Indima Ehlala Njalo Yesigodlo Somongameli Emfundweni YaseMelika

Isifungo sikamongameli sehhovisi singenye yezimpawu ezinamandla kakhulu ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Siphawula ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla ombuso, sibopha umholi ozayo kumthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi siqinisekisa obala isibopho somphathi sokukhonza isizwe kunokuba asekele inzuzo yomuntu siqu noma ehlukile. Ngokuhlola izinjongo eziqondile ze-dimocracy, isifungo sesifungo sesifungo sesifungo semfundo yomphakathi siye saba isisekelo semfundo ebanzi eUnited States. Abafundisi basisebenzisa hhayi nje njengesithombe esingokomlando kodwa njengombhalo ophilayo ohlanganisa abafundi nezimiso eziyisisekelo ze-Riphabliki. Ngokuhlola izinzuzo eziqondile ze-riphakethi yemini, izimo ezingokomthetho, kanye nobukhulu baso, abafundi bazuza ukuqonda incazelo ecacile yemibono engokomthetho, ukuhlukanisa imibuso yemisebenzi.

Ukuhlanganisa isifungo sezimiso zezifundo kusiza ekusingatheni inselele engapheli emfundweni yaseMelika: ukwenza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zibonakale. Abafundi bavame ukulwa nokuqonda izakhiwo ezifingqiwe zobuphenya nezilinganiso noma izisekelo zefilosofi zobuzwe. Nokho, isifungo sinikeza inqubo eyodwa, ekhumbulekayo, nenkulumo esebenzayo ehlanganisa izibopho zomthetho-mthethweni womongameli. Uma abafundi befunda, behlaziya, futhi besho ngisho nokusho isifungo, abawabambi nje ngekhanda amagama. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iqoqo phakathi kwesikhulu ne-Profecture noMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhuba engcono kakhulu ekufundeni, ukuhlaziya okusebenzayo, ukuhlaziya imibhalo, nokusebenza kwangempela kokucathula amaqiniso. Isifungo siba isifungo esicubunga kakhulu ekubuzeni ngesilinganiso samandla, imingcele yemisebenzi yelungelo, nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Isisekelo Somlando Nomthetho - sisekelo Sesihlwathi

ISiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana seSiqendu se-Claus 8, se-United States Constitution sigunyaza amagama aqondile esifungo sobumongameli: ngifunga kakhulu ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngiyolisebenzisa kangcono kakhulu ikhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. lolu lilimi luphawuleka ngalokho olukuhlanganisayo nalokho olukukhiphayo. Isifungo asiyisho ukwethembeka eqenjinini lezombangazwe, izimiso ezithile, noma ngisho nesizwe ngokwaso ngokwezimo ezificayo. Kunalokho, sigxila ekukhishweni ngokwethembeka kwehhovisi nesivikelo somthetho wezomthetho wezwe. Lombhalo uveza ukusheshisa okucebile kwezingxoxo zesikole. Abafundi abafunda i-Prodenti ayihloli ukuba bahlole i-bujini ye-gostitus.

Ngokomlando, isifungo siye sanikezwa uMahluleli Omkhulu weNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakuyali lokhu. UGeorge Washington waqala isiko lokunezela amagama [[FLT: 0]]]] ngakho - ke ngisize ngithole uNkulunkulu" [ ngemva kwesifungo, nakuba izazi ziphikisana ngokuthi wenza kanjalo ngempela yini. Noma kunjalo, lomkhuba waba nesiko futhi walandelwa amongameli abaningi abalandelayo. Lomcimbi ongaqala wodwa ulwelethelela izimpikiswano zasekilasini ngokuphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nezindaba, indima yenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi, nendlela aqala ngayo izakhiwo zezwe zaseSikhungweni somthetho wezwe [FLT] eziphambili zezindawo zemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yezomthetho-iright. [FLD:2]

Isifungo futhi sinezilinganiso ezingokomthetho eziphawulekayo. Umongameli owephula isifungo ngokuhluleka ukuphumeza imithetho ngokwethembeka noma ngokululaza uMthetho-sisekelo angabhekana nokungavumelani. Lokhu kuhlobana phakathi kwesifungo nezimiso zokulandisa kungokunye ukufundisa okunzima. Abafundi bangahlola indlela isifungo esisebenza ngayo hhayi nje njengomthetho wesiko kodwa njengesifungo esibophayo esiphethe imiphumela. Lokhu kuqinisa umthetho futhi kusiza abafundi ukuba babheke uMthetho-sisekelo njengosici esiphilayo esicindezela amandla kunencwadi eqinile yesithakazelo somlando. Umthetho weZinkombango weZinkomba zesizwe [[[FLT]] unikeza umongo owusizo kubafundisi abahlola abafundi abanezilinganiso ezingokomthetho.

