Table of Contents
Uhambo lokusuka embonweni ukuya emthethweni lungenye yenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yentando yeningi, [1] inqubo eklanywe ngokucophelela eklanywe oFata abaFundi abasungulayo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi ukwakha imithetho emisha kudinga ukucubungula, ukuvumelana, nokuhlola okuningi. Nakuba amakilasi omphakathi efundisa uhlaka oluyisisekelo, isimemezelo esiba umthetho [ esemthethweni sihilela ukulawula kwezombangazwe, isikhathi esihleliwe kahle, futhi ngokuvamile iminyaka eminingi yemfundo eqashwayo eqalwayo.
Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho akulona ulwazi lwemfundo kuphela .Amandla asebenzayo. Uma wazi ukuthi izikweleti zihamba kanjani phakathi komthetho wesigebengu, ungathola amaphuzu okucindezela kwesakhamuzi, uqonde ukuthi kungani umthetho othile unqanda, futhi uqaphele uma imidlalo yemidlalo yemidlalo yeshashalazi ifihla ngempela. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sembula kokubili izinyathelo ezingokomthetho namaqiniso esuntswana ngokwethukela [ indlela izikwele eziba ngayo imithetho [, ukukunika amandla okungenela ngokuphumelelayo idemokhrasi yakho.
Isisekelo: Lapho Kuvela Khona Imithetho Nesizathu Sokuba Kuhlelwe Izinto Ezibalulekile
Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo
UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lwemithetho eSiphakamisweni I, unika uMkhandlu amandla okwenza imithetho kuyilapho ufuna isivumelwano phakathi kwamagumbi amabili .Indlu yabameleli neSigele − unikezelo kuMongameli. Lesi sakhiwo sibonisa ukuzimisela koMsunguli ukuthi angasheshi ukwenza umthetho ngalokho uJames Madison akubiza ngokuthi "ukuvumelana kokucabanga""
Isimiso se-bidamaral siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ubhekene nokuhlolwa okuvela kubameleli bemijikelezo ehlukene (iminyaka emibili yendlu, eyisithupha yeSigele) futhi imelela iziphakamiso ezihlukene (izifundazwe nezifunda). Lendlela ecatshangelwayo ilinganisela inkanuko ethandwayo nokuhlakanipha okungalawuleki, nakuba ukubekwa kwezindawo zanamuhla ngokuvamile kuguqula lokhu kulingana kube yi-gridlock lo mehluko.
Okwenza Le Nkathi Eyinkimbinkimbi Ibe Khona
Ubunkimbinkimbi obuyi-[[QUL:0] benqubo ethatha indawo enzima ye- bufeza izinjongo eziningi:
Ukusungula i-Tyranny: Amaphuzu amaningi eveto avimbela noma iliphi icebo ekunqandeni umthetho. Abasunguli babesaba kokubili ukubusa kwesixuku namandla agxilile, beklama uhlelo oludinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ngezinguquko ezinkulu.
Ukuhlukanisa: impikiswano ebanzi nokubukeza kwekomiti kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuthuthukisa izinga lomthetho. Imibono emibi ibhekene namathuba amaningi okudazuluka nokwehlulwa.
Ukuvikela u-Minority Rights: imithetho yeSigele ivikela ikakhulukazi amaphaphu ezombangazwe ekulongeni kwemibhoshongo emikhulu, nakuba lokhu kuvikela ngezinye izikhathi kusiza ekuvimbeleni.
[[QT] Ukuhlehla [: Izigaba eziningi zidala amathuba okuxoxisana, ukuvumela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo ukuba zithole isisekelo esifanayo (ngokunye futhi ngokwenkolelo.)
Izakhamuzi ezizenezentengiselwano Ukuhlanganyela: Inqubo ende inikeza amaphuzu okungenela amaningi ukuze umphakathi uthonye, uvivinye, futhi ukhethe.
Isinyathelo Sokuqala: UGenesise Wemithetho - Lapho Uqala Khona Umthetho
Imithombo Yemibono Yemithetho
Naphezu kombono ovamile wokuthi uMkhandlu uqala umthetho omkhulu, izibilibo zisuka emithonjeni ehlukene[:
Imithetho yamagatsha esebenzayo: Abameli bahlela izinto eziza kuqala eSifundeni se-Union futhi banikeze iziphakamiso ezinemininingwane ngeminyango yekhabethe. Umthetho omkhulu njengomthetho wokunakekela okungalawuleki ngokuvamile usuka emikhankasweni kamongameli nasezitolo zezimiso zendlu ezimhlophe.
Amaqembu angenisayo namaLobbyst: izinxulumani zezezentengiselwano, izinyunyana, izinhlangano zezemfundo, kanye nochwepheshe abashicileli abazimisele ukuthatha umthetho wokulingisa futhi bawuthengise kubenzi bemithetho abanozwela. I-American Legislative Exchange Council (ALC) inikeze amaprotempla ezinkulungwane zemali zikahulumeni ne-ocetmenties.
Umqondo wamaTank nama-Policy Institutes: Izinhlangano ezihlukene kwezombangazwe ziveza iziphakamiso zezimiso eziningiliziwe. I-Lifare Foundation, Brookings Institution, ne Center for American Progress inikeza njalo amapulani emithetho ephenduka izikweletu.
[ I-Constituent Consues: Izakhamuzi zithintana nabameleli ngezinkinga ezidinga amakhambi omthetho. Indaba eshukumisayo ingakhuthaza umthetho, nakuba izakhamuzi ngazinye zingavamile ukwenza uhlelo lwezobuchwepheshe lolimi lwemithetho.
