Ukuqonda Ukuhlupha Okukabili Endimeni Yokuziphatha Okungafanele Kwamaphoyisa Nokumangalela Okungalungile

Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili singenye yesivikelo esidala kakhulu emthetho wobugebengu wama-Anglo - America, esisekelwe emqondweni wokuthi umbuso akumelwe uvunyelwe ukuba unikeze umuntu icala elifanayo ngokuphindwa. Lesivikelo sivela eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu kumthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, esithi: Akukho muntu “ozobekwa ngaphansi kwesici esifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho.” Nakuba umthetho ungavunyelwa ukuba abekwe ngokuqondile ezigebengwini eziningi, ukusebenza kwawo kuba okucatshangelwe kakhulu lapho kuvela izikhalo zamaphoyisa ezingafanele noma ukuququlwa okungafanele. Kulezi zimo, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingavikela kokubili abamangalelwa abangenacala futhi, ngokuphambene, zidala izithiyo ukuba bahlulele labo abaxhaphazwayo.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlangana kwamaphoyisa nokuziphatha kwawo okubi nokumangalelwa okungalungile, izimfundiso ezingokomthetho ezihlukile nezingamangalelwayo ezimbili ezingase ziphunyuke isivikelo, nemizamo eqhubekayo yokulungisa ehloselwe ukuvimbela ukungabi nabulungisa ngaphandle kokudela isiqinisekiso somthetho - sisekelo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Nesomthetho - sisekelo Sobuthi Obukabili

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayiyona into esungulwe namuhla. Umsuka wayo usukela emuva ezimisweni zomthetho zasendulo zamaRoma namaGreki, futhi ngesikhathi somthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, isimiso samiswa kahle. Isilinganiso debet bis bies exeari ipro eeam causa — “akekho omelwe akhathazwe kabili ngenxa efanayo” — saba isici esiyinhloko sobulungisa. AmaFramens of the U.S. Umthetho-Constitution wafaka i-Bill of Rights ukuba alinde imposiso kahulumeni nenkani engokomzwelo, ngokwezimali, futhi nedumela lokushumayeza ngokuphindaphinda.

ISichibiyelo seNguqulo sesihlanu esibizwa ngokuthi iPice Jeopardy Claus sisebenza ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo se-Adry Procesme ye 14th Claus, njengoba kuqinisekiswa iNkantolo Ephakeme Bhenton v. Maryland [1969]] [1] [1969]]. Ivikela abamangalelwa ngezindlela ezintathu eziqondile: ukuvikelwa ekumangalelweni kwesibili ngemva kokulahlwa, isivikelo ekumangalelweni kwesibili ngemva kokuboshwa ngemva kwecala, isivikelo secala lesibili ngemva kwesigwebo, futhi isivikelo ekujezisweni kaningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo.

Nokho, isisho asiqinisekisi ukuthi isivikelo siphelele. Kumelwe ngempela sifakelwe — okusho ukuthi ijaji liye lafungela, noma ecaleni lebhentshi, ufakazi wokuqala ufungiwe. Ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe amaphutha, amacala angaxoshwa futhi kamuva abuyiselwe.

Indlela Izinhlangano Ezimbaxa - mbili Zokuziphatha Okungafanele Zamaphoyisa

Lapho ukuziphatha okubi okunjalo kuholela ekumangalelweni okungalungile noma ekuthethelelwe, ingozi ephindwe kabili yenza noma yimuphi umzamo olandelayo wokuba isikhulu esisonte noma umshushisi alandise ngecala ngokumangalelwa.

Amacala Ecala Abekwa Amaphoyisa Ngemva Kokulahlwa Noma Kwecala

Uma isikhulu simangalelwa ngobugebengu ngenxa yesenzo sokuziphatha okubi — njengokuhlasela ngokunamandla amakhulu — futhi sikhululwe, i - Jeopardy Clause enguVictive ngokuvamile ibopha uhulumeni ukuba asole lowomphathi wobugebengu obufanayo, ngisho noma kamuva kuvela ubufakazi obusha. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo - 1992 ukuqulwa kwecala kwamaphoyisa aseLos Angeles ngokusebenzisa amandla aphakeme ngokumelene noRodney King, inkantolo yakhulula abaphathi abane bokuhlasela. Kamuva, inkantolo enkulu yasola izikhulu ezimbili zezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu ngokuphula amalungelo eNkosi ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Ngenxa yokuthi ukumangalelwa kwezwe kwakuhilela umbusi ohlukile — i - United States kunokuba iCalifornia — ayinqandwa ngokuphindwa kabili ngaphansi kwemfundiso ehlukene. Lendaba ibonisa ukucushelwa okunzima lapho inkantolo ehluleka ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuqapha Ngobunye Nokuphazanyiswa Okukabili