Izindlela Zokufundisa I - oda

Imfundo yomphakathi ephumelelayo ithatha indawo yezifundo nezincwadi. Isifungo sikamongameli siveza izindlela zemfundo ezihlukahlukene ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisa abafundi ngamazinga amaningi olwazi. Lezi zimo zingajwayela amazinga ahlukene ohlelo nokufunda, kusukela emakilasini avamile kuya ezimisweni zesikole nasemapulatifomu okufunda.

Ukuhlaziya Itekisi Nokufunda Ngokuseduze

Enye indlela yokusungula ihlanganisa ukuphatha isifungo njengombhalo oyinhloko wokuhlola ngokuseduze. Abafundi bangahlola ukukhetha kwamagama akhethekile, njengo " ngokuthembeka benza" ngokumelene no-"enza" noma "enza ngokuphumelela". Bangacabangela ukuthi kungani abakhisi be-frames bekhetha , bevikela futhi bavikele"[[ njengesenzo sengxenye eyodwa yendlela elula. Lokhu kuhlola kwakha amakhono agxekayo okufundwa ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho ukuqonda komthetho we-mthetho kujule. Abafundisi bangahlanganisa isifungo neminye imithombo eyinhloko, njengo-Federalist. Nokgnome.[[[[FLT][FLT][3][9][ist] njengendlela yokuqala yokubonisa indlela yokulawula, ukuhlanganisa amandla. Amandla okungaqonda kahle, ukuhlanganisa izifungo, noma ukuhlanganisa i-tempsethi, ukuhlanganisa i-tempricijini ye-ediyo.

Imishini Nokuvivinya Indima

Mhlawumbe indlela ethatha phambili kakhulu kubafundi iwukuveza imikhosi yokuthatha isifungo ngokwayo. Izikole kulo lonke izwe ziqhuba ukunikezelwa okuhlekisayo okuthi abafundi bathathe izindima zikamongameli, ukwahlulela okuyinhloko, nezinye izikhulu. Lezi zimo zivumela abafundi ukuba babone ukufaneleka kwalesi senzakalo futhi baqonde ukugcinwa kokudluliswa kombuso ngokuthula. Okubaluleke kakhulu, banikeza umongo wokuxoxa ngesifungo. Ngemva kokuphindaphinda isifungo, abafundi bangaphikisana ngemibono ecatshangelwayo: Yini umongameli okufanele ayenze uma umthetho uphikisana noMthetho-Constitution? Izingxoxo zivumelanisa kanjani ukulondeka kwesizwe nenkululeko yomphakathi? Lezi zisusa isifungo esisemthonjeni wokucabanga ngezimiso. [FEPT][0]

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo Nomlando

Enye indlela enamandla yokuhlola inqubo efanayo. Abafundi bangaqhathanisa isifungo sobumongameli nezinye izifungo zesikhundla, njengaleso esifekthayo samalungu eKhonsathi, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, noma izikhulu zempi. Lokhu kuqhathanisa kuqokomisa imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile yegatsha ngalinye nezindlela zokuziphendulela ezihlangene nendima ngayinye. Isibonelo, isifungo sezempi [[FLT: 0]] sisekela futhi sivikele uMthetho-sisekelo"[[ [[[FLT]] ukulinganisa isifungo sikamongameli kodwa ugcizelela ukuphakama kwegunya lezakhamuzi. Abafundi bangaxoxa ngalokho lokhu ukungezwani okungakhomba okungakho ngemiklani yemibuso ehlukene. Ukuhlola kwezemfundo yamuva kungahlola futhi indlela umongameli achaza ngayo izifungo phakathi nenkathi ehlukene. [FF][2] Izingxoxo zesayensi yokucwaninga yobuP]

Izinguquko Zezinga Lembewu Nokushintsha

Ukuhlanganiswa kwesiqubulo sikamongameli kudinga ukuvumelana okunengqondo namazinga akhulayo abafundi. Abafundi basesikoleni esisaqala bangafunda isifungo njengombhalo wesisekelo ofana neSifungo sika-Allegiance, bagxile emagameni ayinhloko njengaye " Constitution"[ kanye ne [[FLT]] iposi. Othisha bangasebenzisa izincwadi zemifanekiso mayelana nokunikezelwa komongameli kanye nemisebenzi elula yokudlala indima ukuze bazise umqondo wobuholi. Kulelizinga, umgomo ukuthuthukisa ukujwayelana kanye nokuhlangana okuhle nemikhuba yomphakathi kunokuba bahlole imidanti yomthetho.