C Izenzakalo zamanje neCrisles: Izinhlekelele, amahlazo, nohambo oluphuthumayo lomthetho wezehlakalo. Umthetho we-PATRIOT walandela 9/11; Umthetho we-Dodd-Fred walandela inhlekelele yezezimali ka-2008. Inhlekelele idala ukuzimisela kwezombangazwe ngokwenye indlela ngokomthetho ongenakufezeka.
[ Izisebenzi ezinolwazi, ngokuvamile ezinolwazi olukhethekile, ziphawula izinkinga namakhambi okulungisa. Izimiso ezigcwele zamalungu, izisebenzi ziqhuba intuthuko enkulu yemithetho.
Imithetho edlulile: Izindleko eziningi ziyabuyiselwa ngemva kwesimiso kuze kube yilapho izimo zezombangazwe zivumela ukuhamba. I-Medicare yathatha amashumi eminyaka emizamweni ngaphambi kokuba ilandele ngo-1965.
Inqubo Yokufingqa
Ukuguqula imiqondo ibe izikweleti kudinga ukunemba kobuchwepheshe abantu abaningi abakuthatha kalula:
[ Iseluleko somthetho : Zombili izibhedlela zisebenzisa abameli abangaphali abaguqulela imigomo yenkambiso olimini olufanele lomthetho. Lezizazi ziqinisekisa izikweleti ezihlangene nomthetho okhona futhi zilandele imihlangano yokudweba.
[[UMTL:0] Izimfuneko zezentengiselwano[: Izincwadi kumelwe zihlanganise izici ezithile:
- Isihloko esichaza injongo yomthetho
- Isisho esimisayo (" Simiswe iSigele neNdlu Yabameleli...")
- Ingxenye ezishintsha imithetho ekhona noma ukudala entsha
- Incazelo yamagama ayinhloko
- Izinsuku eziphumelelayo namalungiselelo okushintsha
- Ukugunyaza ukugunyazwa uma kusebenza
Imali kanye no-Threethity: Izindleko zanamuhla zisukela emakhasini ahlukene kuya ezinkulungwaneni. UMthetho we-Affordble Care Act wadlula amakhasi angu 2000; u-2017 Trust Cuts no-Jobs Act u-500+ amakhasi. U-Cyle uveza kokubili ukwenza inqubo ebanzi kanye nokubhabhaka ngamabomu.
Ukuthola iziphakamisi: Abaxhasi abaphambili banikeza amagama abo kanye nedumela, kuyilapho abaxhasi bekhokha-kanye benikeza izimpawu zokusekela okukhulu. Ukusekela kwe-Bpartisan kuthuthukisa amathuba okuhamba ngokuphawulekayo, nakuba ukuhlanganisa i-incapecation kwenza lokhu kube yivelakancane.
Isinyathelo Sesibili - Ingqungquthela Engena Esokuqala
Inqubo Eqanjiwe
[[UMTL:0] Endlini yabameleli[:
- Amalungu afaka izikweletu ku-"isikhotho," ibhokisi lokhuni phansi endlu
- Indlu Clerk yabela inombolo (H.R. XXXX ezikweletini, H.J.Res ukuze kuthathwe izinqumo ezihlanganyelwe)
- ISweker ibhekisela ezikweletini emakomitini afanelekayo, ngezinye izikhathi amakomiti amaningi ukuze athole umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi
- Izincwadi zitholakala obala ngeSishaya - mthetho.
[[Umthetho:0] Esigele [[[Umthetho:1]:
- Abakhangisi bamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukungena esitezi phakathi nezenzakalo zaphansi
- UBills uthola izinombolo (S. XXXXX) kumphathi wePhalamende
- IPhalamende lithumela izikweletu emakomitini asekelwe ezikhundleni eziphethe
- Abahlaziyi bangamelana nokusetshenziswa kwamakomiti, nakuba lokhu kungenzeki njalo
Izisusa Ezinengqondo
Izindaba [: Imithetho yokuqondisa isikhathi iqala i-'igcope' ukuze kungene ithonya elikhulu:
- Lapho kusaqala isimiso, kunikezwa isikhathi esengeziwe sokucabanga
- Ngaphambi kokuba ukhetho luphoqelele amavoti ukuba athathe isikhundla
- Phakathi nemijikelezo yezindaba efanelekayo isiza umphakathi ukuba uqaphele
- Ukuzihlanganisa nezinye izimoto ezishaya umthetho kuthuthukisa amathuba
Izigidi eziyimali : Ama-agistrator avame ukuveza amaphepha afanayo emagumbini womabili ngesikhathi esisodwa, abonisa ukungathi sína nokulondoloza isikhathi uma kudlula kokubili.
Izici ezididayo [: Ezinye izikweleti zingeniswa ngokuthunyelelwa kuphela ukuthumelelana imiyalezo yezombangazwe, ngaphandle kokulindela ukudluliswa. Lamandla alwayo alwayo ukuba athathe amavoti angemahle noma agcizelele izimpikiswano zemikhankaso.
[ Committee Crowing: Abaxhasi ngezinye izikhathi izikweleti zomsebenzi wezandla ukuze babambe amakomiti anobungane, nakuba abaqondisi bephalamende ngokuvamile bevimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezisobala.
Isinyathelo 3: Ikomiti Ethatha Isinyathelo Lapho Omagazini Behlala Noma Bafa Khona
Amandla esimiso seKomiti
Amakomiti e-Curegion anamandla amakhulu, athola igama elibizwa ngokuthi "izishaya-mthetho ezincane" cishe 80-90% yemali ekhokhwayo efayo ekomitini[, lemikhakha ilawula ngokuphumelelayo uhlelo lwezinqumo.
