Isingeniso: Umklamo Wobubusi BaseMelika

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela sokuhlukanisa amagunya, umqondo osekelwa oFata abasunguliwe ukuze bavimbele ukunqwabelana kwegunya elingalawuliwe. Njengoba uJames Madison aphikisa ku- Fateralist No. 51, isimo sikahulumeni kumelwe sihlanganise "izixwayiso ezisebenzayo", ngokusho igama, ukuhlola nezilinganiso . *so lesisisusa sihlola indlela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni elisebenza ngayo ndawonye, sibonisa ukudlala okunamandla okugcina i-parence nokuvikela ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni abe ngamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-Legistic (Inkantolo ePhakeme nezindawo eziphansi), I-Exect [ [UMphathi-Mphathi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni], kanye [i- JUdicial [[[ (Inkantolo ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi). Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile yomthetho-mthetho, kodwa liyavumelana. Ukuqonda lendima kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Umenzi Womthetho

I-Congress, ingalo yomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni, isebenza ngokudweba, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa imithetho. Yinhlangano ye-bacameral eyakhiwe nge- SATE ne indlu yabameleli , ngayinye eklanyelwe ukumelela izithakazelo ezihlukene.

  • Ukuphakamisa: Isifunda ngasinye sikhetha ama-senator amabili, sisebenzisa amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha. ISigele sinikeza izimpawu ezilinganayo kuwo wonke amazwe, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, futhi sifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu enkambisweni nakuziqinisekiso zakwamanye amazwe.
  • Indlu yabameleli: ihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe enanini lombuso, nabameleli abakhonza iminyaka emibili. Indlu iqala izikweleti zemali futhi iphethe okuwukuphela kwamandla okungafundi.

UKhomishane ubala izikhulu ezinkulu eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise negunya lokukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe, ukusakaza impi, nokuphakamisa amabutho. Ngaphandle kokushaya umthetho, uMkhandlu usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amanye amagatsha ngezinqubo eziningana:

  • Ukuqinisekisa uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo: yonke imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe ixhomeke ekuxhaseni ngemali okugunyazwe yiKhomishana kuphela.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli: ISigele kumelwe sivumele omphathi abakhulu nokwahlulela, kuhlanganise namalungu eKhabhinethi, amanxusa, namajaji kahulumeni.
  • Indlu ingaziphazamisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, ngenxa "yesizathu, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu"; iSigele sibe sesiqulisa icala futhi singasusa isikhulu ngevoti eyizingxenye ezimbili.
  • [ Ukuqulwa kwamacala:[ amakomiti e-Congress ahlola njalo izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, izincwadi ze-toppoena, futhi abize ofakazi ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi unecala.

UKhongolose futhi unamandla okudlula iveto kamongameli ngenani eliphindwe kathathu kuwo womabili amakamu, ebonisa ihlola eliqondile kuMphathi - sisekelo.

Igatsha Eliphethe: I - Erthoster

Iholwa umongameli we-United States, iGatsha Eliphetheyo linomthwalo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni, iNkulumbuso-indikimba yamabutho ahlomile, nesikhulu somphathi. Ukusekela uMongameli nguMongameli uMongameli noMphathi weSikhungo, ohlanganisa amakhanda eminyango yesikhulu esingu-15 (umz. State, Isivikelo, i-Crefest, i-Monity, Justice).

Igatsha Eliphethe Lisebenzisa igunya elibalulekile lomthetho - sisekelo, elihlanganisa nalokhu:

  • Amandla:[ UMongameli anganqaba noma isiphi isibeko esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho (nakuba i-veto ingaba yi-SIFU). Lomandla anamandla alawulayo ayekethisa.
  • Amandla okumisa: UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, amalungu eKhathene, nezinye izikhulu eziphakamisayo, ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele.
  • [ Ukwenza: UMongameli uxoxa nezivumelwano namazwe angaphandle, ezidinga iseluleko nemvume yezintambo ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele.
  • Iziqondiso ezisebenzayo: Omongameli banikeza iziqondiso kuhulumeni ukuba baqondise ukusebenza kwegatsha eliphethe, nakuba lemiyalo kumelwe ivumelane nemingcele yemithetho nemithetho.
  • [ Amandla e-pardon: UMongameli anganikeza izikhala futhi axolele amacala kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwamacala okungagunyazi.

