Isingeniso: Amagatsha Amathathu Ngezikhathi Eziphuthumayo

Izimo zenhlekelele − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo, ukuwa kwezomnotho, izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, noma ukusongelwa kwezentengiselwano zomphakathi − kuhlola ukuqina nokuphumelela kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. E-United States, amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni (ohluzayo, omthetho, nokwahlulela) ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa indima yalo iba enzima kakhulu kakhulu phakathi nobunzima. Isivinini, isilinganiso, nomthetho wezenzo zikahulumeni kunganquma imiphumela ethinta izigidi zabantu. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo phakathi nezinkinga kubalulekile ekuqondeni imiphumela ebanzi yokubusa, yezimiso, nenkululeko yomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlola okunweba okukhudlwanayo okukhethekile kwegatsha ngalinye, kuqokomisa ukuhlolwa komlando nokwezimo lwezimo ezingokomlando, nokuhlola ukuhlolwa okungaqinisa noma ukusabela okunzima.

Ukusabela Kwegatsha Okuphethe: Ijubane, Igunya, Nokubambisana

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli, ngokuvamile liyilungu lokuqala ukusabela ezinkingeni. Isiyalo salo somthetho sisekelo “ukunakekela ukuba iMithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka” sihlangene namandla esimo esiphuthumayo angokwemvelo ukuze sikwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha. UMongameli angathumela imithombo kahulumeni, iziyalezo zezikhulu, nezinhlangano eziqondisayo njenge Federal Emergency Managency Management Agency (FEMA), iDepartment of Health and Human Services. Nokho, izinga legunya lezisebenzi eziphethe phakathi nezinkinga beliyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi lapho izenzo eziphazamisa inkululeko yomphakathi noma izinqubo ezivamile zokushaya umthetho.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Neziphathimandla Zokumisa Imithetho

Amandla esimo esiphuthumayo kaMongameli asuka emithonjeni eminingi: uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho enjenge-National Emertimentation Act (1976), kanye nesibonelo esingokomlando. Ukumemezela ilungiselelo lesizwe eliphuthumayo kuvula amalungiselelo angokomthetho acishe abe ngu 140, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuqondisa imali, imithombo eyimfihlo, nokumisa imithetho ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, uMongameli uDonald Trump wanxusa i-Stafford Act ne-Devince Production Act ukuze kuqhutywe ukuthuthukisa nokukhiqiniswa kwemiciselwa kwemikhanka yezo zezokwelapha. Igatsha lesikhulu sesifunda libuye lixhumane nabaphathi bezwe ngezahlulelo zesimo esiphuthumayo, nakuba i-hulumeni ingabangela ukungenwa lapho uhulumeni nokwehla kwezindawo eziphambili zikahulumeni.

Ukutadisha Indaba: September 11, 2001 Nempi Ehlasimulisayo

Awekho amandla okubusa ashintshayo ashintshayo adlula ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001. Ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe futhi wamisa imisebenzi yezempi e-Afghanistan. ISivumelwano Sokusebenzisa Impoqo Yamabutho Empi (AMF) esadluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu sanika uMongameli igunya elikhulu lokusebenzisa “yonke imfuno efanelekile.” Igatsha eliphethe lamisa uMnyango we Homeland Security, lasungula i-USA PATRIOT's Act’s s s s s s acception, futhi lagunyaza izinhlelo zokuhlola izinselele eziningi ezingokomthetho kamuva ezabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Impendulo yesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesenze isenzo esinesinye, kodwa laphakamisa nemibuzo imibuzo engapheli ngokuphathelenezentethelelweni nenkululeko.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: ISiphepho uKatrina Nemingcele Yokusabela Kwezigwegwe

