu ezingahleliwe akumelwe zisebenzise amandla amakhulu kangaka ezomnotho entando yeningi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso semali sibaluleke kakhulu ukuba sithonywe yimijikelezo yezombangazwe nokuthi ubuchwepheshe beFed's buveza imiphumela engcono kunokuzenzela izinqumo zezombangazwe. Lokhu kushukuma kwezentando yeningi nokuzimela kwezesayensi kuyaqhubeka kubumba izimpikiswano ngendima efanele ye-Fed.
Amathuluzi Okusetshenziswa Kwe - Monetary
Ukuphathwa Kwezinga Lenzalo
Ithuluzi leFederal Reserve elibonakala kakhulu futhi elisetshenziswa kaningi ukubeka izinga lemali eliphansi []. Inzalo yamabhange ikhokhana ngemali ebolekiswayo ebusuku. Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale kungaqondakali, lelizinga elilodwa lithinta inzalo kuyo yonke izomnotho. Uma i-Fed inyusa noma ihlisa lesilinganiso semali ekhokhwazayo, ibangela umphumela omkhulu othinta yonke into kusukela emakhadini okuthenga ngemali kuya emabhukwini enkampani.
I-Fed ayililawuli ngokuqondile imali kahulumeni kodwa iyalithonya ngemisebenzi yezentengiselwano. Ngokuthenga noma ukuthengisa iziqinisekiso zikahulumeni, i-Fed yenezela noma isusa imali ewinwayo ebhange, isunduzela isibalo esibhekene nayo. Uma iFad ifuna ukwehlisa amazinga, ithenga izikweleti, ifaka imali ebhange futhi yenza imali ibe eningi kakhulu. Ukunyusa izimali, kuthengisa izikweleti, ukususa imali nokwenza ipesenti.
Izinguquko ezimalini zikahulumeni ezidluliswa ngokushesha phakathi kwesimiso sezimali. Ababheki balungisa amazinga abo aqalayo[]. Amazinga anikezwa abathengi abangcono kakhulu cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuhamba. Amazinga emali yemali, aboshelwe esilinganisweni sokuqala, ashintsha phakathi kwemijikelezo eyodwa noma emibili. Amazinga emali, athonywe yizilinganiso ezinde, angahamba ngokulangazelela izenzo ezingcono kakhulu kulindele izinguquko zezinga elingokoqobo.
Imishini yokudlulisa isebenza ngezindlela eziningi. Amazinga aphansi okunciphisa izindleko zokuboleka imali, akhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuba afake imali nabathengi ukuba basebenzise. Aphinde agcine imali ekhangayo, ashukumisele abantu ukuba basebenzise imali noma basebenzise imali eshibhile. Uma kubekwa imali ngokuvamile iyanda njengoba abanikazi befuna inzuzo ephakeme, okudala imiphumela ekhuthaza imali. Lemiphumela ehlangene ingathuthukisa ukukhula kwezomnotho nomsebenzi.
Kulula Ukulinganisela
Uma isilinganiso senzalo esivamile sibonakala singanele, ngokuphindwe kaninzi uma amazinga esondela ku-zero .izisebenzi ze-FLT ezifaka i-antitive (QE). Lokhu kuhilela ukuthenga izibopho zikahulumeni nezikweleti zemali ezivalelwe isikweleti ukuze zifake imali ngokuqondile esimisweni sezezimali. Ngokungafani nemisebenzi evamile yemakethe yokudayisa efuna izilinganiso ezimfushane, inhloso yokunciphisa amazinga amade ama-QE futhi yandisa ukuthengwa kwemali uma amathuluzi avamile ephelile.
Phakathi nenkinga yezomnotho ka-2008, izinhlelo ze-Fed QE zasungulwa ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili, zandisa iphepha lazo lokulinganisela kusukela kumaRandi ayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-4,5 kuya kwezingaphezu kweziyizigidi zezigidi zezigidi ezingu-R3. Ubhadane lwe-COVID-19 lwabangela ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphawulekayo nakakhulu, ipesenti elilinganayo likhuphukela cishe ku - R2,50 000 000 000 000 000.
I-QE isebenza ngezinqubo eziningana. Ngokuthenga izibopho, i-Fed inyusa amanani ayo futhi inciphise isivuno sayo, inciphise izindleko zokuboleka ezomnotho. Abathengisi balezi zibopho bathola imali okumelwe bayifake kwenye indawo, ngokunokwenzeka emalini eyingozi njengemasheya noma izibopho zenkampani, inciphisa izindleko namanani asekelayo ezimakethe yemali. Le "Portolio" isakaza ukusekela kwezezimali.
Iphepha elikhulu lokulinganisela le Fed lidala izinselele ezintsha. Ukugwema i QE `Impahla encishisiwe'''."=izinto ezingekho noma ukuzivumela ukuba zikhule ngaphandle kokubuyisela ---------(-asexmall) ziphazamisa izimakethe ezijwayele ukusekela uFace. I-Fed kumelwe ikwazi ukulawula lenqubo, ibizwa ngokuthi "ukuqinisa i-antitivetine," ukugwema ukuntengantenga ngokukhulu. Imiphumela emide yokugcina yokulondoloza amashidili ihlala ingaqinisekile, yenezela ukuyinkimbinkimbi ezinqumleni zesikhathi esizayo.
Izimfuneko Zokulondoloza Imvelo Namathuluzi Aphuthumayo
Ngokwesiko, i-Fedd ithonyelwe ukudingwa kwemali nge- izimfuneko ezigciniwe `imithetho yokuthi amabhange emali angakanani okumelwe agcinwe ngokuhlobene nokugcinwa. Ngokuphakamisa izimfuneko, i-Fed ingacindezela; ihlise imali ebolekiswayo yokubolekwa. Nokho, ngo-2020, izimfuneko ze-Fad ezincitshiwe zemali zibonisa ukuthi isebenza kanjani imali ebhankini nakweminye amathuluzi aqondile.
