IGatya eliphethe uhulumeni wase-United States linesikhundla esiyinhloko nesinamandla ekulolongeni kokubili isimiso sasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Njengoba igatsha elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho nokuqondisa ukuqondisa kukahulumeni, ithonya lalo ligcwele cishe kuzo zonke izici zokubusa. Kusukela ekumiseni uhlelo lwemali ukuze liqondise amabutho ahlomile, igatsha eliphethe liguqulela igunya elingokomthetho eliphethe elithinta imiphumela yangempela ethinta izigidi zamaMelika namazwe angaphandle emhlabeni wonke. Linwebela ekuqondeni okuyisisekelo, lesi sihloko sigxila cishe kakhulu ezicini ezithile ezingokomlando, izenzakalo ezingokomlando, nezinselele zamanje ezichaza indima yegatsha eliphethe ekwenza inqubo.

Ukuqonda Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe limiswa ngokuyinhloko yiSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., isikhulu esiphethe kuMongameli. Leligatsha likhulu kakhulu kunoMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli; lihlanganisa izakhiwo ezinkulu zeminyango, izinhlangano, kanye nemishini emisa imithetho kahulumeni njengeqembu. Ngokungafani negatsha lemithetho, ngokuvamile elihlukaniswayo futhi elisusa imingcele, igatsha eliphethe liklanyelwe ukwenza umsebenzi onobunye ngaphansi kwesikhulu esisodwa. Abahleli bahlose lelilungiselelo ukuqinisekisa amandla, ukuphumelela, nokulandisa kohulumeni.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Namandla

ISiphakamiso II sinikeza uMongameli amandla adwetshiwe, njengokukhonza njengoMyaleli-in-Chief, ukunikeza izintethelelo, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigele nemvume), nokumisa izikhulu. Nokho, umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile awucacile, uvumela igatsha eliphethe ukuba livumelane nesikhathi ngesibonelo, imithetho, nencazelo yokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla kaMongameli okukhipha iziyalezo zesikhulu asiveli ekunikezeni isigaba esithile kodwa kunikezwa amandla ayinhloko nesibopho sokunakekela ukuba "igcine imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka." Lokhu kuveza umongameli ngokomlando ukuba bandise ithonya labo phakathi nobunzima, njengokukhipha kwe-habeaspus noma i-Roseln's.

Izingxenye eziyisihluthulelo zegatsha eliphethe

  • UMongameli: Inhloko yezwe, inhloko kahulumeni, kanye nomphathi omkhulu. UMongameli uhlela uhlelo lwenqubo, uyala kwezempi, futhi umelela isizwe phesheya.
  • Umongameli ongumsizi: Isikhulu esiphethe sesibili esiphezulu kakhulu, esingathatha isikhundla sobumongameli ngokulandelana futhi ngokuvamile sithathe izindima ezithile zesimiso (umz., isokuhola umsebenzi noma imithunywa ye-mibutho).
  • IKhabhinethi: Yakhiwa amakhanda eminyango engu-15 ephethe (umzk., State, Defense, Treasury). Amalungu eKhabhinethi aluleka uMongameli futhi engamele izikhundla zawo ezizimele.
  • Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ne-Commission: Izinhlangano ezizimele (umk., EPA, NASA, SEC) nezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe zifeza imisebenzi yokuqondisa, yesayensi, neyokuqondisa. Amandla azo okubusa anika igunya eliphawulekayo lokwenza izimiso.
  • Ihhovisi eliphetheyo likaMongameli (EOP): Ihlanganisa iHhovisi Lendlu Emhlophe, iHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwendawo ne-Hlabathi (OMB), i-National Security Council (NSC), kanye noMkhandlu we-Economic Advisiers. I-EOP isiza uMongameli ukuba alawule uhulumeni wezwe nohlelo lokuhlela.

Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lingathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha nangolwazi olunzulu, kodwa futhi lakha izingqimba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingamelana noma zichaze kabusha iziqondiso zikamongameli.

Imishini Yethonya Lomthetho Wasekhaya

Igatsha eliphethe lihlela isimiso sezomkhaya ngemithetho ehleliwe njengeziqondiso zezikhulu nokuhlela, kanye namathuluzi angenawo afana nokuthonya nokuhlela izinto ezizohlelwa.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokukhankaswa

Iziqondiso zegunya zinikezwa nguMongameli ukuba alawule imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni. Banegunya lomthetho, kodwa uma nje besekelwe egunyeni elikhona noma emthetho-siseko. Abameli baye basebenzisa iziyalezo eziphetheyo ukuze bafeze izinguquko eziqediwe, kusukela ekususeni kwezempi (Truman, 1948) ekumiseni i-Pace Corps (Kennedy, 1961). Nokho, amongameli abalandelayo bangasusa noma balungise iziyalezo, futhi iziKhomisha zingabasusa ngemithetho (inhloko yecala). Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo ezidlula imikhawulo yomthetho, njengoba zibonakala ku-[FLTC: 0] intsha ephawundal. [i Tube. v.[FLTB:] [12] [19], lapho iNkakhulu likhulu leNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkathi ye-Tromeston (ievini) phakathi naleyo yeze-Cromessss, ngaphandle kwemiqatha yemiyalelo yezezezente, izikhali ezingokomthetho zezezezezwe, ikakhulukazi, imvume ezindaweni ezingokomthetho ze

Inqubo Yohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Isiphakamiso sonyaka semali kaMongameli, esibekwe eMkhandlwini, simisa izindleko zokuphatha nemali efakwa kuqala. IHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali ne-Devisial (OMB) lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni lesi siphakamiso futhi kamuva libe sekwengamele ukubulawa kwaso. Nakuba uMkhandlu uphethe amandla esikhwama semali ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, uMongameli angathonya imiphumela ngokusongela, ngokufaka izicelo zomphakathi, ukubuyisela izimali, nokungagunyaziphathisi (ngokubekwa yi-Congressional Bacrate noMthetho wokulawula i-Impostation ka- 1974). Izicelo zemali ngokuvamile zibonisa izibophonomo zemithetho yemicimbi yemicimbi yemithetho ngaphansi kwe-Artioct I.g., ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezokuvikela lapho unqamula izinhlelo zomphakathi, noma ukwandisa amandla ahlanzekile. Igatsha eliphethe futhi lilawula isikhathi sokukhipha imali, ukukhipha inzuzo enkulu.

Iqhinga Lomthetho Negunya Le - Veto

UMongameli angamisa umthetho wasekhaya ngokuphoqa ngokuqondile, ngokuxoxa nabaholi beqembu, nokusebenzisa ipulpiti lokuqinela abanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla eveto ayindlela yokuhlola: umthetho udinga inani eliyizintathu ezimbili emagumbini omabili ukuze ulawule. Ngisho nosongo lweveto lungaphoqelela ukuba luyekethise. Omongameli ngokuvamile bafaka isimemezelo sokusayina izikweletu ezisayinwayo, ezingase ziveze ukuphikisa komthetho-mthethweni noma ukuqondisa. Nakuba lamazwi engenawo amandla omthetho, angathonya indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho. Omongameli banamuhla baye basebenzisa izenzo eziwunyakazisayo njengemiyalo yezikhulu, umkhosi we-rada, nezimemezelo ze-opadroucs, imibuzo ephathelene nokulinganisela kwamandla omthetho.

Igunya Elilawulayo Nokubusa

Izinhlangano ze-Federal, ezisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lomthetho eligunyaziswe ukumiswa, zikhipha imithetho nezimiso eziphethe umthetho. Le nqubo yokushaya umthetho iyindlela eyinhloko yokushintsha kwenqubo yasekhaya. Igatsha eliphethe lingaqondisa izinhlangano ngokumisa izikhulu ezinezingqondo kanye nokufuna izindleko ze-benefit ngokuzihlola ngemithetho yezikhulu (umz., i-Reagan’s E. 1291 noma i-Trump's E. 1371). I-ADROCUREAT) ibusa ukuthaba komphakathi nokubukeza kokwahlulela, kodwa amongameli basakwazi ukuthonya izinqubo zokuqondisa kabusha. Ngokwesibonelo, igunya le-EPA's's's's's ukulawula icarbon ngaphansi kwe-Eacrac Act liloct lilolongwe ngokuhlela ngokulandelana kwenqubo yokuhlela. Lokhu kuvumela ukuqondisa kwezekwa kwezentengo, izimboni zegatsha, nabantu ngabanye.

Ukunqanda Inqubo Yangaphandle

UMongameli ungumklami oyinhloko wesimiso sakwamanye amazwe aseMelika, ophethe imibuso emikhulu futhi ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ngokungemthetho - sisekelo ophoqelelwe ngokushesha. Igatsha eliphethe lilawula ukukhulumisana, ukulwa, nobuhlobo bezempi, ngokuvamile elihola ezindaweni lapho uMkhandlu uphuza khona ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Ukudingwa Nesivumelwano

UMongameli uqondisa uMnyango woMbuso futhi umisa amanxusa amelela izithakazelo zase-U.S. Amandla okuxoxa ngezivumelwano axhomeke kuMongameli, nakuba izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa okungokomthetho yizingxenye ezimbili ezithathu zeSigele. Ukuze bagweme imfuneko enkulu yeSishaya-mthetho, omongameli bavame ukusebenzisa izivumelwano zezikhulu zesivumelwano eziphethe (‘isivumelwano se-panetal's' noma izivumelwano eziningi ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Izivumelwano zesikhulu sezikhulu siye saba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuqhuba ubuhlobo bangaphandle, ukuhwebela, ukulondeka, kanye nezibopho zendawo ezungezile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukufaneleka kwazo, uma nje bengavumelani umthetho okhona noma izivumelwano. Lokhu kwenza igatsha eliphethe likwazi ukusabela ngokushesha ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba.