Izingozi eziphindwe kabili zisebenza kuphela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. Izisulu zokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa zingaletha ukumangalelwa kwamacala ezakhamuzi ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983 ngokumelene nezikhulu nomasipala, zifuna ukulimala ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Lezizenzo zomphakathi azizona ezobugebengu, ngakho azingenisi ingozi ephindwe kabili. Ngisho noma isikhulu singakhululwa ekuqulweni kwecala, ijaji lomphakathi lingase lithole ukuthi lelophoqelelwa futhi likhokhelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasutu aveza izindlela zokuziphatha okubi futhi aholele ezinguquko zenqubo, njengemithetho eyamukelwa yiminyango yamaphoyisa.

Ukulinganiselwa Kokuntuleka Okufanelekayo

Nakuba ukuwabeka kabili amakhambi empi akuwavimbeli amakhambi omphakathi, imfundiso yokuvikeleka komzimba ekwazini ukuzivikela ngokuvamile izihlangu zezikhulu ngaphandle kokuba ziphule umthetho “owenziwe ngokusobala”. Lokhu kudala isithiyo esihlukile ekulungeni, kodwa akwenzeki engozini ephindwe kabili. Abasekeli benguquko baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwesimiso sokuzivikela esifanelekayo nezingozi eziphindwe kabili kushiya izisulu ngaphandle kokuzivikela uma ukuziphatha okubi kungaqiniseki ngokungenakungatshazwa ngokunengqondo esimweni sobugebengu.

Ukumangalela Okungalungile: Lapho Uhulumeni Uhlosa Ungenacala

Ukumangalela okungalungile kuhilela isimo esimangalela umuntu ongenacala, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokungamanga, ubufakazi obungalungile bokuphikisa, ukuvuma izono ngokuphoqelelwa, noma ukuqamba ubufakazi obuqondile kwamaphoyisa noma abashushisi. Uma ukumangalela okungalungile kuphumela ekulahlweni okungavumelekile, ingozi ephindwe kabili ngokuvamile ivimbela umbuso ekuvivinyeni lowomuntu ongenacala — ngisho noma eminyakeni ethile kamuva, ubufakazi obuqinisekile bobumsulwa buvela.

Inkinga Yokulahlwa

Ake sithi umuntu umangalelwa ngokungafanele ngokubulala, ukuma kwecala, futhi akakhohliswa. Eminyakeni ethile kamuva, ukuvuma izono komenzi wobubi ongokoqobo kuvela ezindaweni, kanye nobufakazi be-DNA obuqinisekisa ubumsulwa. Ngaphansi komthetho wamanje wase-U.S., umuntu okhululiwe akanakuphinde abekwe indiva, kodwa empeleni kuyicala [ lokulahla amacala aqinile, noma lapho ukuqiniseka kutholakala kodwa kujikijelwa kamuva ezinkundleni zeze izinkolelo ezicushini, ukuhoxiwe okuphindwe kabili kungavela uma umbuso, [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [ult:3] [ukuqulwa, kwenqaba ukulahlwa kwecala eliqinile, noma uma kubekwe ngokusemthethweni. Ezimweni zokugumbula izinkolelo ezivukile, ukubuyiselwa okuphindiwe kabili uma ukulungiswa kuqhathaniswa, uma ubufakazi obunganele.

Izihlukaniso: Lapho Ikhambi Livunyelwa

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqopha okuhlukile okuningana lapho ingozi ephindwe kabili ingayivimbeli khona inkantolo:

  • Icala lenkantolo ngenxa yokubonakala kwesidingo: Uma abahluleli bengakwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo (ijaji eliqulileyo), umahluleli angakhipha isigwebo esingalungile. Inkantolo iphinde ivunyelwe ngoba ingozi ayipheli ekwahluleleni kokugcina.
  • Isikhalo sokuxoshwa okungekhona ukulahlwa: Uma umahluleli oquliweyo elahla amacala asekelwe emangeni angokomthetho (umz., ukucindezelwa kobufakazi) kunokuba babe msulwa, abashushisi bangadlulisa futhi bangamphikisa ummangalelwa.
  • Ukubuyiselwa komthetho ngokubuyiselwa kwamacala: Uma ukuqiniseka kuguquliwe ngenxa yephutha lokuzama (hhayi ukungaqiniseki kobufakazi), umbuso ungamphikisa ummangalelwa.
  • [ Imfundiso ehambisana nombuso: Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ababusi abahlukene (icala nezwe) ngamunye angajezisa ukuziphatha okufanayo ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Lokhu okuhlukile kungasetshenziswa ezimweni zokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa. Ngokwesibonelo, umshushisi angase alungise ngamabomu icala ukuze agweme ukulahlwa, agcine ukukhetha ukuba aphinde abekwe. Okunye, uma ukuqiniseka kuphendulwa ngenxa yokuthi amaphoyisa afihla ubufakazi bokusola, uhulumeni ungaliphikisa icala — okungaba ithuba lesibili kumuntu ongenacala lokubonisa ukuthi akanacala, kodwa futhi nethuba lokuqhubeka exhaphaza.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obusha: Imfashini Eyinhloko Emacala Okuziphatha Okungafanele Amaphoyisa

Imfundiso ehlangene-yobubili iphethe ukuthi ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bahlukene, futhi ngamunye unamandla okumangalela isenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Lokhu kwamiswa e- United States v. ILanza [1922] futhi yaphinde yaqinisekiswa futhi [kuhulumeni] inguhulumeni]. Icala likahulumeni lingase likwazi ukuqubuka. UUnited States[[FLT] [2029]). Kulokhu kusungulwe [imfundiso engafanele, iyithuluzi elibucayi: uma isikhulu, uhulumeni ungasaletha izikhalo zamalungelo omphakathi. Ngokuphambene, uma izikhalo zikahulumeni zihluleka, izikhalo zikahulumeni zingasekhona, nakuba ukubambisana ukubambisana nokuhlanganiswa kwezimiso.

Emacaleni amuva aphezulu, imfundiso ehlangene yobulungisa ivule ukuba uMnyango wobulungisa uphishekele amacala ezikhulu ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni ngemva komphumela wokulahlwa noma ukumangalelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokufa kukaBrenna Taylor, akukho zikhalo zikahulumeni ezabekwa amaphoyisa ahilelekile. Uhulumeni walahla izikhulu eziningana ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Nakuba lezi zigebengu zikahulumeni zibhekene nezithiyo zazo ezingokomthetho, zimelela indlela edlulayo emingceleni eyingozi ephindwe kabili.

Izinguquko Nezihlongozo Zokulinganisela Ukulandisa Nesivikelo SoMthetho - sisekelo

Ngenxa yokuthi izingozi ezimbili zingabhuntshisa imizamo yokulungisa izinkolelo ezingalungile futhi zigcine amaphoyisa enecala, kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinguquko kusukela kushintsho lwemithetho kuya ekuchazeni kabusha kokwahlulela. Enye indlela ukwandisa “ubufakazi obusha nobunokwethenjelwa” bobumsulwa, ukuvumela ukuqulwa kabusha ngemva kokulahlwa kwecala — kodwa lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okujulile okufanelekile futhi akukamukeleki e-U.S.

Inguquko enesizotha kakhulu igxila ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zangaphakathi zamaphoyisa ezingalibali izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • Isiyalo somthetho kanye nokunqanyulwa: izenzo zomnyango wangaphakathi (ukudutshulwa, ukudutshulwa) ziyizenzo zokuphatha, hhayi ubugebengu, ngakho izingozi eziphindwe kabili azisebenzi. Nokho, izivikelo eziqinile zivame ukuvimbela la makhambi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukumangalela ngamalungelo: Njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho, amasudi omphakathi adlula ngokuphindwe kabili ngokuphelele. Izinguquko zokuvikela ezifanelekayo zingazenza le sutu iphumelele kakhulu.
  • Imithetho egunyaziwe ye- I-conent conved:[ iziyalo zenkantolo yeFederal ezithi izinguquko zenkambiso eminyangweni yamaphoyisa ziye zasetshenziselwa ukusingatha ukuziphatha okubi kwezimiso ngaphandle kokuthembela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu ngabunye.
  • Ukungaqondisi okuzimele: Amabhodi okubukeza okusemzileni kanye nabashushisi abakhethekile bangahlola ukuziphatha okubi futhi batuse ukumangalelwa, kunganciphisa ingozi yokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni onecala noma ongaphelele.
  • Izinga eliphansi lesimo: Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho evumela ukuqulwa kabusha kobufakazi obusha becala futhi ukulahlwa kokuqala kwangcoliswa ukukhwabanisa noma ukukhohlisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Penal Code California 761 ivumela ukuqulwa okusha uma inkantolo ithola isahlulelo sikhohliswa ngokukhwabanisa. Nokho, ukusebenzisa umehluko onjalo ekulahleni kuhlala kusemthethweni.