I-Fed ilondoloza amathuluzi ahlukahlukene aphuthumayo ezimweni ezibucayi. ifasitela lokuhlola livumela amabhange abhekene nezinkinga zoketshezi lwesikhashana ukuba aboleke ngokuqondile eFed, avimbele izinkinga ezihlukanisiwe ukuba zingasakazeki. Phakathi nenhlekelele yeCOVID-19, iFad yamisa izakhiwo eziningi ezikhethekile zokondla yonke into ezimalini zemali eziya eziboshweni zikamasipala, ibonisa ikhono lawo lokwakha amathuluzi amasha lapho kufunwa izimo.
"Phambili isiqondiso" senze ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuveza ngokucacile izinhloso zesikhathi esizayo, amathonya amaFad amathemba nokuziphatha namuhla. Ukufuna ukugcina amazinga ephansi ngokwezikhathi ezinde kungashukumisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanje nokutshalwa kwemali ngisho nangaphandle kwesilinganiso esisheshayo. Lendlela yokuxhumana iqaphela ukuthi amathemba ngenqubo yesikhathi esizayo angaba namandla njengezinhlelo zenqubo zamanje.
Intambo zokushintshana ezinezinye izibhange eziphakathi ziqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamaRandi embulungeni yonke phakathi nobunzima. Njengoba ukuhwebelana okuningi kwezizwe ngezizwe kwenzeka ngenani lamaRandi, ngezinye izikhathi amabhange akwamanye amazwe abhekene nokuswelakala kwamaRandi okungaphazamisa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nezimali. Lezivumelwano zokushintshana zivumela iFed ukuba inikeze amabhange angaphandle angenisa imali yawo, ibuye ilondoloze ukuqina kwezomnotho zomhlaba wonke.
Indlela Izinqumo Ozithunywe Ngazo Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke
Umphumela Oqondile Wezindleko Zokweleta
Uma iFederal Reserve ilungisa amazinga enzalo, imiphumela ibonakala ebhokisini lakho leposi nasebhange phakathi namasonto noma izinyanga. Itshengisa inzalo yamakhadi [, ivame ukuhlukahluka futhi iboshelwe esilinganisweni esiphambili, ilungisa ngokushesha ngemva kwejubane le Fad. Isilinganiso esingu-0.25% sinyukela emananini afanayo amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu. Kumuntu othwele isilinganiso so $5 000 [R1], lokhu kushintsha okubonakala kungukwengeziwe kwenzalo yaminyaka yonke, kungu-R22.50, futhi isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sezentengo yonyaka sisho ukuthi izigidi zamaMelika, kanye nomphumela wezomnotho siba sikhulu.
Izinga le-Mortgage lisabela enkambisweni efunyanisiweyo kodwa ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Nakuba i-Faded ilawula ngokuqondile amazinga amafushane, amazinga okunikela izikweleti axhomeke kakhulu ekubopheni isikhathi eside okuveza nokulindela kwamandla emali. Nokho, isimiso seFad sithonya ngokuqinile lezizici. Uma izinga lezimpawu zesikhathi esizayo likhula, amazinga okubolekisa isikweleti ngokuvamile anyuka ngokushesha njengoba izimakethengiso zilindele inqubo eyandayo. Ngokungafani, izibopho ezikhokhwama okugcina amazinga aphansi okukhokha imali kungavimbela amazinga okukhokha izikweleti ezikhawulo ezindisiwe ezinwe ezengeziwe.
Cabangela isibonelo esisebenzayo: Ngo-2020-2021, imithetho yemali yokuboleka izikweleti yafaka amazinga ezikweletu ezingqondweni ezingokomlando ezicishe zibe ngamaphesenti angu-5. Umuntu oboleka imali engu-R3 500 000 ngeminyaka engu-30. Umuntu oboleka imali engu-R3,5% ukhokha imali engaba ngu-R1,85 nyanga zonke. Uma amazinga enyuka abe ngu-7% [1] njengoba enza ngo-2023 . Lolu hlobo lwemali efanayo eboletwayo izindleko zokweleta imali engaphezulu lusho ukukhokha imali ecishe isamba ezimaRandi angu-200,000 ngenzalo. Lokhu kushintsha kwenani elingu-R3 000 ngemali ekhona ekhona uma ungekho ekhaya.
Imali - mboleko ezenzekelayo, imali ebolekiwe, imali ebolekiwe, kanye nemigqa elinganayo yokuthenga ngesikweleti konke kulandela izindlela ezifanayo. Izinga lokuboleka imali ebolekwayo [, ikakhulukazi ukuze ibolekwa ngasese, iguquguquka nenqubo ehleliwe. Ngisho namanani abafundi ababolekiwe, namanani abekwe yiKhomisha, i-Moolement inikeza amathonya enqubo. Amabhizinisi amancane azwa lemiphumela ngokukhulu kakhulu. Amazinga aphezulu angasho umehluko phakathi kwemisebenzi eyandayo noma ukulondoloza izinga lomthetho, phakathi kwezisebenzi ezintsha eziqashwa noma ukwenza umsebenzi wamanje.
Umsebenzi Nezinto Ezinamandla
Ithonya leFederal Reserve lisebenza ezimakethe ezimakethe ezindleleni eziningi, nakuba zinezinga eliphansi kakhulu. Uma amazinga eFad enziwa ashukumise ezomnotho, amabhizinisi akuthola kushibhile ukuboleka ukuze anwebe. Ikethe yokudlela ingavula izindawo ezintsha, umenzi angafaka imigqa yokukhiqiza, noma umqalisi wezobuchwepheshe angasheshisa ukuqasha. Lezinqumo, zanda kakhulu kwezomnotho, zakha amathuba omsebenzi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-Fed ikhuphula amazinga okulwa nokwehla kwamandla emali, ibhizinisi lemisebenzi livame ukuphola. Izinkampani zibhekana nezindleko eziphakeme zokuboleka futhi zinciphe izindleko zabathengi, okuholela ekuqashweni amaqhwa noma ukudilizwa. Ngokuyisisekelo i-Fedd isebenzisa ukungasebenzi njengethuluzi lokulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali − i-a ebangela impikiswano enkulu. I-Ped Heager Jerome Powell yavuma ngo-2022 ukuthi ukunciphisa ukwehla kokwehla komnotho kungabangela "ububuhlungu" ezindlini nasemabhizinisini, ikakhulukazi ivuma ukuthi ukuswela umsebenzi kuyintengosi edingekayo ukuze kulondolo.
Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso seFad neholo buyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile buphikisana. [[FLT: 0] Isimiso semali esingenisa imali esidala imisebenzi okungathi ifuna iholo njengoba abaqashi bencintisana nezisebenzi. Nokho, uma izenzo zobuFasi zikhuthaza kakhulu umsebenzi, ukuncishiswa komandla emali kungaqeda amandla okuthenga ngokushesha kunawonga. Izisebenzi zingathola imali engaphezulu kodwa zithole leyomali ithengwa kancane.
Izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zibhekana nemiphumela ehlukile. Izimboni ezikhathalela isithakazelo njengesakhiwo nezindawo zizizwa zishintsha ngokushesha futhi kakhulu. Isilinganiso esithinta inkampani yama-software singamlimaza umkhi wezokulungisa izinhlelo. Ukuncika kwazo enhloko- dolobha ebolekiwe ukuze kutholakale imishini, ngokuvamile zisabela ngokuqinile enkambisweni. Izimboni zenkonzo zingathola imiphumela exekethile, nakuba zisazizwa zithintekile ngokungaqondile ngenxa yezinguquko ezithengwayo zemali edalweni.
Ukuncipha Kwamandla Okuthenga Kwakho
Umthwalo we-Federal Reserve obaluleke kakhulu [1] [intengo eqinile] ngokuqondiiiintengo ithinta lokho isheke lakho lemali elingakuthenga. Uma iFad ivumela imali eningi kakhulu kwezezomnotho, amanani akhuphuka ebhodini. Uma ilinganisela kakhulu imali, ukukhukhuleka kungavela, kuletha izinkinga zayo zezomnotho. I-Fed ibeka 2% ukwehla kokwenani laminyaka yonke njengendawo evumela ukukhula kwezomnotho kuyilapho ilondoloza amandla okuthenga.
Cabangela indlela izakhi zokwehla kwamandla emali ezisetshenziswayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ekuhloseni i-Fed' 2%, amanani aphindwe kabili njalo eminyakeni engu-35", kodwa alawuleka. Emalini ephindwe kabili, amanani aphindwe kabili eminyakeni engu-18 kuphela. Enani le 9% elibonwa phakathi no-2022, amanani angaphindeka kabili eminyakeni engu-8 kuphela. Lokhu kungafani kungathinta kakhulu ukuhlela umhlalaphansi, imigomo yokulondolozwa komsebenzi, nezingxoxo zokukhokha. Impumelelo ye-Fed' noma ukuhluleka ukulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali kunquma ukuthi imali oyigcinile ilondoloza inzuzo noma iyancipha kancane.
Imiphumela yangempela yamandla emali iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezigaba zokusebenzisa imali. Izindleko zendlu, ezimelela izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu zemikhaya, zisabela kancane kancane enkambisweni edaliweyo ngenxa yokuqashwa isikhathi eside nokuvota. Ukudla namandla, okuthonywe yizici zembulunga yonke ezingenakulawulwa yiFad, ngeke ziphendule ngokulindelekile emithethweni yemali. I-Fed igxila ku "core" ukukhipha ukudla namandla, kodwa imikhaya ayinakuzivimbela lezi zidingo ezikhona ezinhlamvwini zayo.
Impi yokwehla kwamandla emali kaFed idala abawini nabalahlekelwayo. Ukuthatha umhlalaphansi eholweni elimisiwe kuyahlupheka lapho ukwehla kwamandla emali kudlula amathemba. Ababoleki ababole imali ebekelwe imali eqinile bayazuza njengoba bekhokha ngemali eshibhile. Abalondolozi abaphethe imali babona amandla abo okuthenga enciphile, kuyilapho labo abanawo avikelekile ekuncipheni kwamandla emali bengase bachume. Ukuqonda lamandla kusiza abantu ukuba bazibeke ngendlela efanele ngenxa yezenzakalo ezihlukene zokwehla kwamandla emali.
Izibonelo Ezingokomlando: Izenzo Nemiphumela Yazo
Ukusabela Kwezinkinga Zezimali Zango - 2008
Impendulo ye-Federal Reserve ka-2008 enhlekeleleni yezezimali yabonisa amandla ayo amakhulu kanye nemingcele yesimiso semali. Njengoba ibhungane lezindlu liwohloka nezinhlangano zezimali, i-Fed yawa wonke amathuluzi akhona futhi yasungula amasha. Imali kahulumeni yehla kusukela ku-5,25% yaya ku-0 ngo-December 2008. Lapho lokho kwabonakala kunganele, izinhlelo ze-Fed esungulwe iQE ezazingacatshangwa eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili.
Ngalé kwezinga lokusika nokuthenga izinto, i-Fed yenza izindawo eziningi eziphuthumayo. Ama-Term Auction Facial anika amabhange imali engafuni ukusebenzisa ifasitela lentengo ehlazisayo. I-Cummer Paper Funding Faciality yasekela izimakethe zenkampani ezibolekayo zesikhashana. I-Fed ngisho nemali ebhaliswe ngaphandle kwe-AING, inkampani yomshuwalense ngaphandle kwe-purview yayo evamile, ibheka ukuthi ihlangene kakhulu ukuba ihluleke. Lezenzo, nakuba ziphikisana, ngokunokwenzeka zavimbela ukuwa okuphelele kwezomnotho.
Ukusabela kwenhlekelele kwembula indlela izimiso ezidalwe ngokungafanele ezidala ngayo imiphumela. Amazinga acishe abe ngu-zero iminyaka eyisikhombisa abajezisi abajeziswayo, ikakhulukazi abaholayo kuxhomeke enkokhelweni yenzalo. Ukuthengwa kwempahla ekhushuliwe namanani esibopho, ngokuyinhloko kusiza abanikazi bempahla abacebile. Izenzo zikaFed kungenzeka ukuthi zavimbela ukucindezeleka kodwa zaba nengxenye ekucebiseni ingcebo eqhubeka ibangela ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe. Lemiphumela enikayo ibonisa indlela izimiso eziqinile, kuyilapho zisingatha imigomo yezentengo yezemali, zakha abanqobile nabanqobileyo abanqobileyo.