ISiphepho uKatrina ngo-2005 sadalula ubuthakathaka obubucayi ekuqondiseni izinhlekelele eziphethe izikhulu. Naphezu kwezixwayiso ezingaphambili, ukusabela kukahulumeni ngaphansi kukaMongameli George W. Bush kwakuhamba kancane futhi akuhambisani kahle. I-FEMA, khona - ke ngaphansi kwe-Department of Homeland Security, yahluleka ukuletha izinto, izakhamuzi zaphuma, noma ukubuyisela ukuhleleka eNew Orleans izinsuku eziningi. Inhlekelele yaholela ekuweni komqondisi we-FEMA uMichael Brown futhi yabangela izinguquko ezinkulu ekulungiseleleni inhlekelele, kuhlanganise ne-Post-Katrina Emergency Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Diviment Reformment Act ka 2006. Isenzakalo sagcizelela ukuthi amandla okulawula izakhiwo kuphela ngaphandle kokuhlela okushesha nokuxhumana nezindlela zokuxhumana nezokuxhumana nohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuphathwa kwenkinga yesimanje: ICOVOID-19

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wavivinya igatsha eliphetheyo phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili zobuphathi. Ngaphansi kukaMongameli uDonald Trump, iWhite House yagunyaza iStafford Act futhi yathumela amasosha ukuba akhe izibhedlela zesikhashana. I-Octal Warp Isivinini sokuthuthukisa ukugcinwa komjovo ukuze kubhalwe isikhathi esimisiwe emsebenzini. Ngaphansi koMongameli Joe Biden, iziyalo eziphethe zagunyaza izifihla-mbobo eziphethe izakhiwo zikahulumeni, zamisa i-CHOVAID-19 Health Equity Force, futhi zaqondisa i-Occupalty Safety ne-Administration (OSA) ukuba zikhiphe imingcele yesikhashana yezenzwe ngezimiso eziphuthuma emsebenzini. Umqedazwelo wasobala indlela izikhulu zezokusebenza ezingoko ezingoko ngokomthetho zomphakathi ezisemgangathweni zomphakathi ezisemzisweni zezezokulawula i-Creances (CD).

Ukusabela Kwegatsha Okungokomthetho: Ukuxhasa, Ukuphatha, Nokubeka Imithetho

IKhomishane ifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ukusabela kwenhlekelele ngokuxhasa ngemali ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokudluliswa kwemithetho. Nakuba igatsha eliphetheyo livame ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, igatsha lemithetho linikeza imithombo, uhlelo olungokomthetho, kanye nezindlela zokulandisa ezidingekayo ukuze ukululama okungabekezeleleki. Phakathi nezikhathi ezinzima, uMkhandlu ungahamba ngesivinini esingavamile, ukudlulisa izikweletu ngokuvamile ezithatha izinyanga ezithile ngezinsuku ezimbalwa. Nokho, i-procedrockbock ingabuye ikhubaze futhi ithathe isinyathelo sokulawula i-productal, njengoba kubonakala ezikweletini eziningi ezikweletini futhi i-ogasica i-omsssss ezimweni eziphuthumayo.

Imishini Yokuhlinza Nokushaya Ikhanda

UKhomishane uphethe “amandla esikhwama semali,” okusho ukuthi imali enkulu kahulumeni echithwa phakathi nezinhlekelele idinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Izikweleti zezengozi zingaqondisa izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ekunikezelweni kwenhlekelele, ekuthunyelweni kwezomnotho, nasemikhankasweni yezempilo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwenkinga yezezimali ka-2008, uMkhandlu wadlulisa i-Treed Asting Program (TARP) ngo-Octopy 2008 (a $700 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali ekhomputer . Umthetho waseMelika olandelayo wokuReendiation noReinvestment ka-2009, uMthetho we-Parectory ka-Devicence ka-Devicence ka-American, i-Proult, i-Prease Applection, ne-Melikan Proviced.