Umqondisi uhlola futhi iGatyathiwe ngokubiza izikhawu ezikhethekile zoMkhandlu nangokukhipha ngokukhipha ngo-(ne) ngokwenqaba ukuphumeza (_imithetho) ngezindlela ezingathonya inqubo. Nokho, izenzo zikaMongameli zingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela nokuqondisa kwengqungquthela.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Isiphetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Itshe lalo letshe letshe liyiNkantolo ephakeme ye-United States , eyakhiwa abahluleli abayisishiyagalolunye abasebenza ekumiseni ukuphila kwabo konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle. Ngezansi iNkantolo ePhakeme izinkantolo zikahulumeni zamacala amacala nezinkantolo zesifunda, ezisingatha amacala ahlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, kanye nezingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe.

Ithuluzi likaJudiciary elinamandla kakhulu yi- ukuhlolwa komthetho ."igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle komthetho. Imiswe embonini yecala (1803] Icala leMarbury v. Madison, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyi-ehlolo yokugcina kuwo womabili amaKhongolo noMongameli. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho, iziyalezo zesikhulu, futhi ziyale uhulumeni ukuba aphelise ukuziphatha okungavunyelwe umthetho.

  • Inkantolo engaphezulu:[ Njengoba inkantolo yokugcina ikhetha, izwa izikhalo ezindabeni ezibalulekile zomthetho-sisekelo nezixazululo zezinkantolo eziphansi. Izinqumo zayo zibopha zonke ezinye izinkantolo.
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni: izinkantolo zesigodi ziyizinkantolo zecala; izinkantolo zezicelo zizwa izikhalo. Zisingatha amacala amaningi kakhulu kahulumeni, kusukela emalungelweni omphakathi kuya emacaleni obugebengu.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela lihlola amanye amagatsha ngelinye:

  • Ukwahlulela umthetho: Uma umthetho wephula umthetho, izinkantolo zingawushaya.
  • Ukubona izenzo zobuphathi: Izinkantolo zingaqeda iziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho, noma izenzo ezidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma lomthetho-mthetho.
  • [ Uvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye:[ Ijaji liphoqelela iBhili lamalungelo nezinye izinguquko kuhulumeni ukuba acushwe.

Nokho, iSishaya - mthetho singaguqula igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni, sikhiphe amajaji futhi sihlongoze ukumiswa komthetho - sisekelo ukuze kushintshwe imithetho yokwahlulela. UMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSigele siyawaqinisekisa, ngakho ithonya lezombangazwe lilolonga ibhentshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Indlela Amagatsha Asebenza Ngayo Ndawonye: Imishini Yokuhlobana

Ingqondo yesimiso saseMelika ayikhona nje ekuhlukaniseni amagunya kodwa nasekuphoqeleni amagatsha ukuba abambisane. UMthetho-sisekelo wenza uhlelo lapho igatsha ngalinye lixhomeke khona kwezinye ukuze lifeze izinjongo zalo. Ngezansi kunezindawo eziyinhloko zokuxhumana.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Ohlangene

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kuyisibonelo esibonakala kakhulu sokubambisana. Imithetho iqala eKhomishaneni, lapho iqala khona, iphikisana futhi idluliswa khona yiyo yomibili indlu neSigele. Uma idluliswa, iya kuMongameli, ongase:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Sisayina emthethweni.[[Umthetho:1]
  • Ibuye ibuye ibuye ithunyelwe eSixukwini, iphikise.
  • Ivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (iqambe lamaSonto) uma uMkhandlu useqenjini.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Pocket vento ngokungenzi lutho uma izingqungquthela ziphikisana phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi.

Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawudlula ngevoti yama-veto engxenyeni ngayinye. Lamandla alawulayo abonisa: uMongameli akavamile ukukhipha izikweletu ezisekela kakhulu i-bipartisan, futhi i-Congress ayivamile ukudlula ivetoes ngaphandle kokuba inezikhundla ezinkulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eminingi isuka ezihlongozweni zegatsha elikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isiphakamiso soMongameli semali, simisa iqophelo lokuhlobana. Isifundazwe se-Union sinikeza uhlelo lwemithetho ye-Presidenti, sikhuthaza i-Congress ukuba ithathe isinyathelo.