[[UMTH:0] Uhlobo lwamaKomiti[[[QONDO:1]:
- Imile amaKomiti [: izindikimba ezihlala njalo ezinezikhundla ezithile (umz., Izindlela kanye nezindlela zentela)
- [[QENT:0] Khetha/Izinketho zamaKomiti: izindikimba zesikhashana zokuhlola okuthile noma izimpikiswano ezithile
- [ AmaKomiti angenayo: Hlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili, ngokuvamile ukuze kuphenywe noma kugcinwe indlu
- [[QURT:0] Uxolo lwamaKomiti : izindikimba zesikhashana zibuyisana nomehluko wendlu-Senethi
Inqubo YeKomiti
Isabelo neSizabelo: izihlalo zamakomiti zinquma ukuthi kufanele zithathe isinyathelo yini ezikweletini. Zinikwe izinkulungwane zezingeniso zaminyaka yonke kodwa isikhathi esilinganiselwe, izikweleti eziningi azinakucatshangelwa. Lo mandla okugcina amasango enza izihlalo zekomiti phakathi kwamalungu oMkhandlu anamandla kakhulu.
Ikomiti ye-Sub khotee Review: Amakomiti amakhulu anezibopho ezikhethekile ezizihambelayo ezihlolwa kuqala. I House Energy ne Committee inezibopho eziyisithupha ezingaphansi ezihlanganisa impilo, indawo ezungezile, ukuxhumana, nezinye izindaba.
[[Umthetho:0] Uzwayo [[[QULT:1]: amaKomiti aba nezinhlobo eziningana zokulalela:
- [[[UMTL:0] Izindlebe eziqondeneyo: Ukuhlola izikweletu ezithile
- Ukudlulisa Izindlebe: Ukubukeza imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe
- Izindlebe eziguquguqukayo: amahlazo noma izinkinga zokuveza
- Ukuqinisekisa Izindlebe: (Hlisa kuphela) Ukuphakamisa umongameli nominees
Ukuzwa kufeza izinjongo eziningi: ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukusakaza ukunakwa kwemithombo yezindaba, ukunikeza ilungu ithuba lokuma, nokubangela ukucindezela kokuthatha isinyathelo.
I'ss sessions's's's''s''s's''s'iphawuckup: Ngokubhalisa, amakomiti aphikisana ngecala ngentambo, anikeza izinguquko nezibukelo. Lezi zinqumo zisukela ekuncipheni kwemigqa yesandla kuya empini yokulwa. Inguquko yokugcina yekomiti ivame ukwehluka kakhulu kumthetho osusunguliwe.
Committee Vote: Izincwadi zidinga ukusekelwa okukhulu ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili. Kuyenzeka ukuvota okuhleliwe (ilungu elingasekela izikweletu zekomiti ezizomelana ne-impikiswano phansi, ivumele ukuphikisana lapho kugcinwa ukuphikiswa.
Isu Lekomiti Nezombangazwe
[ Izingalo zesihlalo [: izihlalo zamakomiti zilawula izimiso, ofakazi abazwayo, nezinqubo zokulungisa. Isihlalo esinenzondo singabulala umthetho ngokuphumelelayo ngokungenzi lutho.
Bipartisan Cooperation: ngokomlando, amakomiti asebenza ngokuhlangene kakhulu kunezingxoxo zaphansi. Nakuba ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo ezihlukene kunamakomiti anegciwane, amanye asalondoloza ubuhlobo obusebenzayo obungenza ukuhlehla.
Ithonya lobuLubbysist: amakomiti ayisikhala sokunxusa. Abameleli bezemisebenzi, amaqembu ezokusakaza, namalungu anezikhukhula ngokwaziswa, izimpikiswano, kanye neminikelo yomkhankaso ethinta izikweletu eziyisihluthulelo.
[ Intuthuko [: amalungu amakomiti avumela ukuqanjwa. Amalungu nezisebenzi bathuthukisa ulwazi olujulile, bezenza zibe ochwepheshe bemikhakha ethile yeSishaya-Mkhandlu.
Isinyathelo 4: Ukucabangela Okuhle Okusekela Umphakathi
Izindawo Ezisendlwini Eziyimidwebo
Amalungu ayizi-435 endlu adinga imithetho eqinile yokugcina ukuhleleka:
Ikomiti yemithetho: Le "traffic cop" inquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezifika phansi nangaphansi kwaziphi izimo:
- Imithetho evalekile: Akukho zinguquko ezivunyelwe
- vula imithetho: Izinguquko ezingenamingcele (ezingavamile kakhulu)
- [[I-FLT:0] Izinqumo eziqinisekisiwe Imithetho[: Izinguquko eziqondile ezivunyelwe
- [[QENT:0] Imithetho ekhethekile[: Izinqubo eziyingqayizivele zezindleko ezithile
Ukulawula kweqembu elikhulu leKomiti yeMithetho kunikeza inzuzo enkulu ewusizo.
[ Isakhiwo esilungisiweyo: Indlu ivumela ihora elilodwa lengxoxo evamile, ihlukana phakathi kwamaqembu. Amalungu awavamile ukukhuluma ngokungaqondi; amaningi afunda amazwi alungisiweyo ezindaweni zokuhlalisana lapho amakhamera eC-SPANE eqedwe.
Inqubo yokulungisa i-Amendment: Kuye ngomthetho, amalungu anganikeza izinguquko. Lokhu kusuka ekuthuthukeni kwangempela kuya "kumaphilisi empofu" aklanyelwe ukubulala izikweletu noma ukuphoqa amavoti angathandeki.