Ukululama kulolu sizi kwabonakala kushesha ngokukhungathekisayo naphezu kokusekela kweFad okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili, kuveza ukulinganiselwa kwesimiso semali. I-Fed inganikeza uketshezi namazinga aphansi kodwa ingakwazi ukuphoqa amabhange ukuba abole noma amabhizinisi ukuba afake imali. Lokhu "ukugaxeka entambo" nkinga ibonisa ukuthi kungani umthetho wemali nentela ye-Fod kudinga ukukhonzwa kahle kakhulu uma amapayipi emali edinga ukulungiswa, kodwa izinkinga zezomnotho zidinga izixazulu ezihlukene.
Ukusabela Kwe - COVOID - 19
Isifo sikaFed sabangela ukuba u-2008 asebenze ngendlela ehloniphekile uma kuqhathaniswa. NgoMatshi 2020, njengoba kwaqala ama-ockdown, amazinga e-Fed anciphayo aba yize emihlanganweni ephuthumayo futhi amemezela i-QE(e) engenakulinganiswa ethembisa ukuthenga noma yini edingekayo ukuze kuxhaswe izimake. Iphepha lokulinganisela laqhuma lisuka ku-R34 zigidi zezigidi zezigidi kuya ku-R3 (R3 000 000 000 000) ngezinyanga ezintathu. I-Fed futhi yasungulwa izakhiwo zokuthenga izibophothi zenkampani, izikwele ze-masterin, futhi ngisho ne-ETFntures / sh / eventures / shs" azizange zisekelwe ngokuqondile ezimaketheki.
I- Uhlelo lwe-Main Street Linding lwazama ukusekela amabhizinisi amancane nama-millimenti, nakuba ayephumelela kancinci. U-Municipal Diatelity Facity wabuye wavala isifundazwe nobolekisa uhulumeni wendawo. I-Primaryter Market Corporate Crce Facelity yathenga izibopho zenkampani ezintsha ezisungulwe, ngokuyisisekelo yanikeza izimali eziqondile zenkampani. Lezinhlelo zanweba imvume ye-Fed' futhi zaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nemingcele ephakathi yebhange.
Lokhu kusabela kobudlova, kuhlangene nokukhungatheka okukhulu kwemali, kwaphumelela ekuvimbeleni ukuwohloka kwezomnotho kodwa kwaba nengxenye ekwenyukeleni kwamandla emali okwalandela. Ngokugcina amanani acishe abe nozero futhi ampontshelwe izigidigidi zezigidi ezomnotho kuyilapho ukuqoqa izinto kuphazamiseka, iFed yasiza ekudaleni izimo zokwehla kwamandla emali okukhulu eminyakeni engu - 40. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi i-Fed yahlala ishukunyiswa isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuyilapho abasekeli bephawula ukuswela okubhubhisayo okungenzeka ukuthi kwabangelwa ukuphelelwa umsebenzi okubangelwa ukuqina ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Lomqedazwe waqokomisa indlela izinqubo [[QT:0] ezihlangene ngayo nenqubo yemali ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Uhulumeni ufaka ugqozi futhi uthuthukise izinzuzo zokuswelakala komsebenzi ezinikezwa amandla okusebenzisa, kuyilapho izimiso eziphambili ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimakethe zemali zingalungisa lokhu kwanda okungakaze kubonwe. Lokhu kubambisana phakathi kweziphathimandla zemali nezemali, nakuba kudingekile phakathi nenhlekelele, kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezenkululeko nenqubo yemali ephansi.
Impi Ezandayo Yama - 202 - 2023
Ngemva kokuphikelela kwamandla emali kwakuthi "inqola yokwehla kwamandla emali" phakathi nonyaka ka-2021, iFed ejikelezwe ngokuphawulekayo ngo-2022, iqala umkhankaso wayo onzima kakhulu emashumini eminyaka. Imali kahulumeni yakhuphuka isuka cishe ku-zero kuya ku-5% ezinyangeni ezingu-16 kuphela. I-Fed yaqala futhi ukunciphisa iphepha layo lokulingana, ivumela izinkulungwane zezigidi ukuba zikhule ngaphandle kokuzibuyisela kwenye indawo. Lokhu kuqinisa okuhloselwe ukudambisa imfuno nokubuyisela ukwehla kwamandla emali.
Imiphumela ebangelwa umnotho kanye ngendlela efunwa ngayo − futhi yesatshwa. Amazinga eMarotgage aphezulu ku 7% , inciphisa ukuthengiswa nokukhiwa kwezindlu. Izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe, ezizwela kakhulu emazingeni enzalo, zisusa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi. Amabhange esifunda abhekana nenhlekelele njengoba inani lesibopho sawo lincipha, impumelelo ekuhlulekeni kwamabhange amaningi ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2023. Ukulwa kwenani lezentengo yemali kwabangela ubuhlungu bangempela bezomnotho.
Kodwa umnotho wabonakala uqinile ngokuphawulekayo, ufaka inselele yezinqumo ze-Fed's. Ukungasebenzi kwahlala kucishe kube yizinga eliphansi elingokomlando naphezu kwenani lokuhamba. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwaqhubeka naphezu kwezindleko eziphezulu zokuboleka. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo: Ingabe isakhiwo sezomnotho sasishintshwe ngokusemthethweni? Ingabe izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zashintsha unomphela? IFed yazama ukuchaza izimpawu nenqubo yokusebenza ngokufanele, iqokomisa inselele yokuqhuba isimiso semali phakathi nokungaqiniseki kokwakha.
Lesi senzakalo sabonisa indlela ukukholeka okuthinta ngayo ukuphumelela kwenqubo . Ngemva kokungakuqapheli ukuphikelela kokwehla kwamandla emali, i-Fed kwadingeka ukuba ithathe isinyathelo esinzima ukuqinisekisa izimakethe ukuthi zazingantengantengi ngokuzinzisa intengo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwasho ubuhlungu obungokomnotho kunangoba kwakudingeka ngesenzo sangaphambili. Ukuhlangenwe nakho kwagcizelela ukuthi kungani amabhange aphakathi eqaphe izisekelo zawo zokulwa kokwehla kwamandla emali ngokucophelela kangaka.