Abafundi basesikoleni esiphakathi bakulungele ukuthembisana izivumelwano ezengeziwe. Bangaqhathanisa amakheli okuvula ahlukene amongameli, bephawula indlela umholi ngamunye achaza ngayo ukubaluleka kwesifungo. Bangabuye bahlole iqoqo elincane elingokomlando lapho isifungo sihlolwa, njengokukhetha okuphikisanayo ngo-1876 noma ukudluliselwa kombuso ngemva kokubulawa kukaMongameli John F. Kennedy. Lemisebenzi ithuthukisa amakhono okucwaninga kuyilapho isilinganiso sangempela sezwe. Abafundisifungo singahlanganisa isilinganiso somthetho, igatsha eliphethe i-consi, noma inqubo yokukhetha, iqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bahlangana nombhalo ngezikhathi eziningi.

Abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme bangahlanganyela ekufungeleni ngokwezinga eliphambili, behlola izilinganiso zayo ezingokomthetho, ezingokomthetho, nezefilosofi. Izikole zikahulumeni ezithuthukile zingahlaziya amacala asenkantolo abhekisela esifungo, njengathi United States v. Nixon [19778] noma Trump v. United States[ [2024]). Lezi zimo zibonisa indlela izifungo ezihlangene ngezindaba zelungelo, ukulandisa, nemingcele yamandla kamongameli. Abafundi bangahlola futhi izimpikiswano zamanje ngokuthi ingabe umongameli unegunya ngokwanele, ikakhulukazi enkathini yezenzo zezikhulu nezokuhlola.

Ukuhlola Imiphumela Yokufunda Nezincwadi Ezihlangene

Ukulinganisa ukuphumelela kwemfundo ehlobene nesifungo sobumongameli kudinga okungaphezu kwemibuzo engokwesiko esekelwe emazwini esifungo. Ukuhlola okunengqondo kuveza indlela abafundi abangasebenzisa ngayo izimiso zesifungo ezimweni ezintsha. Ukuhlola okusekelwe ekusebenzeni okunjengokulingisa umthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano eziphathelene namandla kamongameli, noma izingxoxo zokuhlola ukulandisa kokulandisa ngokulandisa kobunhloko zinikeza ubufakazi obucebile bokufunda. Ngokwesibonelo, uthisha angacela abafundi ukuba babhale umbono omfushane bephikisa ukuthi isenzo esicatshangelwayo sikamongameli siyasiphula yini isifungo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezibonelo ezingokomlando. Loluhlobo lokuhlola alukhunjululwa nje kuphela kodwa lunikeza ukuhlaziya, ukuhlola, nokusebenzisa indlela ephakeme yokucabanga ehambisana nokufunda.

Ngaphandle kokuhlolwa ngakunye, izikole zingahlola izinhlelo zemfundo yomphakathi ngokulandela izikhombo ezinjengezinqumo zabafundi zomthetho-mthetho, ukuzimisela kwabo ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi, nomuzwa wabo wokusebenza kwezakhamuzi. Ukuhlolwa namaqembu angaveza ukuthi abafundi bazizwa bekulungele ukuthatha iqhaza ekuphileni kwentando yeningi, kuhlanganise nokuvota, ukuququlwa kwezekomiti, nokubopha umphakathi. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwesifungo sobumongameli nalemiphumela emikhulu kubaluleke ngokungaqondile kodwa kunenjongo: abafundi abaqonda ukubaluleka kwesifungo bathambekele kakhulu ekuthatheni imithwalo yabo siqu yemfanelo yezenhlalakahle. IKhomisha yemfundo yamazwe ifaka isiqinisekiso sokuhlangana phakathi kwemfundo ephakeme yomphakathi nengxenye yomphakathi kamuva, ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwale zinhlelo eziyisisekelo ezifana nesifungo.

Izinselele Nokucabangela Ekufundiseni Isifuba

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ukufundisa isifungo sobumongameli kunikeza izinselele eziningana othisha okumelwe bazisebenzise ngokucophelela. Enye impikiswano ebalulekile ingeyokuhlukanisa kwezombangazwe ekilasini. Izingxoxo eziphathelene namandla kamongameli, izikhundla zegunya, nemingcele yegunya zingaba yize, ikakhulukazi endaweni ehloniphekile ehloniphekile. Othisha kumelwe balondoloze ukungathathi hlangothi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuvumela abafundi ukuba bahlole imibono ehlukile ngendlela isifungo okufanele sichazwe ngayo. Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe ngokuphathelene nezingxoxo ezinzima nokwakha impucuko yekilasi yenhlonipho ibalulekile ekuxazululeni lenseko.