[[Umthetho:0] Izindlela zokuvota[[[Umthetho:1]:
- [[QURT:0] Joice Vote: Amalungu amemeza "yeya" noma "no"
- I-Diatep Vote: Amalungu amele ukubalwa
- I-vote ebhaliwe: I-elective yokuvota ukwenza amarekhodi ahlala njalo
- Isivumelwano sesivumelwano esihlangene: Ingxenye ehlelelwe izikweletu ezingakhonziwe
Izindlela Zokulungisa Indlu Yezigele
Ubuncane beSigele buvumela izinqubo ezithambile, nakuba ziyinkimbinkimbi:
Isiko lengxoxo elingalinganiselwe: Ngokungafani nendlu, abanikazi bangakhuluma ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba kucelwe ihlulelo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba i-monicbuster edumile, lapho amadlanzana elibala noma abulale umthetho ngenkulumo ebanzi.
Izivumelwano ze-Confrects : Ibhizinisi leSigele lisebenza ngezivumelwano ezixoxiwe ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sengxoxo nezinqubo zokulungisa. Ukwenqaba okukodwa kungasusa izinqumo eziklanywe ngokucophelela.
I-pilibuster no-Clowment: Impikiswano eqedayo idinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze ihluleke, yenza le nkinga ibe ebaluleke kakhulu kuleyondlu yomthetho. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenqubo engavamile nokuphazamisa okuvamile kwashintsha indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo.
Thulula Free- for-ll: Izinsumpa zinganikeza izinguquko ezingenamkhawulo, kuhlanganise nezingezojikijoli. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo angahlobene nezindleko ezingahambelaniyo zokwenza izindleko zokwenza i-asethi.
[[[NT.0] Amathayi nokutshiyoza[[FT:1]: Abasizi bangalibazisa ngasese ukucatshangelwa phakathi "kwabaphathi" ngokuphambene, okungakho okungakhonziwe kudlulela ku "i-hotlining," lapho izikweleti zidlula khona uma kungekho zinto ze-sentene.
Isinyathelo 5: Enye Inkulumo Yezigungu Nokuqhuma Kwezinsimbi
Izenzakalo Ezihambisanayo
Lapho elinye igumbi lidlulisa uqhwaku, inqubo iqala kabusha kwelinye:
[[UMTL:0] Committee Ukucabangela futhi[[[FL:1]]: Igumbi lokwamukela libhekisela emakomitini alo, okungase:
- Yamukela inguqulo yenye kagumbi ingashintshiwe
- Yenza izinguquko ezincane zobuchwepheshe
- Umthetho uphinde ubhalwe
- Ungayinaki ngokuphelele, ubulala ngokuphumelelayo izindleko
Ukuthatha indawo yegumbi : Ama-agistrator abala ukuthi iyiphi indawo okumelwe isebenze kuqala:
- Izindleko zemali kumelwe zivele eMzini Kuwo Wonke Umthetho - sisekelo
- I-monibuster yeSigele iyenza ibe yi-boardneck eyisici esivamile
- Amandla ezombangazwe angase athande ukuqala lapho indima ibonakala ilula khona
Ukungafani Kwezinyama
Izinhlamvu zala maqembu ezihlukene zithinta umthetho:
[[Uphawu:0] Izici zendlu[[[QOKO]:1]
- Izikhulu eziningi nezinhlanganyelo
- Ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo ezintweni eziza kuqala emcimbini
- Ukusabela okwengeziwe ekutheni imibono yomphakathi ishintshashintsha
- Ikhono lamakomiti lishukumisa imininingwane
[[Izimpawu:0] Izici ezibonisayo[[[QONDO:1]:
- Ukuzihlukanisa Okuthé Xaxa Nokuzicabangela
- Lamber, ukucabangela ngokucophelela
- Ukubambisana okukhulu (ngokwesiko)
- Abasekeni ngabanye banamandla engeziwe
Lokhu kungafani kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikweleti zibhekene nokuhlolisiswa okuhlukahlukene, nakuba ukuhlukana kwanamuhla kuye kwanciphisa ukuhlukana kwezinhlangano.
Isinyathelo 6: AmaKomiti Okubuyisana Nemihlangano Nokushaya Izicelo
Lapho Izinkantolo Zingavumelani
Njengoba zombili izingosi kumelwe zidlule umthetho owenziwe ngokwenani, ukungefani kudinga ukuxazululwa kudlule:
Uxolo lwamaKomiti : Indlela yendabuko yezindleko ezinkulu:
- Abaholi bamisa abamele zombili izigaba
- Imihlangano ihlanganisa izinkathi ezihleliwe nezingxoxo zegumbi langemva
- Abantu abahlanganyelayo bangakuxazulula ukungezwani kuphela, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi bekwandisa impikiswano
- "Imibiko yokugcina yesivumelwano" buyela kuwo womabili amagumbi ukuvota
[[I-PLT:0] Pling-Ping: okuvame kakhulu ukukhethwa:
- Izigungu zishintshana njalo
- Ivoti ngalinye lishintshela komunye kuze kube semvumeni
- Igwema ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwamakomiti engqungquthela
- Ivumela ukulawulwa kobuholi okwengeziwe
Ezombangazwe Zokubuyisana
[ Amandla anamandla: amakomiti engqungquthela aba ama-legislature amancane lapho ukukhula, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nekhono lokuxoxa kunquma khona imiphumela. Ngezinye izikhathi amalungu awafaki amalungiselelo adluliswayo igumbi elingaphansi kwemithetho enqabela lokhu.