Ukuqondisa Nokulandisa Komshini

I-Congress iqondisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuhlola, ne-Hulumeni Accounting Office (GAO). Ngemva kwenhlekelele, amakomiti ngokuvamile athatha icala ukuze ahlole izenzo zezisebenzi zegatsha eziphethe, ifuna izincwadi, nezikhulu zemibuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Khetha Committee nge-Januware 6 Deseast iphengulule ukuvuzwa kweCapitol, iveza umbiko oningi ngokuhluleka kwezokulondeka negatsha lesikhulu lokungathathi nxaxheba. Ngokufanayo, i-Gamplate Homeland Secute quence icubuliso u-FEMA’s ngemva kweziphepho ezinkulu. Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kungaholela ekulungiseni inguquko enjenge-9/11 Commission Act, efundisa ukwabelana kokuhlakanipha. Nokho, umqondisi we-crevervo engolive engolweni yezombangazwe, ngokulula ukuthemba komphakathi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala Okungokomthetho: Umthetho Ophathelene Necala Wase - USA

Ngo-October 2001 ngokusekelana okuseduze, i-USA PARIOTT Act yandisa amandla okuhlola abekwe umthetho kanye nezinhlangano zobuhlakani. Yehlisa ibha yokuthola imvume, yavumela ama-watellant tampap, futhi yavumela ukwaziswa okulula phakathi kwe-CIA ne-FBI. Nakuba abaxhasi babephikisana ngalo Mthetho wawubalulekile ekulweni nobuphekula, abagxeki babewunqabela isivikelo seSiphendulo sesine. Umthetho wagunyaza izivumelwano eziningi ngokulungisa izinto, kanye nezinhlelo zawo zokushona kwelanga ziphinde zihlolwe ngokuzihlola ngokuphoqelelanisa inqubo yemithetho ye-PIAIA ne-FVIP. Ngo-2015, indawo ye-mende yomthetho yokuvikelwa kwemidayo i-USAUSFUSCTS, yashintsha imibono yemibono eyimfihlo ngokuvikela i-mgalelo-mthethwe-mthethweni.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala Okungokomthetho: Ukusabela Kwezinkinga Zezimali Ngo - 2008

I-Emergency Economic Reconfication Act ka-2008, eyadala i-ATARP, yanqotshwa ekuqaleni eNdlu ngaphambi kokuba idlule ngemva kokuwa kwemakethe eshaqisayo. I-Congress yagunyaza futhi iFederal Reserve ukuba ithathe izinyathelo ezingavamile, njengokukhipha i-AIG enkulu yomshuwalense. Umthetho wahlanganisa amalungiselelo emalini yokukhokha izimali nokuqondisa ngeqembu le-partional. Inhlangano ye-Obama kamuva yaqhutshelwa ukuba i-Dodd Wall Street Reformation ne-Fraffive Protection Act ngo-201010, eyamisa iziqondiso ezintsha ezinkweni ze-Literation Provicence Bureaurage (CFB). Lokhu kulandelana kubonisa indlela inhlekelele engasetshenziswa ngayo ngeqembu elikhulu lemithetho enziwayo eminyakeni eminingi imboni esele izimboni.

Ukusabela Kwegatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukugadwa Komthetho - sisekelo Ngezikhathi Zokucindezeleka

Igatsha lokwahlulela, ngokuvamile igatsha elihamba kancane kakhulu, liba elibaluleke kakhulu phakathi nezinhlekelele ngoba liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zihlola iziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho, nezenzo zokuphatha ngokomthetho, zivikela amalungelo abantu ngokuphambana nohulumeni, futhi zimise izibonelo eziqondisa ukusabela kwenhlekelele esikhathini esizayo. Indima yejaji ingaphikisana kakhulu: ukuphazamisa okukhulu kungaphazamisa imizamo ephuthumayo, kuyilapho ukudebesela okuncane kakhulu kungavumela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo. Ukulinganisa phakathi kokuvinjelwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela nezenzo zobugqizi kuvinyelwa kakhulu phakathi nezinhlekelele.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Izenzo Eziphuthumayo