Enye inselele ingumehluko omkhulu ezindinganisweni zikahulumeni zemfundo yomphakathi. Nakuba ezinye izifunda zidinga izifundo ezibanzi ezihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa okuqukethwe umthetho-mfashini, ezinye zinezimfuneko ezimbalwa, zishiyele isinqumo esiya ezifundeni ngazinye noma kuthisha. Lokhu kuguquguquka kusho ukuthi abafundi abaningi abangase bahlangane nesifungo sobumongameli ngendlela enenjongo phakathi nemfundo yabo eyi-K-12. Ukusekela izindinganiso zikahulumeni eziqinile kanye nokusekela kwezezezesizwe imfundo yomphakathi, njengaleyo ehlongoze i- CCOVCS Devict Act [FL:1], izinhloso zokukhuluma ngalokhu kungathandeki. Abafundisi banganezela futhi emitatsheni yabo enjengeSikhungweni somthetho womthetho, i-Bill weSikhungo se-Greastment, ne-Cunity, zonke izinto zezemfundo ephakeme kakhulu.

Okunye okucatshangelwayo yisidingo sokwenza isifungo sibe esifanelekile kubafundi abangase bazizwe bedumele noma bengabazani ngezinhlangano zaseMelika. Kubafundi abahlala emiphakathini ehlukene, igebe phakathi kwemibono engokomthetho kanye namaqiniso angokomlando lingaba sobala kabuhlungu. Kunokuba bashalazele lokhu kucindezeleka, othisha abaphumelelayo bakhuluma ngaso ngokuqondile, besebenzisa lesi sifungo njengesiqalo sezingxoxo zokulwela ubulungisa obuqhubekayo nendima yezakhamuzi ekubekeni abaholi icala. Lendlela iguqula isifungo ekucebiseni nje ithuluzi lokubonisa izakhamuzi ingcaca, isize abafundi ukuba bazibone njengabahlanganyeli abakhuthele emsebenzini wentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemithombo Yezobuchwepheshe Yokufundisa I - oth

Amathuluzi emishini namaziko e-inthaneti andisa amathuba okufundisa isifungo somongameli ekuhlanganyeleni nasekusebenziseni izindlela ezihambisanayo. Izinqolobane zevidiyo zokunikezelwa komongameli zivumela abafundi ukuba babone isifungo esithathwa amongameli abahlukene kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, banikeze umuzwa obanzi wokuqhubeka komkhosi noshintsho. Abafundi bangaqhathanisa uJohn F. Kennedy nokuqiniseka kwakhe kobusha ngezwi likaJoe Biden elivinjelwe kakhulu, noma baqaphele umehluko phakathi kwesifungo esilula sikaGeorge Washington nokwenziwa kwesakhiwo sanamuhla ngombukiso wakhe, amabhola, nombukwabe wezindaba. Lezizinto ezibonakalayo zingabangela izingxoxo ezicebile mayelana nendlela i-PHPHLEN eye yaqala ngayo kuyilapho umbhalo womthetho ulokhu uhleliwe.

Izilinganiso zesikhathi kanye namathuluzi okuchaza ngokwezinombolo kwenza abafundi bakwazi ukuhlola isifungo phakathi komongo waso obanzi. I-Platform enjenge- Google Commonrood ne ne-metrod[[FLT]] ivumela abafundisi ukuba bafake imibuzo enzima, bahlole, futhi baxoxe ngokubhekisa ngqo kuyi-video noma imithombo yemibhalo, benze ukufunda kube nolwazi olubanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uthisha angakha isifundo solwazi lapho abafundi bebuka isikhawu sokunikezelwa kwendlu futhi baphendule umbuzo mayelana nokuthi iphi izimpawu zobuso noma umsindo wesifungo. Izicini ze-Gaze. Izici ezinje, njengezinto ezihambisana nemifanekiso eshubile, i-Punicrective inikeza inset: [FFoctive, i-ectives]

Izezindaba zomphakathi zinikeza amathuba okufunda okwengeziwe. Abafundisi bangadala ama-akhawunti esigaba alandela ochwepheshe bomthetho-sisekelo, izazi-mlando, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, baqoqa ukudla okubalulekile kulo lonke iqoqo lobumongameli. Abafundi bangahlola ama-teats kubaphathi bamanje ukuze bahlole ukuthi izenzo zabo zivumelana yini nezimfuneko zesifungo. Yebo, lendlela idinga isiqondiso esicophelelayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abafundi bahlukanisa phakathi kwemithombo enegunya nenniso. Amakhono okufunda amaMededi kuba abalulekile kulo mongo, futhi othisha bangafundisa abafundi ngokucacile ukuthi bangahlaziya kanjani ukuthembeka kolwazi olukuyi-webhusayithi ngo-prezinessagella kanye nezinqubo zomthetho.