Ukungavumelani okungalawuleki: Izigungu ngezinye izikhathi zidlula ngamabomu izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene ukuze ziphoqelele ukuxoxisana lapho amalungiselelo athandwayo angasinda khona.
Ukucindezela kwesikhathi: Imikhawulo yokugcina yesiqephu idala i-gidroble. Izindleko okumelwe zidlule zibhekene nezinsuku ezimisiwe zibona izingxoxo ezithatha isikhathi eside futhi zehleke.
Isinyathelo Sesi - 7: Isinyathelo Sikamongameli - Isikhulu Esiphethe Siyahlola
Izinketho zomongameli
Uma nje isidlulise umthetho ofanayo, uMongameli unezinto ezine azikhethayo:
Uphawu eMthethweni[: Abameli bavame ukwenza imikhosi yokusayina ngenxa yomthetho omkhulu, besebenzisa indawo yesikhulumi ukuze bafune ukuboleka imvume nokuchaza ukumiswa kwento eza kuqala. Izinsika eziningi zidala izikhumbuzo zabasekeli.
Veto: ukubuyisela izikweletu kuKhongolo olunokuphikiswa kubangela imizamo enqanyuliwe. Ukusongela phakathi nenqubo yomthetho kungalungisa izikweletu ngaphambi kokuba udlule.
i-Pocket Veto: Uma iziKhomishane zithatha izinsuku eziyishumi zithumela izikweletu kuMongameli, ukungathathi hlangothi kubulala umthetho. Lokhu kugwema amavetoe uma ufinyelela umphumela ofanayo.
[ Imvume esemthethweni: Abameli bangavumela izikweletu zibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina, babonise ukungavumelani kuyilapho begwema ukuxosha. Lezimpawu zeqhinga ezingavamile zinqikaza ukuvama.
Izombangazwe Neqhinga Lezinto Ezivamile
[[[NT.0] Ukusongela kwe-negotia[[FT:1]: Abameli bathonya umthetho ngokusongela amavetoe, ukuphoqelela iKhongolo ukuba ivumelane nezinto eziza kuqala eziphethe noma ingozi ichithe umzamo.
Ukulinganisa okungaqondakali: Ukufinyelela ama-atmont ayizi-3 ezindaweni zombili kunzima kakhulu. Kucishe kube ngu-3 000 umongameli wevetoes, uKhongolo-ntele lungafinyeli ku-120.
Izinkulumo zophawu: Abameli banikeza izinkulumo ezichaza umthetho noma ukubonisa amalungiselelo abangeke bawaqikelele. Nakuba kungangatshazwa ngokomthetho, lokhu kusetshenziswa kokwakheka.
I-layini-Imeta Veto Inqalano: Sekuyisikhathi eside abameli befuna amandla okuveza izinhlelo ezithile kunokuba bafake zonke izikweleti. INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha lesi simo esingavumelani nomthetho ngo-1998, ilondoloza amandla eSishaya-Mkhandlu.
Isinyathelo Sesi - 8: Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Engokoqobo
Ngemva Kwesignesha
A inhlambi iba umthetho imane iyisiqalo:
[ Intuthuko yemithetho: Izinhlangano eziphethe zibhala imithetho enemininingwane esetshenziswayo yolimi olubanzi. Lezi zimiso zivame ukunquma ithonya lemithetho elisebenzayo.
[[AKT:0] Ukugunyaza : Izindleko zokugunyaza zidala izinhlelo; izindleko zokukhipha izicelo zinikeza imali. Izinhlelo zingagunyazwa kodwa zingagunyaziwe, zizenze izincwadi ezifile ngokuphumelelayo.
[[[QURT:0]] Izinselele ezisemthethweni[: izinkantolo zibukeza imithetho elawula umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi zichaze amalungiselelo adidayo. Umthetho omkhulu ngokuvamile ubhekene nokumangalelwa okusheshayo okungabuyisela impoqo noma amalungiselelo ayize.
Isikhundla sokuphatha [: Izimo eziphuthumayo zidinga izisebenzi, izimiso, nobuchwepheshe bokumisa imithetho emisha. Umthetho we-Affordicure Care Act ohluzekile we-act wabonisa ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa komsebenzi.
[ Intando yePhondo: Iziphathimandla zesikhathi esizayo zingasebenzisa ngentshiseko, ziphoqelelwe kancane, noma zilulaze imithetho ngokuqhubekayo kuxhomeke ekuhleleni kwezombangazwe.
Abadlali Abafihliwe: Amabutho Alimaza Inqubo Yokuzilawula
Umkhosi Wesigubhu
Nakuba amalungu ethola ukubongwa, staff yenza umsebenzi omkhulu [:
Ilungu ngalinye lisebenzisa izisebenzi ezingu-15-50 eziphatha izincwadi, ukuhlela, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo, nezinkonzo zohlelo. Izisebenzi eziphezulu ngokuvamile zinolwazi oluningi lwezimiso kunamalungu azo.
Committee Staff: Amakomiti asebenzisa ochwepheshe abathatha izihloko abahlela umthetho, bahlele ukuzwa, futhi baxoxisane ngemininingwane. Laba ochwepheshe banikeza inkumbulo ehleliwe phakathi kwemijikelezo yevota.
I-Institutional Staff: I-Congressional Research Research Service, Congregational Baccomment Office, ne-Hulumeni Accounting Office inikeza ukucubungula okunganikezi ukuphaka kwe-partisan ukusekela inqubo ye-authorition.