Ukumiswa Neziqinisekiso: Amabutho Aphethe Nemithetho Ahlanganyela

UMongameli umisa abantu ngabanye ukuba bagcwalise izikhala zabo eminyangweni yezejaji kahulumeni, yezikhulu, neyamanxusa azimele. Kodwa iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise laba abakhokhi ngokuvota okukhulu. Lendima "yemvume nemvume" inikeza ithonya eliphawulekayo ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni.

  • [ Abahluleli bobufandala: Abakhona ezinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo zamacala, kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme baqulwa phambi kweKomiti yeSigele, kulandelwa yivoti egcwele. Ukucindezeleka kweSigele ngokuvamile kuphakama phakathi nezimpi zokuqinisekisa, kubonakalisa iziphakamiso eziphakeme zokumiswa kokwahlulela.
  • Inhloko yezezinkampani: UMongameli ukhetha abasekeli, abaqondisi, abaningi babo abadinga isiqinisekiso seSigele. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu eziyinhloko ziyamukeleka kumalungu amaningi.
  • Ambassaders: Ukumisa okuphindiwe nakho kuyaqinisekiswa, kunikeza iSigele ithonya phezu kwezisebenzi zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe.

Lenqubo yokumiswa ibonisa indlela amagatsha okumelwe abambisane ngayo: uMongameli ukhetha abazobhapathizwa, kodwa iSigele sisebenza njengomgcini -sango.

Izivumelwano Nemithetho Yamazwe Angaphandle

UMthetho-sisekelo wabela amagunya emithetho yakwamanye amazwe emagatsheni. UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano nokuziphatha, kodwa izivumelwano zidinga ukuhlawuliswa izibopho ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele. Lokhu bekuwumthombo wokubambisana okukhulu nezimpi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Woodrow Wilson wehluleka ukuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa kweSishayamthetho saseVersailles ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I ugcizelela amandla esigebengu ukuze kulolonge izibopho zomhlaba wonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba uMongameli enguMphathi-Sikhundla, iKhongolo kuphela elingamemezela impi. i-War Powers Resolution ka-1973 izama ukuphoqelela uMongameli ukuba athintane noMkhandlu ngaphambi kokuba afake amabutho kwamanye amazwe, nakuba empeleni kuye kwaba yimpikiswano.

Ukuzimisela: Umthetho Ovikelayo

Ukuqapha kuyisibonelo esiphawulekayo samagatsha asebenza ndawonye ukuba agcine izikhulu zinecala. Indlu yabameleli ivotela ukukhipha (ukukhipha amacala) ngomphakathi; iSigele siqunga icala, futhi kunamavoti amabili-ntathu afunekayo ukubopha iziboshwa nokususa isikhulu. IJaji eliyinhloko leNkantolo Ephakeme liqondisa ukuqulwa kwecala lobumongameli.

Ukuhlola kokubili isikhulu (umongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi) noMphathi-Butho (abahluleli abaphethe). Nakuba ingavamile, iye yasetshenziswa ngokumelene nomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (i-Twice), kanye namajaji amaningi. Lenqubo iphoqelela amagatsha aqondise igatsha eliphethe nelabaphathi be-Gregislative, kuyilapho imfuneko enkulu yeSigele ivikela ekuxhaphazweni kweqembu eliphethe i-Gregislative.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwezenzo Eziphethe

Izinkantolo zivame ukubukeza izenzo ezithathwa yi-Butho eliphethe, kusukela ezimisweni zokufuduka kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma intsha eshaye i-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952] ukuthi uMongameli Truman wayaleza ukuba athathe izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yeKoreya. Lezi zibonisa indlela [FLT:] United States v. Nixon[FLT] [12:3], iNkantolo yayala uMongameli u-Profeli uNixon ukuba athathe amakhase, enqaba yakhe yokuba nelungelo eliphelele lokuphatha. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa indlela [FLDigractards]

Uhlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezinqubo: Amandla Okuthenga

UKhongolo-mhlaba luphethe amandla esikhwama semali: ayikho imali engachithwa kuTshelo lwezimali ngaphandle komthetho wokunikeza imvume. UMongameli unikeza isiphakamiso semali esiningiliziwe unyaka ngamunye, kodwa uKhongolo lubhala izindleko zangempela zokukhipha izicelo. Uma uMongameli engavumi namazinga emali, i-veto ingase isongelwa, okuholela ekuxoxisana. Ukuvala kwenzeka lapho uMkhandlu uhluleka ukudlulisa iziphakamiso futhi uMongameli enqaba ukusayina izinqumo eziqhubekayo, ebonisa izimpawu eziphezulu zale nkinga.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokuhlaziywa Nokuxabana