Ukuqonda Ukukhulumisana Okubalulekile
Inkulumo Ekhohlisayo
I-Federal Reserve ixhumana ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye isebenzisa izibukeli nezinjongo ezihlukene. tract ye-FOMC ekhishwe ngemva komhlangano ngamunye inikeza isinqumo esingokomthetho nenqubo yezomnotho. Le zincwadi eziklanywe ngokucophelela zisebenzisa ulimi oluqondile lapho ngisho nezinguquko ezicashile zenqubo yezimpawu zishintsha. Uma izinguquko ze-Fedi "isikhathi esicatshangelwayo" ku-"isineke" ngokuphathelene nokwanda kwesilinganiso, izimaketheku zihambisa izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi kusuka kulolushintsho lwe-seman.
Ingqungquthela yesihlalo [ ecindezelayo elandela imihlangano yeFOMC inikeza ingxoxo enkulu kakhulu ngokucabanga kwe-Fad's. Izikhululi zihlola ukucacisa izinkulumo ezicacile nezinhloso zesikhathi esizayo. Isihlalo kumelwe silinganise ukubonakala kwangaphandle ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana, sinikeze isiqondiso ngaphandle kokubopha izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo. Igama elilahlekile lingabangela ukumaketha kwe-MALI, lenze lenze lenze lenze kube yinqubo ephezulu ezokuxhumana.
Izikhulu ezihamba ngezinyawo zinikeza izinkulumo nezingxoxo ezinikeza imibala eyengeziwe ezimpikiswaneni zemithetho. Lezokuxhumana kulandela izinkathi ezimnyama phakathi kwemihlangano ye-FOMC futhi kumele ziqaphele ukuba zingahluleli kusengaphambili izinqumo zamakomiti. " Fidchad" isuka ekusebenziseni amasu ngamabomu ngaphansi kuka-Alan Greenspan ukuya ekukhanyeni ngokwengeziwe ngaphansi kwezihlalo zamuva, nakuba ulimi luhlala lucophelela futhi lufaneleka.
I-Fed ikhipha ukuhlolwa okukhulu kwezomnotho ngamabhange eFed nase-Bard. IBeige Book ihlanganisa izikhawu zezomnotho zesifunda izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili ngonyaka. I-annual Monetary Policy Report inikeza ingxoxo ebanzi yezezomnotho nezimiso. Le mibhalo isiza izingqapheli ukuba ziqonde imininingwane kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezimiso eziyisisekelo.
Ukulandela Izinqumo Ezingafunwa
Kubantu abahlala nsuku zonke abafuna ukulandela indlela yokulawula i-Fed, imithombo eminingana yenza isimiso semali esiyinkimbinkimbi sitholakale. Iwebhusayithi ye-FLT:0 [FLT] inikeza zonke izinkulumo ezisemthethweni, kusukela ezingcangweni ze-FOMC kuya ezingxoxweni zeNkathi. I-Fed ibuye igcine izingosi eziqondiswe kahle ezichaza ukuthi isimiso semali sithinta kanjani imali yomuntu siqu.
Imithombo yezezimali ihlanganisa kakhulu izinqumo ezithandwayo, nakuba izinga lihluka kakhulu. Imithombo ehloniphekile inikeza umongo kanye nokuhlaziywa kochwepheshe okusiza ekuguquleni izenzo ezithathelwanayo zibe imiphumela engokoqobo. Nokho, ukudluliswa okuvusa imizwelo kungakweqisa imiphumela noma ukuchaza okungaqondakali. Ukuthuthukisa ukufunda nge-Fed kusiza ekuhlukaniseni izimpawu zomsindo.
I- Ithuluzi le-FED Watch isebenzisa amanani entengo yemakethe yesikhathi esizayo ukuze ibale amathuba ezokuhamba okuzayo. Nakuba zingaphelele, lezi zibikezelo ezisekelwe emakethe zivame ukubonakala zinembile kakhulu kunezinto ezibikezelwa ngochwepheshe. Ukuqonda ukuthi izimakethe zilindeleni kulindele izenzo ezizokwenzeka kanye nezimangaliso ezingase zibangele ukuphakama kwe-CMALI.
Izimpawu zezomnotho imibiko yemisebenzi ethatha isikhathi eside($(imibiko yokusebenza), ukunyuka kwamandla emali, ukukhula kwe-GDP (-) kunikeza imikhondo ngenqubo yesikhathi esizayo. Imisebenzi yanyanga zonke ibika uLwesihlanu lokuqala noMnumzi Price Index maphakathi nenyanga ithonya kakhulu ekucabangeni. Ukwazi ukuthi ikuphi ukwaziswa okubalulekile okusiza kakhulu kulindele ukusabela kokuzihambela kwezomnotho.
Imibono Evamile Enganembile NgeSiqiwu EsiyiFederal
"Imali Ekhathiwe"
Nakuba abantu bevame ukuthi i- i-Fedd "inyathelisa imali," lokhu kufaka inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. I-Fed ayinyathelisi imali ngokoqobo . I-Bureau ye-Enve of Engraving and Cream. Kunalokho, i-Fed idala amakhorali kagesi angaboleka amabhange, anda ngokuphumelelayo. Uma i-Fed ithenga izibopho nge QE, itshelisa ama-akhawunti ebhange nge-oktrol enziwe ama-iralkn.
Le misebenzi yemali yemishini ayingenamkhawulo noma ayinayo imiphumela. Ukusungulwa kwemali eshibhile kubangela ukwehla kwamandla emali, kunciphisa ukuqina kwenani lentengo yeFed. I-Fed kumelwe ilinganisele ukunikeza imali eyanele yokukhula kwezomnotho ngaphandle kokubangela ukwehla kwamandla emali. Lesisenzo sokulinganisela, hhayi imishini yokunyathelisa engokoqobo, sinquma ukuthunyelwa kwemali.
Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezenzo zobuFanese nokutholakala kwemali sebuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Imibono engokwesiko isikisela ukuhlangana okuqondile phakathi kweziqiwi nokuboleka, kodwa amabhange asebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Amabhange angadala imali ngokuboleka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi izindawo ezigciniwe, icindezelwa kakhulu yizimfuneko zenkokhelo kanye nesidingo sokuboleka imali kunokugcinwa. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kwenza ukudluliswa kwezimiso kungacatshangelwe kahle njengoba izincwadi zisikisela.