Umnyango ojikelezayo: Abasebenzi bahamba njalo phakathi koKhongolo, izinhlangano eziphethe, kanye nengxenye yangasese, benza izinhlangano zezokusungula amakhambi kodwa zikhulisa izinkathazo.
Abathandi Bezisulu Namaqembu Anesithakazelo
Abangenisi bemisebenzi [ umthetho onethonya elikhulu:
[ Ilungiselelo lolwazi: Abaphangi banikeza ubuchwepheshe, ukwaziswa, nempikiswano ezisekela izikhundla zabo. Izisebenzi ezikhungathekile zithembela kulokhu kwaziswa, nakuba ubandlululo lwako lusobala.
Ukwakha i-Coalition : Abangenisi abaphumelelayo bahlanganisa abasekeli abahlukahlukene, bebonisa ukusekela okubanzi kokubekwa komthetho. Izinhlangano ezihlangene nezingajwayelekile zingaphula i-gridlock.
Iminikelo yeCampaign: Nakuba iquid-pro-quo ingekho emthethweni, iminikelo yomkhankaso iqinisekisa ukungenwa nokunakwa. Amalungu achitha amahora amaningi eqoqa imali nsuku zonke, adala ukuncika kubantu abakhulu abanikela.
Grasroots Mozillation: Ukucindezela kwanamuhla okulawulayo ngomklamo ohleliwe wocingo, imikhankaso yocingo, nezenzakalo zesigodi ezibonisa ukusekela komphakathi.
Umbono Wezindaba Nomphakathi
I-media ukuma kwethuba lokwenza izinyuko zibe khona:
Agenda Set: Ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba kungaphakamisa izimpikiswano kusukela ekungaziwani kuya ekubalulekeni kwezwe. Ukudubula kwesikole kuqhube izimpikiswano zezibhamu; amavidiyo amagciwane abangela izingxoxo zoshintsho lwamaphoyisa.
Impikiswano ebanzi[: Imephu yezindaba ichaza umthetho uthonya umbono womphakathi. "Izindawo zokubulala ezifa" zasiza ekubulaleni amalungiselelo okunakekela; "ukukhululeka kwentela" kungcono ku "intengo ehlelelwe abacebile"
Ukuqinisa Ukucindezela[: Ukukhokha okuqinile kubangela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okukhulayo kuhlanganisa ukunaka kwemithetho.
I-akhawunti Journalibility[[FLT: 1]: Ukubika nge-unigative ukudalula izinkinga noma ukonakala kungabangela ukusabela kwemithetho yemithetho, nakuba ukuncipha kobuthathi-zincwadi bendawo kunciphisa lokhu kuhlola.
Izifundo zezomthetho womhlaba: Theory Meetings Practice
UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wango - 1964: Ukunqoba Ukwakhiwa Kwamalungelo Abantu
Uhambo ICivil Rights Act's lubonisa amandla enqubo yomthetho kokubili ukuvimbela nokuguqula:
Izinga eliphezulu: Umongameli uKennedy wahlongoza imvume ngoJune 1963 ngemva kwemiboniso yase Birmingham. Ukubulawa kwakhe kwayenza yaba yi-Presidenti Johnson i-Promon.
Uhambo lwendlu : Isivumelwano sachitha izinyanga eKomitini yeMiyalo, usihlalo wayo emelene namalungelo omphakathi. Ukuphoqelela isicelo sokuphoqelela ekusifakeni impoqo ekugcineni. Indlu yasidlulise ku 290- 130 ngoFebruary 1964.
Ukuhlanganisa i-pilibuster: Ama-senators aseNingizimu ahlala izinsuku ezingu-60", okuyi-Bipartisan ende kakhulu emlandweni. Ukubambisana phakathi kwe Democrats neRepublicans kwafinyelela ukuvuleka, ukunqanda i-finbuster.
Passage: ISigele sadlula iphepha 73-27 ngoJune 1964. UMongameli Johnson walisayina phakathi namahora ambalwa, eqonda ukubaluleka kwalo komlando.
Izincwadi ezifunwayo: I-Civil Rights Act ibonisa indlela i-Livil Rights Act ezimisele ngayo ama-pace engaphazamisa ngayo kodwa futhi nendlela ukucindezela kokuziphatha nekhono lezombangazwe okunganqoba ngayo izithiyo.
Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongalawuleki: Impi Yezibhedlela
Indima ka-ACA ibonisa impi yomthetho yanamuhla:
Ukubekwa phambili [: uMongameli Obama wenza ukuba ukunakekelwa kwempilo kushintshe ukusungulwa kosayinwa kwakhe. Amakomiti amaningi asungula izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene kuqhubeke ngo-2009.
[ Idrama yendlu: UPelosi wavele wahlanganisa amavoti angu 220 okudlula, walahlekelwa ngu 39 Democrats. No Republicans wayisekela.
[[NT.0] Ukuhlela : AmaDemocrates asebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela ukuze agweme i-filibuster ngemva kokulahlekelwa yi-60-ivote ephezulu. "I-Cornusker Kickckback" nezinye izinhlelo ziboshelwe izigebengu ezintengantengayo.
I-Passpial: Indlu yadlulisa inguquko yeSigele ingashintshanga ukuze kugwenywe enye ivoti yesigele. Umongameli u-Obama wayisayina ngo-March 2010.
Emva kwe-: amaRepublicans akhankanyelwa u "Obamacare," awina indlu ngo-2010. Imizamo eminingi yokuzama ukuphindela ilandelwe, nakuba umthetho wasinda.