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siye sahlolwa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Lelicala lamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela. Lapho uMongameli John Adams emisa uWilliam Marbury njengobulungisa bokuthula, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe awuzange udluliswe ngaphambi kokuba uThomas Jefferson athathe isikhundla, uMarbury waqulwa. UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marbury wanquma ukuthi uMarbury wayenelungelo lokuya enkambisweni yakhe kodwa ukuthi umthetho onikeza iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu wawungavumelani nemithetho. Lesi sinqumo salinganisela amandla okwahlulela ngokumelene nabo bobabili abaphethe (Jefferson's ukwenqaba ukukhipha) kanye noMzabalazo we-Legastive (Konret's's ment's mentation windment).

INew Deal (1930)

Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wabhekana nezinhlelo zezezomnotho ezitusekayo zokwahlulela okukhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme yawisa imithetho eminingana ye-New Deal, yashukumisela uRoosevelt ukuba ahlongoze "ukupakisha izinkantolo"(-/*) ngokusakaza iNkantolo ngamajaji engeziwe. IziKhomishane zenqaba icebo, kodwa ekugcineni iNkantolo yasekela umthetho oyinhloko, ibonisa ukuthi ukuxabana kwe-interbranch kungaholela kanjani ekushintsheni komthetho ngokomthetho.

Watergate (1970)

Ihlazo lawaseWatergate labonisa ukuthi wonke amagatsha amathathu asebenza ndawonye.

Indima Yesimiso Somphakathi

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila emagatsheni kahulumeni, isimiso sikahulumeni wase-U.S. sihlanganisa futhi nohulumeni bezwe, abanamagatsha abo aphethe, awezomthetho, nawabo amajaji. ISichibiyelo seshumi esingaphathiswa uhulumeni wezwe. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okungathsimekiwe kwamandla kuyaqhubeka kusakaza igunya, kudala ubukhosi obumbaxambili. I-Federalism isebenzelana neziphetho eziqonde phezulu ezichazwe ngenhla ngenhla qha, ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ephakeme ingalahla imithetho yombuso ephula uMthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho amazwe engabekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni ngokuzibo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nekusasa Lokubhekana Namaketanga Nokulinganisela

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abagxeki baye baveza ukukhathazeka ngokwanda kwamandla okubusa, ukudlondlobala kwezinhlangano, nokuwohloka kobuphathi. Abameli baye bathembela kakhulu eziqondisweni zezikhulu nasekwenzeni okungabodwa, kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi iSishaya - mthetho sidlulisela igunya elikhulu ezinhlanganweni. Igatsha lokwahlulela liye laba isikhungo sempi yemibono, kanye nokuvinjelwa okuqhubekayo.

Noma kunjalo, isisekelo salokhu siqinile. Amagatsha ayaqhubeka ehlolana: izinkantolo zishayana iziyalezo zezikhulu, iziKhomishane zihlola futhi zigodle izimali, futhi uMongameli ufaka umthetho wezezimali. Ukuze leli gatsha lisebenze ngokuphumelelayo, igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lisebenzise amandla alo omthetho-sisekelo. Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lo mdlalo kubalulekile ekwenzeni abaholi babe nesibopho sokuziphendulela nokulondoloza ukulingana kwentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [ U.S. kusuka kumaZinqolobane, isikhulu .Gov indawo yokwaziswa komthetho, kanye newebhusayithi yeNkantolo yeSigeqe yezekwa-mthetho [FLT:]

Isiphetho

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamagatsha e-Legislative, i-Adminitive, i- Judicial kuyisici esiqinile sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ehlukile, kodwa alikho elingabusa kuphela. Isimiso soMthetho-sisekelo esiklanywe ngokucophelela sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisebenza ngokubambisana, sivimbela ubushiqela, futhi sivumelanisa nokushintsha izikhathi. Ngokuqonda indlela lamagatsha asebenza ndawonye, izakhamuzi zingaqonda kangcono izinhlobonhlobo zokubusa namandla ahlalayo eRiphabliki yomhlaba.