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola izenzo zikahulumeni ezihlobene nenhlekelele. Ezinhlabeni zokuphepha zesizwe, izinkantolo zivame ukuthobela umphathi ngaphansi kwe- “imfundiso” yemfundiso noma“izimfihlo”. Nokho, uma amalungelo ayisisekelo ekhona, izinkantolo zingangenela. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebekelwe imingcele eyaziwa kakhulu [[FT:]. [FT] i-“Confema tsu v. United States [[44]], isekela inqubo efanelekile ye-Japanean American exintermentment. [5], ngokwendlela ephambene ne-Impile ye-Mount, phakathi ne-FFOT] [egrount:] izinquagn.[5] Izinqulutions.[5] Izinquluungu ze-FUnt.[eduace], i-FUnt.[eaces] Ezinvikweni ze-ofulls.[eaces], iziN.[aces][aces] ezingaphezulu

Ukuvikelwa Kokukhululwa Emakhaya Phakathi Nezikhathi Zosizi

Umsebenzi wenhlekelele enkulu kakhulu wejadiary uvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Izibonelo ezingokomlando ziyafundisa: phakathi neMpi Yombango, uMongameli uLincoln ulengiswe i-habeas corpus, kodwa uMahluleli omkhulu uRoger Talney wabusa [[FLT: 0]] ex parate Merryman[ [1861]] [1861]) ukuthi kuphela iSishaya uKhongolo oluphethe uLincoln. Phakathi neNkampanel uLentss sh Séves e [inkulu iNkantolo] e [[FLT] ekhushuliwe]. [i United States [FLT:] [19] [19] [19]) isekela imingcele yenkulumo ekhululekile, kodwa kamuva njengezinqululo yomthetho yenkolo isebenza njengenzuzo yesihle.[FLD] V.[FFFFoct5] [19] [19] [19691] [igleadel]

Uphawu lwe-Land Predent: [[FLT: 0] Intsha esha ye-octus perse & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (11952)

Inkulumo yokwahlulela ebaluleke kakhulu emayelana namandla okulawula phakathi neMpi ye-Korea yafika phakathi neMpi. Lapho uMongameli Truman ethatha izigayo zensimbi ukuze avimbele ukuhlasela phakathi nesikhathi sempi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi insizwa esencane yayingenalo igunya lomthetho-mthetho-mkhandlu lokuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwemvume egunyaziwe. Umthetho kaMongameli uRobert Jackson wasungula isakhiwo esinguwodwa: isenzo sokuphatha lapho amandla egunyaziwe lapho egunyazwa i-Congress Congresssion; izenzo “equat sh" lapho kuthulile; futhi izenzo ziphansi kakhulu lapho imvume yeBhungane. Loluko lulokhu luyindinganiso lokuhlola imibuso ephuthumayo futhi luye lwamaningi kamuva.

Izinselele Zokwahlulela Zanamuhla: I - COVID - 19 Nangaphezulu

Lolubhadane lwabangela igagasi elingakaze libonwe. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ku- i-Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020) yahlasela imingcele yokuhlala eNew York emasontweni, kuyilapho South Bay United Pentecostal Church v. Newsom[[FLT]] [20] ivumela imingcele yokukhulekela kwaseCalifornia ngaphakathi [20] ibonise ibhentshi ehlukene. Inkantolo futhi yavala i-CDC’s morcium nomthetho wokugoma we-OSHAUs. Lezi zibonisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kwenkinga yezenzo zenqubo kuqhubekeka phakathi kwemigqa, futhi imingcele yezenganiso ephakeme kakhulu ngemva kwezindawo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwamagatsha: Ukuhlola, Ukulinganisela, Nokuhlelana

Akukho gatsha elizihlukanisayo phakathi nenhlekelele. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sidala ukuxhumana okunamandla okungathuthukisa noma kuphazamise ukuphumelela kokusabela okuphelele. UMthetho-sisekelo uphoqelela amagatsha ukuba axhumanise izimali ezicelwa yisikhulu, izinkantolo zibukeze lokho umphathi akwenzayo, futhi abaphathi basebenzise lokho okufunwa yiSishaya-Mnyango. Ekwenzeni, lokhu kuveza impikiswano, ukuxoxa, nokuhlehla.