Imiqondo Eqhathaniswayo: I - Modential Oath in Global Context

Nakuba isifungo sobumongameli wase-United States sihlukile ekuqondeni kwaso umthetho-sisekelo, sikubeka ekwakheni ukwakheka okufanayo kujulise ukuqonda kwabafundi ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Amazwe amaningi afuna amakhanda abo ezwe ukuba enze isifungo noma enze isifungo esiqotho ekuthatheni isikhundla. Umongameli waseFrance ufunga [" futhi uqinisekisa ukuhlonipha uMthetho-sisekelo" [ futhi uveza [[FLT:]] futhi uveza amandla aphakeme adinga ukuthembeka kwesizwe nokuhlala ngokwezindawo ezihlukahlukene. [[FLT]] Umongameli waseNdiya uqinisekisa izifungo [[FLT:]], uvikela, uvikela umthetho-semgaqo kanye nomthetho.[FLD:] [FLD] [F]]

Ukuhlola ukuqhathanisa kuqokomisa futhi lokho okuhlukanisayo ngendlela yokuthatha amaMelika. Isifungo sase-U.S. asikhulumi ngokwethembeka kwesizwe, kubantu, noma kunoma yimuphi umqondo, kuphela kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Lokhu kubonisa ukungathembani okukhulu kwamandla ahlelileyo kanye nesinqumo sabo sokwenza uMthetho-sisekelo, kunokuba senze noma imuphi omunye umuntu noma iqembu, umthombo oyinhloko wegunya. Ngokungafani, ezinye idemokratiyucracy ihlanganisa ulimi oluphathelene nokukhonza abantu noma ukusekela izindinganiso zedemokramente, okubonisa izimpicaba zabo ezingokomlando ngokumelene nempoqo noma ukonakala. Ngokuhlola lokhu kungafani, abafundi bazuza ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi umklamo womthetho-mthetho uveza kanjani izinto eziphambili nezenzakalo zomlando. [[FLT:]

Isiphetho: Isihlwathi Njengombhalo Ophilayo

Isifungo sobumongameli sehhovisi singaphezu kakhulu kobumnandi benkonzo. Siyi-ankile yomthetho-sisekelo, isifungo esingokomthetho, nethuluzi elingokomthetho elinokubaluleka okungavamile. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ihlelwe ezifundweni zemfundo zomphakathi, sisiza abafundi ukuba baqonde isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika, futhi baqonde imithwalo yemfanelo yobuholi. Ngokufunda ngokuseduze, ukuhlaziya, ukuthatha isigaba esiphezulu, nokuzivumelanisa, abafundisi bangenza lesi sifungo sibaluleke kakhulu kubafundi kuzo zonke izitejikelezo zemfundo. Izinselele zezombangazwe zokubekwa kwezindawo zezwelonke nezindinganiso ezingalinganiyo zingenzima ngempela kodwa zingenakunqotshwa, ikakhulukazi uma othisha bethola imithombo ephakeme nesisekelo esiphambili. Njengoba ukulawulwa kwentando yentando yeningi imibuso yeningi ibhekana nokucindezela okusha nokungaqiniseki, isidingo semfundo ephumelelayo asikaze sikhule. Umongameli wesizwe, uveza isisekelo esinenzuzo esinezentengosiko, isizukulwane esilandelanayo, futhi umbiko esilandelane, ukulungiselela isizukulwane esilandelayo, futhi esihambisana nokuziswe, ukukhokhwa.

Ekugcineni, ukufundisa isifungo kuwukusekela intando yeningi. Abafundi abaqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini kumongameli " ukuvikela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo" bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlola izenzo zobuphathi, abaholi babheka ukuthi bayalandisa, futhi bahlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi. Baqaphela ukuthi lesi sifungo asiwona nje amazwi ashiwo njalo eminyakeni emine kodwa isithembiso esiqhubekayo esibumba isimo sesizwe. Ngokusenza isifungo siyingxenye eyinhloko yemfundo yezezenhlalakahle, izikole zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lesi sithembiso sihlala njalo ezizukulwaneni.