Isingeniso: Indima Yezimali Zase - Australia Ekuzinzeni Kwezomnotho

I-Australian Treasurer iyinsika eyinhloko yokuphathwa kwezomnotho, esebenza ngokuvikela impilo yezwe yezimali. Phakathi kwemithwalo yayo yemfanelo enzima kakhulu ukulawulwa kwamandla emali nokulondolozwa kwenani lamanani. Lo msebenzi awuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo kuphela othinta ngokuqondile amandla okuthenga emikhaya, izinqumo zokutshala imali zamabhizinisi, kanye nokusekela ukukhula kwezomnotho. Ngokugcina intengo eqinile, iNdawo yezimali isiza ekudaleni ukubikezela ukuhleleka kwezomnotho, ivumela abathengi nabatshali ukuba bahlele ikusasa ngokuqiniseka. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokuthenga, amathuluzi, namathuluzi, nezinselele ezibhekenenhlonze enguquko engoko kwembulunga yonke.

Ukuzinza kwemali ngokuvamile kuchazwa njengokuncishiswa kwamandla emali okungaguquguquki. Uma ukwehla kwamandla emali kuphakeme kakhulu, kuqeda inzuzo yangempela kanye nemali egciniwe, ikakhulukazi kuleyo eholayo eqinile. Uma iphansi kakhulu noma ingakhisi kakhulu (ukuncipha), kungaholela ekunciphiseni imali kanye nokungalawuleki kwezomnotho. Umsebenzi we-Keneral, ngokubambisana neReserve Bank yase-Australia (RBA), uhlose ukugcina ukwehla kokwentengantenga okusemgomweni okusekela ukukhula. Lokhu kuhilela ukuxubana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemicu yezimiso, ukugada, ukuhlela nokuqhubekela phambili.

Ukuqonda Ukukhuphuka Kwamandla Emali Nomphumela Wako Ezomnotho

Ukunyuka kwenani lokunyuka kwamanani entengo yempahla nezinkonzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuholele ekuncipheni kwamandla okuthenga. Nakuba ukwehla kwamandla emali okusesilinganisweni kuyisici esivamile sezomnotho esikhulayo cishe ku-2-3% (ukunyuka kwamandla emali) kungabangela ukuntengantenga okukhulu kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwehla kwamandla emali kukhuthaza ukuncishiswa kwezimpahla, ukukhokha izimali okungalindelekile, futhi kungaholela ekukhokheleni imali enyukayo lapho intengo neholo kukhuphuka khona. Ngokuphambene, ukuncipha kwentengo, noma ukuncipha kwamanani, kungabangela ukuthengwa okunga kakhulu kokulindele ukuthenga ngisho namanani aphansi, okuholela ekuncipheni kwesidingo, ukukhiswa kwenani eliphansi, ukukhiswa kwemali, nokukhuphuka kwemisebenzi.

I-Sceal kunye ne-RBA kusebenzisa uhlelo lokwehla kwamandla emali olubheke ekulindeleni ama-hange. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, isisulu bekuwukulondoloza ukwehla kwamandla emali phakathi kwamaphesenti amabili namathathu ngegama eliphakathi. Lokhu kunikeza uphawu olucacile lwezinqumo zemali nemithetho yezemali. Indima ye-Moovery iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yemali nentela kuhulumeni akusilulazi lesi sisulu, kuyilapho futhi kusekela ukukhula kwezomnotho nomsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukwehla kwamandla emali kukhula ngokushesha kakhulu, i-Thekishini ingasekela umthetho owe-fistica kakhulu, njengokunciphisa imali esetshenziswayo noma intela eyandayo, ukuze kunciphe intela encishisiwe.

Ukuzinza kwamanani akusona isiphetho ngokwaso kodwa indlela yokufinyelela izinjongo ezibanzi zezomnotho: ukukhula okungaguquguquki, ukuswelakala komsebenzi, nokuzinza kwezomnotho. Uma amanani eqinile, amabhizinisi angenza izinqumo zokutshala imali isikhathi eside ngokuqiniseka, izisebenzi zingaxoxa ngeholo elilondoloza inzuzo yazo yangempela, futhi abalondolozi bangahlela umhlalaphansi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuguguleka. Ukuzimisela kwe-Ofesi ye-Australia kuboniswa ekuhloleni kwayo okuqhubekayo ukwaziswa okungokomnotho, kuhlanganise ne-Consumer Price Index (CI), i-Pice Preciser Index, i-I Index, kanye nezinyathelo eliyisisekelo sokwehla kokwehla komnotho.