Ithonya Ezinhlanganweni Ezikholelwa Okungalungile

Amaqembu anjenge-Innocence Project aseke asekela isikhathi eside ukuhlolwa kweDNA ehlangeneyo nokuthola ubufakazi. Nakuba izingozi eziphindwe kabili zivikela abantu abamsulwa ekutholeni kabusha, inkinga enkulu yalabo ababoshelwe ngokungafanele ukuthi abaningi abagwetshwanga ngokuyiphutha iwukuthi abatholakali ekuqaleni — balahlwa futhi kamuva bakhululwe. Kulaba bantu, izingozi eziphindwe kabili azinamsebenzi: uma isiqinisekiso sihlukana, umbuso ungabavumela, nakuba ngokomthetho ukuphikisa okuningi kulahlwa. Izinguquko ezivumela ukubukezwa okuqondile kwezinkolelo ezisekelwe ebufakazini obusanda kutholakala zicindezela kakhulu ukulahlwa okungafanele kunokushintsha ushintsho ukuze kuphindeke engozini.

Ukuhlola Icala Okuphawulekayo Okuqokomisa Ukuziphatha Okukabili Okuyingozi Nokungalungile Kwamaphoyisa

Ukuhlola izimo zezwe zangempela kuyasiza ekucaciseni indlela ingozi ephinda kabili eyenzeka ngayo.

Inkosi YaseRodney UCase (1992)

Ngemva kokushaywa kukaRodney King ngevidiyo, amaphoyisa amane aseLos Angeles amangalelwa enkantolo yombuso waseCalifornia ngokuhlasela nangokucindezela ngokweqile. Ukuvalelwa kwawo ngo-1992 kwabangela izibhelu zeLos Angeles. Ngenxa yokubhikisha okumbaxambili kwezentengiselwano, uhulumeni wakwazi ukumangalela amaphoyisa amabili aphula amalungelo eNkosi. Icala likahulumeni ngo-1993 laphumela ekumangalelweni kwezikhulu ezimbili, ngokwengxenye likhulumela igebe lokulandisa elashiywa imvume kahulumeni.

Indaba KaMichael Peterson (2003, eNyakatho Carolina)

UMichael Peterson walahlwa ngecala lokubulala umkakhe ngo - 2003, kodwa inkolelo yahoxiswa ngo - 2011 ngenxa yobufakazi bokuthi ubufakazi obuyinhloko banikeza ubufakazi bamanga, nokuthi umseshi oholayo, kamuva owathola ubufakazi bokumangalelwa, wayenobufakazi obuqanjiwe. Umbuso waphinde wavuma uPeterson, kodwa wakhululwa ngo - 2017. Phakathi necala lobu nkantolo, uPeterson wayengeke aphinde abulawe ngenxa yokubulala okufanayo ngoba icala lokuqala laphendulwa, alihoxiswa; ingozi ayizange ibekwe ngemva kokumangalelwa kwephutha. Nokho, uma ukube ukukhohliswa kwasekuqaleni kwakuguquliwe ngenxa yobufakazi obungenanzuzo — isahlulelo sokuvala isigwebo — ukuqulwa kabusha kwakungeke kwenqatshelwe.

IBreonna Taylor (2020)

Ngemva kokufa kukaBreonna Taylor phakathi nokuhlasela okungagwegwesi, ijaji elikhulu likahulumeni lamangalela isikhulu esisodwa ngokufaka ibhamu elingena emadolobheni (ngenxa yezinhlamvu ezangena endlini kamakhelwane), kodwa akuzange kubekwe icala lokufa kukaTaylor. Isikhulu sakhululwa ekuqulweni kwecala likahulumeni. Ngo-2022, uhulumeni wamangalelwa izikhulu ezine zamalungelo omphakathi, uzungu, nesithikamezo. Lamacala angokomthetho awavinjelwa ngenxa yokuziwa kabili ngenxa yokubulawa yinkosi ehlukene futhi ahilela izici ezihlukahlukene (ukubekwa kwamalungelo ngaphansi kombala womthetho). Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokumangalelwa kukahulumeni lapho izinhlelo zikahulumeni zihluleka.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Indlela Ezinye Izimiso Zezomthetho Ezisingatha Ngayo Ukuziphatha Okuyingozi Okukabili

I-United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi yemithetho evamile iqaphela izingozi eziphindwe kabili, kodwa imisha eminingi iye yamukela ukumiswa kokungavumelani nomthetho lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha nobuqand ’ ikhanda — ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína njengokubulala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK Criminal Justice Act yavumela iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala ukuba ikhiphe amacala nokulungisa ezimweni ezithile. Lenguquko iye yasetshenziswa ezimweni lapho ubufakazi (kaningi iDNA) bufakazelwa khona icala ngemva kokulahlwa. Nokho, impikiswano enjalo iyaqhubeka ichazwa ngokuqinile kakhulu e-U.S.