"Isicukuthwa silawula izomnotho"
Nakuba iFade isebenzisa ithonya elikhulu, ayilawuli umnotho njenge-thermostat thermat therte. Inqubo ye-monetary isebenza nge-lasts ende neguquguqukayo .Izinga lanamuhla lokushintsha kwezinga lingase lingawuthinti ngokugcwele umnotho izinyanga ezingu-12-18. I-FED ingathonya izimo zemali nezisusa kodwa ayinakuphoqelela amabhizinisi ukuba afake imali noma abathengi ukuba basebenzise imali.
Isimiso seFiscal, esinqunywe yiSishaya-mthetho noMongameli, ngokuvamile sibaluleke ngaphezu kwenqubo yemali. Izinguquko zentela, imali echithwayo, nezimiso zihlela imiphumela yezomnotho ngendlela i-Fad engenakukwazi ukuyilingisa ngayo. Phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho, ukuvuseleleka kwezomnotho ngokuvamile kuphumelela kakhulu kunentengo yemali, ikakhulukazi uma amazinga esephansi kakade. I-Fed inikeza ukusekela okubalulekile kodwa ayikho okunamandla omnotho.
Izici zomhlaba ziyaqhubeka zicindezela ukuphumelela. Ukuhwebelana kwezizwe zonke, imithetho yemali yangaphandle, kanye nokuqoqwa kwempahla embulungeni yonke kuthinta imiphumela yezomnotho zaseMelika. I-Fed ayinakukwazi ukulawula amanani kawoyela abekwe ezimakethe zembulunga yonke noma ukuswelakala kwezesayensi enciphileyo okubangelwa yi-Asia. Lezi zici zangaphandle ngezinye izikhathi ziphazamisa isimiso semali sasekhaya, zinciphisa lokho i-Fed engakufeza.
"Impuphu Yibhange Lasebuso Elisebenza Kulo Lonke Umgwaqo"
Isakhiwo esingavamile seFederal Reserve sibangela ukudideka mayelana nohlobo lwaso nokwethembeka. Nakuba amabhange esifunda eyizinkampani ezizimele ezinamabhange angamalungu ahlukene, i-Fed isebenza izinjongo zomphakathi ngaphansi komthetho we-Congregation. Amabhange angathengi izabelo zawo, athola kuphela isigaba esimisiwe sesithupha, futhi anethonya elilinganiselwe phezu kwemisebenzi ye-FLT.
Ibhodi loMbusi linezikhulu zomphakathi ezimiswe uMongameli futhi ziqinisekiswe yiSigele. I-FOMC yenza izinqumo zezimiso ezisekelwe ekugunyazweni umphakathi, hhayi ekutholeni inzuzo yomuntu siqu. I-Fed ibuyisela inzuzo eNdaweni yezimali ngemva kokuhlanganisa izindleko zokusebenza (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200) eminyakeni yamuva engenisa inzuzo. Lesi sakhiwo siveza ukuzimela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kuyilapho siqondisa izinjongo zomphakathi.
Ngokuqinisekile, i-Fed ilondoloza ubuhlobo obuseduze nezinhlangano zezimali ezilawulayo futhi zixhomeke ekudluliseleni kwezimiso. Lokhu kusondelana kudala izingozi zokuthunjwa kwe-"indida yokujezisa" lapho i-Fde ngokunganaki ihlela khona izinqumo zemboni zebhange. Umnyango ojikelezayo phakathi kwe-Fed ne-Wall Street uphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho ngethonya elingafanele. Nokho, ukuveza i-Fed njengesebenzela izithakazelo zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezibopholo zangempela ekuzinzeni kwezomnotho.
Ukwenza Izinqumo Ezihlakaniphile Zezimali Ekusabeleni Enqubweni Yomthetho
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezindawo Ezizungezile
Ukuqonda imijikelezo yesimiso sezokusetshenziswa kusiza ekulungiseni izinqumo ezifanele zemali yomuntu siqu. Uma izimpawu zesikhathi esizayo zikhula, ucabangela ukubopha imali ebolekiswayo elungisiweyo [ ngaphambi kokuba amazinga anyuke. Ukulungisa izikweleti ezibekelwe imali ebekelwe imali ebekelwe indawo engcono ngaphambi kokuba imijikelezo eqinile ingasindisa izinkulungwane. Ngokuphambene, uma i-Fad ithatha amazinga aphansi, imboleko ebekelwe imali ebekelwe imali ebekelwe phansi, nakuba ngezingozi uma inqubo ye-Fed ishintsha ngokungalindelekile.
Isikweleti samakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti siba sibiza kakhulu kakhulu phakathi nemijikelezo eqinile. Ukubeka kuqala izikweletu ezingenisa imali eningi ngaphambi kokuba amazinga anyuke ngokwengeziwe anciphe izindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside. Cabangela ukudluliswa kwezimali ezibekelwe ukulinganisela noma imali ebolekwayo yokuboleka izindleko zomuntu siqu ukuze iboshelwe ngamazinga aphansi ngaphambi kokuba izindleko zokuhamba ngezinyawo zidlulele emakhadini okuthenga ngesikweletu. Izimali eziphuthumayo ziba baluleke kakhulu njengoba amazinga aphakeme enza ukuboleka esikhathini esizayo abiza kakhulu.
Amasu okutshala imali kufanele athinte amakilasi ahlukene anezimpahla. Bonds alahlekelwa inani uma amazinga enyuka kodwa anikeze imivuzo ephakeme yokuthenga okusha. Imali yenkampani eshintshwe kakhulu noma leyo enenzuzo ekude (njengezimboni eziningi zobuchwepheshe) ihlupheka kakhulu phakathi nokwanda kwenani. Ukukhokha imali okunganciphisa imali kanye nemali kungadlula ukwenyuka kwamazinga. Ukuqonda lokhu buhlobo kusiza ukuthatha indawo ezindaweni ezihlukene zemithetho ehlukahlukene.