Izihlongozo Zezimali Zokulawula Ukuncipha Kwamandla Emali

I-Australian Treasurer isebenzisa icebo elinezici eziningi lokulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali nokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwentengo. Lokhu kuhilela ukubambisana neReserve Bank yase-Australia, ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela kwenqubo yezezimali, nokuqashelwa okukhulu kwezimpawu zezomnotho. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziningiliza lamacebo.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Izwe

I-Moota isebenza nge-RBA, emisa isimiso semali ngokulungisa isilinganiso semali esingokomthetho. Indima yeNdawo yezimali kulokhu kubambisana iwukunikeza ukuhlolwa kwezomnotho kanye nezikhombo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso se-fiscal sivumelana nokubaluleka okubanzi kwemali. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nomqedazwe we-COVID-19, i-Mooral isekela isimiso semali esinwetshwayo ngezisekelo eziphawulekayo, kuhlanganise noJob Sénder nezindleko ezandisiwe zikahulumeni, ukuvimbela ukukhucululwa nokusekelwa kwesidingo. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, ngezikhathi zokwehla kwamandla emali, i-Mongo yemali ingasekela ukuhlanganisa i-RBA inzalo yenzalo.

Lokhu kubambisana kuhlelwa ngemihlangano yasikhathi sonke phakathi kwezikhulu zeTreasurery ne-RBA malungu ebhodi, kanye nangezincwadi ezihlangene njenge- Trategy ne-Outlook. I-University inikeza futhi ukufakwa ezinqubeni zemali zeRBA nge-Mootal ye-Mootal, eyilungu le-RBA Board. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yezemali ayisebenzi ezinjongweni ezinqamulene.

Izilinganiso Zesimiso Sokwehla Kwemali

Isimiso se-Fiscal siyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthonya isidingo esikhucululwayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukwehla kwamandla emali. I-Australian Treasury isebenzisa izindleko zikahulumeni nentela ukuvuselela noma ukupholisa umnotho. Phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, isimiso sokwandisa intela , njengokuncishiswa kwentela noma ukukhushulwa kwezakhiwo zesakhiwo. Ngokuphambene, isilinganiso sokwehla kwamandla emali, umthetho wesivumelwano semali, ukuncishiswa kwemali.

Isibonelo esiyinhloko ukusetshenziswa kweTreasurey yezinga elizisebenzelayo, njengentela ezihamba phambili nezinzuzo zokungasebenzi, ezizivumelanisa ngokwemvelo nomjikelezo wezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho umnotho ukhula ngamandla futhi ukwehla kwamandla emali kunyuka, intela ephakeme evela eholweni ekhushuliwe isiza ekunciphiseni isidingo ngaphandle kwenqubo ecacile. Ngokuphambene, phakathi nokuntengantenga kwemali, intela ephansi kanye nezindleko zezenhlalakahle eziphezulu zinikeza inzuzo ephambili. Izimali futhi zisebenzisa izinyathelo ezihlakaniphile, njengokuncishiswa kwesikhashana kwamafutha ancishisiwe entengweni yamandla kagesi.

Ukuhlolwa Nokubikezelwa Kwezikhombo Zezomnotho

Inkampani ilondoloza isimiso sokuqapha esiyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kulandelelwe ukwehla kwamandla emali nezinye izimpawu eziyinhloko zezomnotho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya iCommerce Price Index (CPI), izilinganiso eziyisisekelo (njengentengiselwano elungisiweyo nesisindo), ukukhula kweholo, imininingwane yomsebenzi, kanye nezimiso zezomnotho zomhlaba. I-Mooctive ikhipha ushintsho lwezezomnotho oluvamile, kuhlanganise ne- i-Economic Out [ kanye ne-[FLT]Mid yezentelligence yezenteyo yezentekoliso kanye ne-Fiscal Outk Outk [[FLD:3]], okunikeza izibikelo nezingozi.