Amandla Omkhuzi-amandla

NjengoMyaleli-in-Chief, uMongameli unegunya elikhulu lokumisa amabutho ezempi, ukushaya umthetho, nokuqhuba. Isinqumo se-War Powers sonyaka ka-1937 samiswa ukuba sihlole lombuso ngokufuna isaziso sobukhomanisi nokulinganisela ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, amongameli baye baphikisa ngokuthi isinqumo esingesona esingokomthetho siphula umthetho ngegunya labo leSiphakamiso II. Ngokulandela ukubopha izinqumo zempi kusukela eLibya kuya e-Siriya (eSiriya) baye babona igatsha eliphethe lincike ezivumelwaneni ezinkulu njengo 2001 ze-Unicreance forvision forvision formigrality (AMF) kunokufuna izimessancesss ezintsha zempi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpinisweni eziqhubekayo ngegunya lemibuso yempi, nochwepheshe abaningi abalwayo ukuthi uHulumente uhulumeni baye bagunyaze kakhulu kakhulu ngenxa yempi.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezomnotho

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa amathuluzi ezomnotho .I-Accounting , i-paff, insizalo yangaphandle, nezivumelwano zezohwebo. (_TP) angafaka izijeziso ngemiyalo yezikhulu ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEPA). Izivumelwano zezohwebo ezinjenge-NAFTA/USMCA noma i-Transpacial Officerreavement (TP) i-TP) yavunyelwa igatsha eliphethe i-ofisi yezomthetho, nakuba idinga ukuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano endleleni yokusebenzisa umthetho. Izivumelwano zamazwe angaphandle ziqondiswa kakhulu nguMongameli kanye ne-US. Agency ye- International Development (USAID). Lemigomo yezomnotho ivumela igatsha elikhulu ukuba likhokhe izikhulu, izilwisa, izitha, izitha, izithano, izikhulu zembulunga zembulunga.

Ukuhlakanipha Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

UMongameli wengamela umphakathi wobuhlakani, kuhlanganise ne-CIA, i-NSA, ne-FBI, ngoMqondisi we-National Intelligence. Iziqondiso zikaMongameli − njenge-National Security Directive Directives (MSIDs) . ugunyaza imisebenzi yokufihla, izinhlelo zokuhlola, noma ukusabela kobugada nge-ibhusayithi. Ikhono le-Prester 9/11 le-inquerture labona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokuqonda kwegatsha eliphetheyo ekuhloleni, nge-Patriot Act kanye nezincazelo eziyimfihlo ze-Internatial Surveillance Act (FA). I-Snowden ngo-2013 yaveza ukuqulwa kwenkulumo yomphakathi. Igatsha lesikhulu sezekwakwakwahlulele ukuhlukanisa ulwazi nokugcina izinqumo zemfihlo entweni langaphandle kwezwe langaphandle, ngokuvamile ukuhlanganisa ithonya lomphakathi nokuhlola umphakathi.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinselele

Naphezu kwamandla ayo asabekayo, igatsha eliphethe lisebenza esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela esingabhuntshisa izifiso zalo ezingokwesimiso. Ukukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe nombono ophelele ngendlela engenziwa ngayo isimiso sasekhaya nesakwamanye amazwe.