Ukulondoloza amasu kuxhomeke futhi esimisweni se-Fad. Uma amazinga enyuka, ukuthenga imali engcono egciniwe namazinga ama CD kuba okufanelekile. Amabhange ase-Online avame ukunikeza amazinga aphakeme emabhange angokwesiko, futhi umehluko uba onenjongo njengoba anda. Imali yezentengiselwano, ehambisana namazinga aseduze eFad, inikeza ezinye izindlela zokubuyisela ukugcinwa kwemali phakathi nemijikelezo engokwesiko eqinile.
Ukuhlela Izinhlamvu Ezinganele
Impumelelo kaFed noma ukwehluleka ekulawuleni ukwehla kwamandla emali kuthinta kakhulu ukuhlela ngokwezimali. ukunyuka okukhulu kwamandla emali kuqeda imali egciniwe kanye nokuvota okungaguquguquki kwemali kodwa kungazuzisa ababolekayo abanezikweleti eziqinile. Ukuqonda ukukwehla kokwehla kwamandla emali kulungiselela izimo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuthatha umhlalaphansi okuncike kakhulu ekubekezeleni inzuzo ethile edinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela.
Izibambiso ezikhuselwe ukukhushulwa kwamandla emali zinikeza izinqaba eziqondile ekukhuphukeni kwamanani. I-University Indactersting Specials (TIPS) ilungisa ukubaluleka kwamandla emali, igcine amandla okuthenga. I-Bond, etholakala ngqo kuTreeal, inikeza isivikelo sokwehla kwamandla emali kubalondolozi abancane. Lamathuluzi anciphisa ukubuya komshuwa kwamandla emali, okwenza kube nengqondo ngabanikazi bemali abasengozini noma labo abazothatha umhlalaphansi.
Impahla yangempela njengezindawo nempahla zangempela emlandweni inikeza isivikelo sokwehla kwamandla emali, nakuba ine-SAPT. Izindawo zezinkampani ezinamandla okulawula izindleko, zingadlulisa izindleko kubathengi--(ikhono lokusebenza) phakathi nezikhathi zokwehla kwamandla emali. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kwezwe lonke kungasiza uma ukwehla kwamandla emali kudlula amazinga embulunga yonke, nakuba izingozi zemali zibangela ukuba lenqubo ibe nzima.
Izingxoxo zokuqapha kufanele zibangele amathemba okwehla kwamandla emali. Ukuqonda izisulu zokwehla kwamandla emali kusiza ekumiseni amathemba ayisisekelo ezingxoxo zeholo. Uma ukwehla kwamandla emali kudlula izisulu zeFade, izisebenzi ziba nezimpikiswano eziqinile zokuphakama kwenani eliphezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-Fed igcina ukwehla kwamandla emali kuphansi ngokuphumelelayo, kuphakama kunzima ukuthethelela.
Ikusasa Lomthetho Wokuvikela Izilwane
Ukuxazulula Izinselele
I-Federal Reserve ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ezingase zilwelwe ukubhekana namathuluzi angokwesiko emali. Ushintsho olungokwezimo ludala izingozi zezomnotho okumelwe zicabangele `izingozi ezingokomzimba esimweni sezulu esinzima nezingozi zokushintsha koshintsho njengoba isimo sezomnotho siwohloka. Abanye baphikisa ukuthi i-Fed kufanele isebenzise amandla ayo okulawula isimo sezulu ukuze ixazulule izingozi; abanye baphikisane nalokhu kungaphezu komyalo wayo. Le mpikiswano izoveza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomphambili.
Ukuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe kubekela inselele ebuhlotsheni obungokwesiko bezomnotho i-Fed incike ku-. Ukwehluleka kwe-Cryptocurre kululaza ukuthunyelwa kwemali egciniwe. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza umsebenzi kungaguqula ngokuyisisekelo amandla omsebenzi. Umnotho wenza ukuba ukulinganiselwa kokuswelakala komsebenzi kube nzima. Lokhu kwakhiwa kwenza ukuchazwa kwezomnotho nokuhlelwa kwezimiso kube nzima.
Ishifu lokuhlola − imiphakathi eshintshayo, ukushintsha indlela yokufuduka, ukuthatha iqhaza emsebenzini − kuthinta izinga lokukhula kwezomnotho nezinga lenzalo engokwemvelo. I-Fed kumele ivumelanise izinqubo nalezinguquko zokwakha. Lokho okusebenza phakathi neminyaka ephambili yokusebenza kwabantwana ngeke kufanelane nomphakathi ogugile ngokusetshenziswa okuhlukile kanye nezindlela zokutshala imali.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwembulunga yonke kwezomnotho kusho izinqubo ezihlangene eziwubalayo zikhona emhlabeni wonke ezichitheke kakhulu kuyilapho intuthuko yamazwe angaphandle ithinta imiphumela eyandayo yaseU.S. IFed kumelwe icabangele indlela izenzo zayo ezithinta ngayo izimakethe ezisanda kuvela ezincike ekuxhaseni imali. Ukubambisana nezinye iziqiwi eziyinhloko kuba okubalulekile kodwa okunzima ukubhekana nemithetho ehlukahlukene nezimo zezomnotho.
Izinguquko Nezimpikiswano Ezake Zatholakala
Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana noshintsho lwe-Fed zibonisa kokubili ukubaluleka kwalo nesimo sokuphikisana. Abanye basikisela izibalo zenani lokusebenza zifanelana nesisulu sokwehla kwamandla emali, nakuba ukuchaza umsebenzi omkhulu kunzima. Ezinye zisikisela ukunyusela ukunyuka kwamandla emali ukuze kunikeze indawo ebhekene nokwehla kwemali, nakuba lokhu kungase kunganciphiniseki amathemba okungalindelekile.
Izihlongozo zemali yezemishini zingayiguqula ngokuyisisekelo indima ye-Fed. Imali ye-Fed esetshenziswayo ebhange ingavumela i-Fed ukuba isebenzise isimiso semali ngokuqondile kunesimiso sokubhaka. Amazinga enzalo angemahle, angenakukwazi ukufezeka ngemali engokoqobo. Lokhu kushukumisa ezinye izazi zezomnotho kuyilapho kwesabisa labo abakhathalela ukuqapha okungokwezimali.