Lezi zibikezelo zibalulekile ekuziseni izinqumo zezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iprojekthi yezezimali yokuzalisa imali idlula ibhande elihlosiwe ngenxa yokunikeza ukushaqeka noma isidingo esinamandla, i-Moove ingaluleka ekulungiseni okungalungiseki. I-Cooral ingasizana futhi nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni, njenge-Australian Bureau of Statistics, ukuthuthukisa izinga lokwaziswa kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi. Lendlela yobufakazi esekelwe ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukusabela kwenqubo kubhekiswe phambili futhi kuyasebenza.

Amathuluzi Asetshenziswa Ivezi Lemali Ukulondoloza Imali Eqinile

INdawo yezimali inamathuluzi amaningi ewasebenzisayo, amaningi awo asetshenziswa kanye namathuluzi emali alawulwa iRBA. Lamathuluzi aklanyelwe ukuthonya ukwehla kwamandla emali kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ezifunwayo nezinikezwayo.

Izinga Lesithakazelo Lokuphathana Ngokubambisana

Nakuba i-RBA ihlela izinga elingokomthetho lemali, izinqumo zenqubo yezezimali zingandisa noma zinqande imiphumela yenkambiso yemali. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iRBA inyusa inzalo ukuze inqande ukwehla kwamandla emali, i-Ceal inganciphisa imali kahulumeni ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze igweme izimpawu eziphikisanayo. Isilinganiso semali yokuthenga ngesikweleti nezindleko zokuboleka ithonywa futhi kuthonywa yimatheze intengo yokwehla kwamandla emali, okuthi nayo ithinte izindleko zikahulumeni. Ngokugcina izinga lokushaya umsindo, iNdawo yemali isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso semali ye-RBA siyasebenza.

I-Moovery ilawula futhi uhlelo lomthetho lwezikweletu zikahulumeni. Phakathi nezikhathi zokwehla kwamandla emali okukhulu, i-Treasurer ingakhipha izibopho zokwandiswa kwenzalo ezimfushane ukuze inciphise izingozi zenzalo, noma ilungise isimo sesikweleti ukuze kulawule ukuncitshiswa kwezentengiselwano. Lokhu kubambisana kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqina kwezimali.

Umsebenzi Wokufuna Ukuncipha Kwamandla Emali

Isigaxa esi-2-3% isisulu sokwehla kwamandla emali siyisisekelo sesimiso sezezimali sase-Australia. Izimali zisekela lesisisulu ngezimiso zaso zokwakha. Ngokwesibonelo, intela yeNdawo yezimali nezimiso zokudlulisa iklanyelwe ukungathathi hlangothi phakathi kwento, ngakho abenzi iqhaza ekuncipheni kokwehla kwamandla emali. Izimali futhi zisebenza ezinguqulweni ezikhona zokuthuthukisa amanani, ezingasiza ekugcineni amanani antengo. Izinyathelo ezinjalo njengenkambiso yokuncintiswano, ukuvimbela intela, nokutshala inzuzo konke kuhloselwe ekunciphiseni ukucindezela nokwandisa amandla omnotho ukuze ukhule ngaphandle kokubangela ukwehla kwamandla omnotho.

Indima yeNdawo ekubekeni amandla emali ihlanganisa nokuveza isu elinengqondo ngemva kwezinqumo zesimiso. Ngokuchaza indlela isimiso semali esivumelana ngayo nesisulu sokwehla kwamandla emali, iNondyebo isiza ekuqiniseni amathemba omphakathi, okuyisihluthulelo sokunqanda ukwehla kwamandla emali okungokoqobo. Lena yingxenye yesu elibanzi lokubonana nokulandisa.

Ushintsho Lwemali Kahulumeni Nentela

INdawo yezimali iyakwazi ukulawula uhlelo lwemali lukahulumeni, oluthinta ngokuqondile isidingo esidingwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokululama kwangemva kwe-pandemic, i-Moneral yasebenzisa uchungechunge lwezilinganiso zokusebenzisa imali ehloselwe, njengecebo Icebo lokuzikhulula Ngokugcwele [ nohlelo lokwakha iNdawo, ukuze ishukumise izicelo ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa umnotho. Lezi zinyathelo zasetshenziswa ngokucophelela ukuze zigcwalise iRBA's translation.