Izinhlolo - vo Zenhlangano

UKhomishane ungahlola igatsha eliphethe ngokunqaba ukuqinisekisa abameleli, ukusika imali, ukuhlola, ukuphatha ama-vetounce, ngisho nokuphoqa uMongameli. Amandla esikhwama semali ahlala enamandla: UKhongolo lunganciphisa izimali zezinhlelo ezithile noma ukubeka izimo ezibonisa ukuhlahlela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Impoundment Control Act inqanda ukunqanda umongameli. Iseluleko seSigele sokuphatha izivumelwano nendima yokumisa izivumelwano nezinqumo ezinkulu ziyasebenza njengebhuqu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iSivumelwano siye sazama ukumelana ne-Rhovalture, ngezinye izikhathi okwenza kube lula ukuba umqondisi asebenze ngokunganaki ngenxa ye-proglot.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ijaji likahulumeni lingamemezela izenzo zokuphatha ezingavumelani nomthetho we-statical. Izehlakalo ze-Landmark ezinjenge-INS v. Chadha (19983]) yabulala i-pactical revito, [[FLT]][FLTN v[FLT].[20] i-DACTN [FLT]] [[FLT]]] [ithe inciphise] umugqa-withi we-veto, [[FLT][4] i-FT] inciphile i-pane ye-homeoling ehooldland quencertive.[Ft] [FLT] [5] ibuye ikhiphe ijubane elinamandla kakhulu, nakuba ihluleka ukuguqula isilinganiso esincane se-ACCInccionsion. Nakuba ihluleka ukuguqula isilinganiso esiqinile sezwe kamuva, isithi esingabuye isithi se-G.[Ft]

Umqondo Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ukusekela komphakathi kuyinsiza eyinhloko yegatsha eliphethe. Umongameli onezilinganiso eziphakeme angacindezela uMkhandlu futhi afake ukusekela komphakathi ezimisweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isilinganiso esiphansi singakhuthaza ukuphikiswa futhi sinciphise ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zenqubo. Ukuhlola kwezezindaba nezokuxhumana kwandisa kokubili ukuphumelela nokuhluleka, kuphoqelele ukuphatha isithunzi sawo njalo. Izindaba ze-Twittersphere ne-cable zakha indawo lapho izenzo zezikhulu ziphikisana khona ngokushesha, zithuthukisa ukufaneleka kwemigomo yezombangazwe.

Ukumelana Nemibuso Yasebuthweni Lase - Australia

Isimiso sombuso sikahulumeni asivumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi nezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli. Izisebenzi zomphakathi ezingase zimelane noma zithathe izinqubo ezithatha kancane eziphikisana nazo, isenzakalo esaziwa ngokuthi "isimo esijulile" enkulumweni yezombangazwe. Umehluko phakathi kwabaphathi bezombangazwe nezisebenzi ezisebenzayo ungaholela ekuvumelaninini nezinselele. Omongameli bangasebenzisa amathuluzi anjengeziyalezo zesikhulu, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwegunya, nokumiswa kwemisebenzi ukuze banqobe i-intellicria, kodwa ubukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi be-ohulumeni ngokuvamile buvimbela ushintsho olusheshayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imizamo yokuchitha i-Affordcable Care Act ebhekene nemingcele eqhubekayo engokomthetho.

Umfutho Wasengxenyeni Nohulumeni Ohlukene Phakathi

Uma elinye iqembu lilawula umongameli oyedwa noma womabili amagumbi ombuso, ukwenza isimiso kuba nzima kakhulu. Igatsha eliphethe lingase liphendukele ezenzweni ezingathathi-mfaza-mfakela − iziyalezo zokubulala, izinguquko zokubusa, ukuchazwa kabusha kwemithetho ekhona .ukudlula kwezithiyo zeziphakamiso. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo zingashintshwa ngokulawula okulandelayo, okuholela ekuntengantengantengisweni kwenqubo. Ukuhlukana kwe-parisan kungathinta futhi inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe, lapho ukuvumelana okukhulu ngokuvamile kudingekile yezivumelwano, izijeziso, noma inqubo yezempi. Ukuncishiswa kwemithetho ye-bipartarianshis kuye kwenza igatsha leze isigaba saba namandla kakhulu ngezikhathi ezimfushane futhi kungabi namandla kakhulu emithethweni enqubweni ende.

Isiphetho

Igatsha eliphethe injini ekwenza isimiso sezomthetho e-United States, lisebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ezindabeni zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ngemibuso engokomthetho, amathuluzi okuqondisa, nangabaphathi. Kusukela ekuqondiseni iziyalezo zezikhulu nasekuhleleni uhlelo lwemali kuhulumeni ukuya ekuhleleni izivumelwano, uMongameli nombuso wezoburhulumente uhlela ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi kanye nendima yesizwe. [[5] [umqulu ogcwele ukuhleleka], kodwa leli zwe alikho ngokuphelele. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa, umbono womphakathi, ukuzama ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano, kanye nokusebenza kwazo zonke izinto ezisebenza njengezingalelo-kulelo-lelo hlelo. [FF] [Umqulu] engxenyeni ye-okthofu, umqulu ogcwele we-E.[F] [[3] [Umqulu ongaphezulu] [umqulu ongaphezulu] [umqulu we-okanye nomqulu we-onke:] [umqulu we-osebuningi] [umqulu] [umqulu] [uhlu] [uhlu] [umbuso] [uhlu] [uhlu] [umqulu] [uwonke] [u