Emazweni omphakathi anjengeFrance neJalimane, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziyisimiso somthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ubukhulu becala elithi “lololo cala” bungancinyanisa. Ngokwesibonelo, eFrance, ukuvala icala kungaphinde kuvulwe kuphela uma isinqumo sokuqala sithathwa ngokukhwabanisa, hhayi ngenxa nje yokuvela kobufakazi obusha. Lezizindlela eziqhathaniseneyo zibonisa ukuthi ukulinganisela isiphetho nobulungisa kuyinselele yendawo yonke.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zokuvikela Nezimbongolo

Kubameli abavikelayo abamelela amakhasimende emacaleni acatshangelwayo ahilela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa noma ukuqunjelwa icala okungase kube okungalungile, ukuqonda izingozi eziphindwe kabili kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokomthetho. Ukucabangela okuyinhloko kuhlanganisa:

  • Isici sokuququzelela uhulumeni: Ngisho noma icala likahulumeni liphela ngokulahlwa, abashushisi bombuso bangaletha amacala. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emacaleni amakhulu empikweni empi enzima lapho iDOJ ingase ingenele.
  • Ukusetshenziswa okungafanelekile kwezindlela ezingalungile: Abashushisi bangafuna ukuqulwa ngephutha uma belindele ukulahlwa, belondoloza ilungelo lokuphinde bahlolwe. Abameli-mgamu kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi bavimbele amaqhinga amaphutha ngaphandle kwemvume yekhasimende, ngaphandle kokuba kubonakale ukuthi kuyimfuneko.
  • Ukuvikela amakhasimende angenacala: Uma umthetheleli esewukuphela, iseluleko sokuvikela kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi umbhalo ogciniwe ubonakalisa ngokucacile isahlulelo somthetheleli ngenzuzo, hhayi ukuxoshwa ngezizathu ezingokwemvelo, ukuze kwandiswe isivikelo esiphindwe kabili.
  • Icebo lobugebengu: ukuphikisa komphakathi kungaqhubeka kungakhathaliseki imiphumela yobugebengu. Ama-attorney amelela izisulu zokuziphatha okubi kufanele acabangele izenzo zomphakathi ezihambelanayo kusenesikhathi, ngaphambi kokuba imithetho yokulinganisela iphele.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okungalawuleki Phakathi Kokugcina Nokulandisa

Izingozi ezimbili ziseyisisekelo sobulungisa baseMelika bobugebengu, zivikela abantu ekuhlukunyezweni nasekubekeni izingozi zokuqulwa kwecala ngokuphindaphindiwe. Nokho ezimweni ezihilela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa nokumangalelwa okungalungile, ukuthi isivikelo ngezinye izikhathi singavikela onecala noma sivimbele ukulungiswa kwamaphutha amabi kakhulu. Imfundiso efuna ubushiqela inikeza umsebenzi owengeziwe, ivumela ukungenela kukahulumeni lapho ukumangalelwa kwezwe kuhluleka. Ukumangalelwa komba uhulumeni kunikeza omunye umkhakha wokulandisa, nakuba ukuvikeleka komthetho kanye neminye imigoqo efanelekayo kuqhubeka.

Imizamo eqhubekayo yokuguqula — kusukela ekuhlolweni kwemithetho yombuso ukuguqula ukufaneleka kokuzivikela — ifuna ukulinganisela okungcono. Nakuba kungekho simiso somthetho esingaqeda ukungezwani phakathi kokugcina nobulungisa ngokuphelele, ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili kunika amandla abasekeli, abenzi bomthetho, nomphakathi ukuba bafune imiphumela engcono. Izisulu zokungalungi kwamaphoyisa nokuvinjelwa okungalungile, indlela yokufuna ubulungisa idinga ukuqondisa lezi zimfundiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokunakekela, zifune zonke ikhambi elivumelekile ngaphansi komthetho.