Intela ingahlela intela yomuntu siqu, intela yenkampani, kanye nentela engaqondile njenge-GST ukuze ithonye ukusetshenziswa kwemali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunciphisa intela phakathi nokwehla kwemali kungandisa iholo lelahleko nesidingo, kuyilapho intela eyandayo ingadambisa ukushisa kwezomnotho. Inkampani isebenzisa nenqubo yentela ukuze inciphise ukubiza ngokweqile, okungasiza ekunciphiseni ukucindezela kokwehla kwamandla emali.

Imithetho Elawulayo Neyokwakha

Ngaphandle kokulawula okufunwe kafushane, i-Moondra isebenzisa izinqubo zokwakha ukuthuthukisa ukuphumelela komnotho ekuncipheni kwamandla emali. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinguquko ezimakethe zezisebenzi, izimakethe zamandla, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezindlu (okungathinta ukuqina kwamanani). Ngokwesibonelo, inqubo ye-Moolential's computement [ ihlose ukwandisa ukuphumelela kwezentengiselwano namanani aphansi abathengi. Ngokufanayo, izinyathelo zokwandisa ukuthengwa kwezindlu zingasiza ekuvimbeleni ukwehla kwemali, okuyingxenye enkulu yeCPI.

INdawo yezimali ihlanganyela futhi ekubambisanani kwezizwe zonke ngezindawo ezinjengeG20 ne-OECD ukusingatha ukucindezela kokwehla kwamandla emali embulunga yonke, njengokunikeza ukuphazamiseka okulandelana kwemali kanye nenani lempahla i-CMC. Ngokuthuthukisa ukuhwebelana okuzinzile kwezizwe zonke nokutshala imali, i-Theki yemali isiza ekunciphiseni ukwehla kwamandla emali okuvela kwamanye amazwe.

Umlando Nezenzakalo Ezibalulekile

Indlela ye-Australia yokulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali iye yavela phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Ngawo-1970 nawo 1980, izwe lathola ukwehla kwamandla emali okukhulu futhi okuguquguqukayo, lifinyelela ngaphezu kwe 17% ekuqaleni kwawo-1980. Lokhu kwaholela ekusebenziseni amandla emali ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, ngokwethukela futhi ngokusemthethweni yi-RBA. I-Mooker yaba nendima eyinhloko kulokhu kushintshwa ngokugcizelela ukukhucululwa kwemali nokusekela ukuzimela kwebhange eliphakathi.

Phakathi nonyaka ka-1990, ukugxila kwemali egciniwe yemali kanye nokuncishiswa kwezikweletu kwasiza ukugcina ukwehla kwamandla emali kuphansi. Inkathi kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-2007 yayaziwa ngokuthi "i-Great Lideration," enenani eliqinile namanani aphansi. I-Global Finance Crisis ka-2009 edinga ukuhlanganiswa kwemali kanye nokuhlohlwa kwemali, iNdawo yezimali eyakwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngokucutha nokuyikhokha intela. Muva nje, umqedazwe we-CHOVAD wakhula ngokungakazeki, kulandelwa ukwenyuka okukhulu kokwenyuka kwamandla emali kusukela ngo-2021 kuqhubekeka. Ukusabela kwemali kwale Komiti yemali kwahlanganisa ukukhishwa kancane kanye nokusekela umjikelezo we-RBA.

Lezizenzakalo ezingokomlando zigcizelela indlela yokulungisa indlela yezimali. Inhlekelele ngayinye inikeze izifundo eziye zalungisa amasu ayo, njengokubaluleka kwezinyathelo ezifike ngesikhathi, izingozi zokungalawuleki kwemithetho, nesidingo sokukhulumisana okucacile.

Izinselele Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

I - Australian Treasury ibhekene nezinselele eziningana ezidinga ukucabanga okusha nezimiso eziqinile.