Imibuzo ephathelene ne-[QLT:0] egunyaziwe [ iyaqhubeka ikhona. Ingabe ikheli le-Faced elingalingani ngenkambiso yemali? Kufanele lisike kangakanani izinga lemali kanye nemithetho engokwesiko? Ingabe ukucabangela isimo sezulu kufanele kuthonye izinqumo zemithetho? Lezimpikiswano zibonisa imibuzo ebanzi ngezobuchwepheshe nokulawula kwentando yeningi kwesimiso sezomnotho.
Inkululeko kaFed ibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokulondoloza imali kalula kuyakhula phakathi nokhetho. Izinhlangano zePopulist zibuza ukuthi kungani izikhulu ezingahlelwanga zisebenzisa amandla anjalo. Ukulondoloza ukuzimela kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukulandisa ngentando yeningi kuhlala kungubunzima obungaxazululeki obungaphenduki obungabangela impikiswano eqhubekayo.
Isiphetho: Indlela Izakhamuzi Zansuku Zonke Ezithinteka Ngayo I - Federal Reserve
Ithonya leFOLT lezentengiselwano ze-Federal Reserve lidlulela ngalé kwezibalo ezingabonakali zezomnotho. Zonke izinqumo ezifekethisiwe zinyakazisa ezomnotho, zithinta amathemba akho omsebenzi, izindleko, izindleko zokulondoloza imali zibuya, futhi zinamandla okuthenga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqala indlu, ukuqala ibhizinisi, ukugcina umhlalaphansi, noma ukuzama ukwenza impumelelo, isimiso esivamile silungisa indawo yakho yemali ngezindlela ezijulile.
Ukuqonda i-Fed akulona nje ulwazi olusebenzayo lokulawula ukuphila kwanamuhla kwezomnotho. Ukuqaphela indlela izimiso ezidaliweyo ezithinta ngayo ingcebo ehlukahlukene kusiza ekuhleleni amasu afanele okutshala imali. Ukuzingela izimali ezidaliweyo kusiza ekuthatheni isikhathi sokunquma okukhulu kwezezimali. Ukusekela igunya le FAD lokulawula izimo ezimbili kuyasiza ekuchazeni izindaba zezomnotho nezimpikiswano zezimiso.
Kodwa ukubaluleka kwe-Fed kudlulela ngalé kwemali yomuntu siqu emibuzweni eyisisekelo mayelana nokubusa kwentando yeningi. Kufanele yini ukuba abaphathi bezobuchwepheshe abangahlelwanga basebenzise amandla amakhulu kangaka ezomnotho? Silinganisela kanjani ubuchwepheshe nokulandisa, ukuzimela nentando yeningi? Lemibuzo ibalulekile ngoba izinqumo zeFed azithinteli nje izimakethe kodwa imiphumela yezenhlalo, okwazi ukuthenga amakhaya, abo abalondolozwa imali eyigugu.
Izinselele ze-Fed ziyizinselele zethu ezikhulayo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, nokuhlangana kwembulunga yonke kuthinta kokubili inqubo ye-Fed kanye nokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni zezezomnotho kunokuba zishiyele ochwepheshe. I-democracy ifuna izakhamuzi ezikwazi ukuhlaziya hhayi abaholi bezombangazwe kuphela kodwa izinhlangano zezobuchwepheshe zisho imiphumela yezomnotho.
Kubantu abaningi baseMelika, iFederal Reserve isalokhu iyinhlangano eyimfihlakalo naphezu kwethonya layo elikhulu. Leligebe lolwazi linciphisa kokubili ukwenza izinqumo zomuntu siqu ngokwezimali nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Ngokuqonda lokho i-Fed ekwenzayo, ukuthi kuthinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, nokuthi iziphi izinselele ebhekene nazo, izakhamuzi ziba abadlali abanamandla ezomnotho kunokuba zibe izikhonzi ezingenzi lutho zamandla angenakuqondwa.
The path forward requires both individual and collective engagement. Individually, we must educate ourselves about monetary policy and make informed financial decisions accounting for Fed actions. Collectively, we must participate in debates about the Fed's proper role, mandate, and accountability. The economy is too important to leave to economists alone—it requires engaged citizens who understand the institutions shaping their economic lives.
Njengoba i-Fed ihlola izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe kusukela ekuvukeleni kwesifo esiwumshayabhuqe kuya ezingozini zezulu kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezezobuchwepheshe, izinqumo zayo ziyoliguqula kakhulu ikusasa lezomnotho laseMelika. Ukuthi i-Fed ikwazi ukulondoloza intengo ngempumelelo kuyilapho isekela umsebenzi, ukuthi iyazivumelanisa yini nokwakha izinguquko zezomnotho, nokuthi iyakwazi yini ukugcina izakhiwo zezombangazwe zikhona phakathi nokuchuma okuzothinta ukuchuma kwaseMelika. Ukuqonda nokuhlanganyela kwenqubo yeFederal Reserve akuyona into engcono kakhulu ezakhamuzini kwezomnotho.
IFederal Reserve ingabonakala njengenhlangano ekude ekhuluma ngemibono engaqondakali, kodwa izinqumo zayo ziguqula iqiniso eliqinisekile lokuphila kwezomnotho zaseMelika. Kusukela esilinganisweni senzalo esizungezeni sakho semisebenzi, kusukela ekulondolozeni imali yomhlalaphansi kuya entengo yempahla, ithonya likaFed alibaleki. Ngokuqonda lelithonya, singazenza izinqumo ezingcono ezingokwezimali, sigcine abakhi bemithetho belandisa, futhi sihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nekusasa lethu lezomnotho. I-Fed ithinta izakhamuzi zansuku zonke hhayi njengethonya elivamile kodwa njengenhlangano enamandla okumelwe siqonde ukuthi iphumelele eMelika yanamuhla.
Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe
Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo inkambiso ye-Federal Reserve kanye nemiphumela yayo, iFederal Reserve Economic Data (FLT) elondolozwe yiFederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis inikeza imininingwane eminingi yezezomnotho namathuluzi okuhlaziya. Board yemithombo yemfundo yezemfundo yombuso inikeza izincazelo ezifinyekayo zenqubo yemali eklanyelwe umphakathi wonke.