Isinqumo Sempi Nokuhlasela Kwempi

Isibonelo esivelele sokucindezeleka okuphakathi kwe-interbranch yi-War Powers Resolution ka-1973, eyadluliswa kuMongameli uNixon ngemva kweMpi yaseVietnam. Kudingeka ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile futhi akhiphe amabutho ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyaze ukuqhubeka kwesenzo. Abameli baye bawubekela inselele lo mthetho njengesephula umthetho ongekhona umthetho wegunya lomphathi wezikhulu. Noma kunjalo, uye wadala isinqumo senhlekelele ekwenzeni izimpi ezinjengeLiving (201) ne-Siriya (2014), lapho isikhulu sezikhulu sifuna khona ukugunyazwa kwenhlangano noma isikhathi phakathi nobude obungama-60.

Ukulwa Nokuthunjelwa Uhulumeni Ngezimali Phakathi Nezikhathi Zokuphazamiseka

Ukulawulwa kwezimali zeKhomishane kungaphoqelela umphathi ukuba ashintshe izinto eziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nonyaka ka-2013 kahulumeni wokuvinjelwa, i-National Park Service ivala izinkumbulo zenhlekelele futhi i-FEMA yanciphisa ukuqeqeshwa kwenhlekelele.

Izingxabano Zokwahlulela: Ukusola Nokuphikisana

Uma ijaji liyala umphathi ukuba athathe noma agweme ukwenza, ukuvuma akuzenzakaleli. UMongameli uAndrew Jackson kubikwa ukuthi wathi, “UJohn Marshall wenze isinqumo sakhe; manje makazivumele ukuba asiphoqelele!” (____ukuveza iqiniso lokuthi izinkantolo zithembele ekunyathelweni kwemithetho. Muva nje, iziphathimandla ze-Trump ezichayeke eziphathisweni zenkantolo futhi zenqaba ukuvumelana nokuphenywa kwezindawo zase House, kuholele ekudeleni. Ezimweni ezibucayi, umphathi angase amelane nemiyalo yomthetho esemthethweni, njengoba iGuantana habeas. Nokho, isikhathi eside sokubusa kuxhomeke ekuqondiseni izinkantolo, njengoba ukudelela ngokweqile kungaqeda imithetho yomthetho.

Ukuqondisa Kwezishaya - mthetho Nokwahlulela

I-Crisris ivame ukuthonya ukuqanjwa kwejaji ngokwalo. Phakathi nobhadane lwama-2020, ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele u-Amy Coney Barrett kwaqhubeka naphezu kokuphikisa kokusondelana nokhetho lukamongameli. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo ngaphambili, amongameli baye bamisa abahluleli abanquma kamuva ukunquma amacala abangelwa yilezo zimo ezifanayo . Ukuqondisa kweminyango kwakha futhi: ukuxhasa izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ukwandisa izikhali, nemithetho ephuthumayo yokunxusa ukuba zonke izigwebo zemithetho yemithetho.

Isiphetho: Izifundo Zokubusa Enkathini Yezinkinga Zokuntuleka Kwempilo

Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni elisabela ngayo ezimweni ezibucayi kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini, kothisha, nakubenzi bezimiso ngokufanayo. Igatsha eliphethe liletha ijubane namandla okusebenza kodwa linezingozi. Igatsha lemithetho linikeza izimali, ukufaneleka, nokulandisa kodwa lingathatha ijubane futhi likwazi ukuhlukanisa. Igatsha lokwahlulela livikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo futhi libeke imingcele kodwa libeke imingcele elingana nokuqapha. Izinkinga zezwe langempela − kusukela ku-9/11 no-19 ku-iphekulalisss. Izinkinga ze-CHOVAID . Igatsha le-jwayezi zidinga ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kokubusa, nokusebenza kwawo wonke amagatsha amathathu ndawonye, ngokufeza indima yawo engoko mayelana nabanye. Njengoba isimo sokuziphatha sibhekene ngisho nokuhlola okungathisabisa.