Izifundo: I-ACA ibonisa indlela ukuhlanganisa izifundazwe okubangela ngayo umehluko kwenze umthetho omkhulu ungabi namandla nendlela amasu alawulayo anganqoba ngayo ukuphikiswa.
Umthetho Ophathelene Nomthetho Ophathelene Nenhlekelele
Umthetho wePTRIOT uyisibonelo sokwenza umthetho okhubazeke kakhulu:
Intuthuko ephanyazayo: kwangeniswa ngo-October 23, 2001]. Izinsuku ezingu-42 kuphela ngemva kuka-9/11. Umthetho wephepha wabuthwa kakhulu uMnyango Wezobulungisa.
Impikiswano ephithinekile: Amalungu amaningi ayengafundanga isaziso. Indlu yavumela ihora elilodwa nje lengxoxo. Ukwesaba ukubonakala kulula kuphekula kudikibalisa ukuphikiswa.
[[[UMTL:0] IPassting Pass: Indlu yayidlulisa 357-66; iSigele 98-1. Isikhulu uFeinandold kuphela esavota ngokumelene nayo.
Ngesikhathi esizayo ziyazisola[: Amalungu amaningi kamuva azisola ngamavoti awo njengoba kwavela izambulo zokuqapha. Ngokulandelana ukuphinda abhale abonakala ephikisana kakhulu.
Izincwadi ezifunwayo: I-PATRIOT Act ixwayisa ngokuthi izinhlekelele zingayimisa kanjani i-social qsupher, ziveze izishayamthetho ezizisolayo kamuva.
Okwenza Ukuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho Kube Yindaba
Izakhamuzi
Ukuqonda [[Iintela:0] indlela izikweletu eziba ngayo imithetho[ kunika amandla isithembiso somphakathi:
I-Advocation enika imiphumela[: Ukwazi inqubo kwembula ukuthi inqubo ingathonya umthetho nini futhi kanjani. Ukucabangela kwekomiti kunikeza amathuba okungenela angcono kunamavoti asesitezini.
Amathemba angokoqobo[: Ukuqonda ubunzima kuchaza ukuthi kungani ushintsho luthatha kancane nokuthi kungani izithembiso zomkhankaso zivame ukungagcwaliseki.
ukukhokha [: ulwazi lwenhlelo lusiza ekuhloleni ukuthi abameleli balwela ngempela yini izinto eziza kuqala noma ukuma nje.
Ukusebenzisa ukuguqula : Ukuqonda izinqubo kwembula uma abezombangazwe besebenzisa inqubo njengezaba zokungathathi-nxaxheba noma ukufihla izikhundla zangempela.
Intando Yeningi
Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ibonisa ukungezwani okuyisisekelo kwentando yeningi:
i-s vs. Ukuzikhulula : Isinyathelo esisheshayo sibhekana nezinkinga kodwa sivumela amaphutha. Ukukhululeka kuthuthukisa izinga kodwa kukhubaza izidingo eziphuthumayo.
Ukubusa kobuMajority umva. Ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo : Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okumsulwa kungaguqula iqembu elincane. Ukuvikelwa okuncane kakhulu kuvimbela.
[[I-FLT:0]] Ukwehlisa i-v. Ukwenza-ulwembu: izinqubo zomphakathi ziqinisekisa ukulandisa. Izingxoxo zomuntu siqu zivumela ukuhlehla.
i-National vs. Izithakazelo zendawo: Amalungu alinganisela izidingo zesifunda nobuhle besizwe, odala izinkinga zezenzo ezihlangene.
Izinselele Zanamuhla Enqubweni Yokushaya Imithetho
Ukwehla Kwelanga Ne - Gridlock
Ukwanda kokuhlukana okubangelwa abashokobezi ngokuyisisekelo kuyibekela inselele inqubo yokushaya umthetho:
Ukubonakala phakathi[: Amalungu aphakathi alula ukuyekethisa anyamalala kakhulu, athathelwa indawo yi-predist propacis.
Ingxenye ye-Line i-: Izincwadi zidlula kakhulu emigqeni yeqembu eqinile, zenza uhulumeni ohlukene phakathi cishe ube yi-partum.
[ Umkhankaso oPhakeme: Amalungu agxila kakhulu okhethweni olulandelayo kunokubusa, abheka ukuhlehliswa njengokukhaphela.
Isigaba se-Partisanship: Amalungu ashukunyiswa kakhulu ukunqoba abaphikisi kunokufinyelela imigomo yesimiso.
Umjaho Wezikhali Zemvelo
Bobabili basebenzisa izinqubo ezizuzisayo ngokwandayo:
I-pilibuster Evolution[: Abaphathi be-rare filbuster sebeyinqubo manje, ifuna amavoti angu-60 eNdlu yeSigebe.
Ukusebenzisa kabi ukubuyisana: Ukuhlela ukubuyisana, okuhloselwe izindaba eziyimfihlo, manje kudlulisa izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo ukugwema ama-filbuster.
Omnibus Packing: Izindleko ezihlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningi zivimbela ukucabangela ngokucophelela kodwa ukudlula okulula.
[ Imiphumela eguquguqukayo: Abaholi badlula kakhulu ukuhleleka kwasikhathi sonke ngemithetho ephuthumayo nangokucindezela kosuku olumisiwe.
Ukucindezela Kwangaphandle
Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla nemali okungasasebenzi:
[[QURT:0] Sacial Media Media: Iziphepho ezinamandla nezikhathi zovirus ziqhubela phambili uhlelo lwemithetho kunokuhlela okungathandeki.
[ Ithonya lemali eliyi-dark : Ukusetshenziswa okungenamingcele kwezombangazwe nge-PAC enkulu kuthuthukisa isithakazelo esikhethekile.