Ukungaqiniseki Kwezomnotho Embulungeni Yonke

Izwe lonke linezinto ezihambisana nokuthengwa kwemali, ukuntengantenga kwezombangazwe, kanye nentengo eshaqisayo yentengo. I-University kumelwe isebenze nabantu bomhlaba wonke ukuze inciphise lezingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, impi yase-Ukraine nemithetho yokujezisa iRussia kuye kwaholela ekuminyanisweni kwamandla namanani okudla, okuye kwabangela ukwehla kwamandla emali emakhaya. Ngokufanayo, ukululama kwangemva kwe-pance kuphawulwe ngemifashini yebhodlela, leyo i-Ekonti yenze ngezindlela ezikhokhwaza, njengemali eshisiwe ekukhiqizweni kwemisebenzi yasekhaya.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nakho kuletha izingozi ezintsha zamandla emali. Izenzakalo zesimo sezulu ezingathi sína zingaphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, ukulimala kwezakhiwo, kanye nezindleko zamandla. Ukusabela kwesimiso seNdawo kuhlanganisa ukusekela ukushintshela kwezomnotho zecarbon eziphansi ngemali eshibhile eluhlaza kanye nekharbon, okungasiza ekuqiniseni ukuthengwa kwentengo ethatha isikhathi eside.

Izinguquko Ezingokwezomnotho

Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, njengokuzihlela nokushintsha kwemishini, ibangela ukuncipha kwenani lezindleko, kodwa futhi idala izinselele zokulungisa. I-Otherine kumelwe ilawule lezinguquko ukuze igweme izikhathi zokuswelakala kwemisebenzi nokukhuphuka okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani labantu asebekhulile eAustralia lizocindezela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni imali engokwempilo nempesheni, okungabangela ukwehla komnotho uma kungahambisani nokukhula kwenani lenani lenzaka. Imibiko yenani lenani lenani eliphakathi lemisebenzi kanye nemiphumela ethatha isikhathi eside ehloselwe ukusingatha le nqubo yokwakha.

Ukuvumelana Kwezimiso Nokukhulumisana

Ukulawula ukunyuka kwamandla emali okuphumelelayo kudinga ukubambisana okungenamsoco phakathi kwezikhulu zemali nemali. Nokho, kungaba khona ukungezwani phakathi kwezinhloso zezombangazwe zesikhashana nokuzinza kwentengo ende. Inkampani yemali kumelwe ilondoloze ukuthembeka kwayo nozimele ukuze imelane nokucindezela kwezimiso zokwenyuswa okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana nomphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu. I-Mooral ikhipha izibikezelo zezomnotho eziningi kanye nezimiso zokusiza ekuqiniseni izinjongo zokwethembana.

Uma ibheka phambili, cishe i-Mooral izothatha izindlela ezinamandla zokuveza, njengokusebenzisa ukwaziswa kwangempela kanye nokufunda ngomshini, ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kokubikezela. Kuzodingeka futhi kuhlanganiswe isimo sezulu nezomnotho ezicini zazo eziyinhloko. Ikusasa lokulawula kwamandla emali lizodinga indlela edinga ukulinganisela ukulawulwa kwezinguquko ezingaphandle, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke nezinto eziza kuqala ekhaya, kanye nezinselele ezihambisana nokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside.

Isiphetho: Ukusekela Ukungantengi Ezweni Elishintshayo

Indlela ye-Australia yokulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali nokuzinza kwenani lemali ibanzi, iyavumelana, futhi isekelwe ebufakazini. Ngokubambisana neReserve Bank, ukusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo inqubo yezentengiselwano, nokuhlola okuqhubekayo kwezezomnotho, iNdawo yezimali ifuna ukulondoloza izisulu zokwehla kwamandla emali eziye zasebenza kahle e-Australia iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengescancations, izinguquko zokwakha, nokungahambi kwemithetho zikhona, ikhono le-Mondali yokufunda kudala nokuthola ulwazi ngekusasa liyo liyondlalela ukuba liqhubeke lisebenza kahle.

Ukuzinza kwamanani akusona nje isisulu sobuchwepheshe kuphela, kodwa yisisekelo sokuchuma kwezomnotho, ukulingana kwezenhlalo, nokulondeka kwezezimali. Umsebenzi wezimali uqinisekisa ukuthi abantu base-Australia bangahlela, bafake imali, futhi baqede ngokuqiniseka, ngisho nasezikhathini ezingaqinisekile. Njengoba kuvela izingozi ezintsha, kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekushintsheni kwenani labantu, ukuzimisela kweNdawo yezimali ekuboneni, ukuvumelana nezimo zengqondo, nokuhlaziya okuqinile kuyoba isihluthulelo sokusekela ukuqina kwentengo nokukhula okungaguquguquki.