Ukweqa unyawo : Imishini yanamuhla engenisa izingcingo i-data enkulu, ukufakwa kwemicro, nokusetshenziswa kwengqondo.
Ukwaziswa okungaphezulu : Umthamo wokwaziswa ukhubaza amandla okuhlola omuntu, uthinta labo abalawula ukugeleza kokwaziswa.
Ikusasa Lokwenza Imithetho
Izinguquko Ezingase Zibe Khona
Izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zingathuthukisa inqubo yokushaya umthetho:
[ Inguquko yeFilibuster: Izindawo zisukela ekususweni kuya ekufuneni abakhulumayo ababuster ukuba bakhululwe umthetho othile.
Ukubuyiselwa kohlelo oluvamile: Ukubuyela ezimisweni ezibekwe phakathi kwamakomiti kungathuthukisa ukuhlela kanye ne-biparstanshi.
Inguquko yezemali[: Ukunciphisa ithonya lemali kungabuyisela amalungu ekubuseni kunokuba aqoqe imali.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka [: Ubuchwepheshe bungenza inqubo ibonakale futhi ifinyeleleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini.
[[UMTH:0] Ukuhlela Izinguquko: Amasonto athatha isikhathi eside eWashington angasiza ekuqiniseni ubuhlobo nokuhlela okungathi sína.
Isithembiso nobunzima bobuchwepheshe
Ubuchwepheshe bungaguqula ukwenza umthetho:
Idemokrasi yentando yeningi: Amapulatifomu angaphakathi angasiza ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu ekuthuthukiseni imithetho.
AI Alysis: Ukufunda ngemishini kungahlaziya amathonya omthetho kanye nemiphumela engahlosiwe.
Isigodo sokuvota: Abadlulisi bangakwazi ukwenza amarekhodi okuvota avimbele ukuvota.
Ngokuhlanganyela: Ubuchwepheshe obukude bunganciphisa izidingo zokuhamba futhi buvumele ukuhlanganyela kakhulu.
Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bubuye bubangele izingozi zokusebenzisa kabi izinto, ukuqapha nokunye ukuhlukana.
Isiphetho: Ubuhle Obungaphelele Bokwenza Umthetho Obusa Ngentando Yeningi
Inqubo ye[QT:0] iyakuba umthetho odidayo, okhungathekisayo, futhi ngokuvamile ubonakala uphukile. Amabhuloho afela kumadilosi amakomiti. Imibono emihle iwela kwezombangazwe ezilandelanayo. Isidingo esiphuthumayo sihlangabezana nemigoqo yezindawo. Imali ikhuluma kakhulu kunezakhamuzi. Isingathekiso sokwenza amasoseji sibangela ukungalungi.
Kodwa le nqubo exazululiwe futhi ihlanganisa ukuhlakanipha okuyisisekelo kwentando yeningi: izinguquko ezinkulu kufanele zidinge ukuvumelana okukhulu. I-veto eminingi ekhungathekisa abashisekeli benguquko futhi ivimbela ubushiqela. Izinqubo ezifanayo ezenza ukuvinjelwa kuvikeleke futhi amadlanzana amancane. Ukungaphumeleli okuvimbela umthetho omuhle kuqeda futhi imibono emibi.
Ukuqonda le nqubo − kokubili imithetho yayo engokomthetho kanye namaqiniso angahleliwe − kubalulekile ekubopheni isibopho sokuba izakhamuzi. Uma wazi ukuthi izindleko zihamba kanjani kuMkhandlu, ungalulawula kangcono uhambo. Ungahlukanisa phakathi kwemizamo yeqiniso yokushaya umthetho nenkundla yezezombangazwe. Unganika abameleli icala lemiphumela, hhayi nje ukuqamba.
Abasunguli baklama inqubo yomthetho ethatha izingxabano, ilindele ukungaboni ngaso linye, futhi idinga ukuyekethisa. Kule nkathi yethu ehlukene, umklamo ubhekene novivinyo olukhulu. Ukuthi le nqubo ivumelana yini nezinselele zanamuhla noma iqhekeka ngaphansi kwesisindo sabo, iyokwenza kube nekusasa lentando yeningi yaseMelika.
Kodwa iqiniso elilodwa aliguquguquki: inqubo yokushaya umthetho ilungile kuphela uma izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela kuyo. Imithetho ayizenzeli zona ngokwazo .Izenziwa ngabantu abasebenza kule nqubo engaphelele. Ukuqonda ukuthi izikweleti aziyona nje imfundo yomphakathi; ukulungiselela umsebenzi obalulekile wedemokrasi. Inkinga ayithina ukuthi inqubo iphelele yini. Ngokucacile ayikho. Umbuzo uwukuthi sizohlanganyela kuyo nakuba kunjalo, sisebenzisa ulwazi lwethu ekuqhubekiseleni phambili izinguquko ezidingekayo emiphakathini yethu.
Ngoba ekugcineni, inqubo yemithetho ayibhekisi nje ukuthi izindleko ziba kanjani imithetho. Kubhekisele endleleni thina, abantu, esizibusa ngayo kuyo yonke inkimbinkimbi yethu, ephikisanayo, ekhazimulayo yentando yeningi.
Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe
- .gov - Umthombo ongokomthetho wemithetho kahulumeni, ukulandelela izikweletu zonke ezinyathelweni
- GovTrack.us -Integers ezilandelayo ngokuhlaziya nangokubikezela
- C-SPAN - Ikhonsolethi ephilayo nezinqolobane zemicimbi yomhlangano
