Umlando Wesikhathi Sokuhileleka Kwezohwebo EJapane

Izimiso zanamuhla zezohwebo zaseJapane zasungulwa ngokumiswa kabusha kwezentengiselwano zangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngaphansi komsebenzi waseMelika kanye nobukhosi bamuva, iTokyo yaphishekela ukukhula okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, yajoyina i-General Account on Tariffns and Trade (GATTTT) ngo-1955. Lokhu kwakuba yisisekelo sokuhlanganiswa kwezentengiselwano zezwelomhlaba eJapan, ivumele ingxenye yayo yokukhiqiza izimoto nemishini yezobuchwepheshe ukuba yande ngokushesha. Ngango-1960 kanye no-1970, iJapan yalondoloza isivikelo kwezolimo zezolimo ngesikhathi ithuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amazwe. Ukushintshela kweNhlangano yezentengo yezwe yezentengo (WTO) ngo 1995 kwajulisa ukuzinikela kwayo kwemithetho yezentengo yezentengiselwano ezindaweni eziningi, nakuba izimpikiswano ezingapheli zezokulima kanye nezingahlanganeze-1970.

Ngo- 2000, iJapane yabhekana nezingcindezi ezintsha: ukuphakama kweChina, ukuhlaliswa ekhaya, nokuhluleka kwe-Doha Round. Lokhu kwasheshisa iTokyo ezindaweni zokuhwebelana kwezezwe nezifunda. Izwe lezombangazwe, elalibuswa iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) enohulumeni abaphikiswayo ngezikhathi ezithile, baqala ukwehla ngokuphawulekayo ngejubane nangezinga lokuthengwa. Ukuqonda lezi zimo zeqembu kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuxhumana kwezentengiselwano kwezentengiselwano eJapan.

Izinkundla Ezinkulu Zezombangazwe Nemithetho Yazo Yezohwebo

I - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

I-LDP, iqembu elibusayo laseJapane engxenyeni enkulu yenkathi yangemva kwempi, liye lasekela ngokuqhubekayo ukuhweba okukhululekile njengomshayeli wezentengiselwano. Iphiko lalo lezebhizinisi eliphambili, elisekelwa Keidan [[ISivumelwano seJapani] [i-Business]] [i-Japani] [i-Intestmentermentation], ibheka izivumelwano zezohwebo zamazwe ngamazwe zibalulekile ekulondolozeni izimakethengiso zangaphandle futhi ziheheheke kwamanye amazwe. I-LDPPP kwakuyithonya eliqhubayo eJapanizelayo ekungeneni [[FLT:] [intern] ephakeme ne-PPP] i-Pir ehleliwe izinqululo ze-Pin, i-Pcence, i-evicence, i-evini yezentengiselwayo eJapan.[FFFFod:] [FFFFod] [F] [F] [irst

Nokho, i-LDP ayiyona i-monothic. Amalungu ayo asemaphandleni, ancike emakhonweni ezolimo, ngokuvamile aye amelana nokuncishiswa kwemikhiqizo ezwelayo enjengelayisi, ukolweni, nobisi. Iqembu lilawula lokhu kucindezeleka kwangaphakathi ngemilinganiso yama-comperation , izinqubo zohlelo, kanye nenkathi yesigaba eside. I-LDP futhi ixoxa nge- i-U Economicling Activerigions [[, esusa i-offrantialism nge- 97% yentelliteration, umboniso wesigaba esisebenza njengesibonelo se-ehlelo lohwebo oluhle". Nge-PPP, yasekela isivumelwano esidingekile sokusebenza kwezentengo ye-CPP.

IQembu Lentando Yeningi LaseJapane (CDP)

I-CDP, umkhakha omkhulu kunayo yonke eJapane wokuphikiswa, ithatha indlela yokuqapha. Igcizelela ukuhwebelana kunokuthengisa ngesihle. I-CDP iphikisa ukuthi izivumelwano zokuhweba kumelwe zihlanganise iziphephelo eziqinile zezisebenzi, abathengi, nendawo ezungezile. Ezingxoxweni zephalamende, amalungu e-CDP aye agxeka i-LDP ngokubhucunga okuzuzisa izinhlangano ezinkulu kuyilapho kushiya abalimi abancane nabenzi bendawo bedalelwe ekuthengeni okungabizi kakhulu. I-CDP i-CDP isekela inqubo “yo ephakathi kwabantu, ngokuvamile ibiza izindinganiso zezisebenzi ezibophekile kanye nelungelo lokulawula isithakazelo somphakathi.

Phakathi nezingxoxo ze-RCEP, i-CDP yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokungabi na amalungiselelo ezinto zomuntu siqu eziyimfihlo namathuba okwanda kokuncika emaketangeni aseChina. Leliqembu lasekela futhi ukuhlolwa kwezindlela eziqinile zokutshala imali ukuze kuvikelwe izakhiwo eziyingozi. Nakuba i CDP ingamelene nokuthengwa ngokuyisisekelo, ifuna inqubo ethatha kancane, efuna ukuxilongwa. Ukuma kwayo kukhuthaza izinyunyana zezisebenzi, abashisekeli bendawo ezungezile, kanye nezomnotho zezifunda ezisaba ukuphazanyiswa kwezentengiselwano.

Komeito

Njengoba i-LDP ehlangene ne-LDP encane kusukela ngo-19, i-Komeito (Iqembu Elihlanzekile Lohulumeni) ivame ukusebenza njengegunya elinqanda ukuhlukana. Isisekelo sikaKomeito sihlanganisa i-Soka Gakakakakai, inhlangano yamaBuddha ehlelileyo, egcizelela ukuthula, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, kanye nokuvumelana. Ibhizinisi, iKomeito ithambekele ekusekeleni izivumelwano ezihlanganisa izigaba eziqinile eziqinile zezimiso zokuhlengahlengiswa. Iye yaba usizo ekudluliseleni impatho yabalimi ezithene ngenzuzo yezentengiselwano engcono kanye nezimiso ezivikela imboni yezemisebenzi yezezezezenkambiso. I-Komeito iqinisekisa ukuthi ithonya aliphili kakhulu ekuzingeni komphakathi wasekhaya.

IQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseJapane (JCP) noReiwa Shinsengumi

I-JCP ingumcuphi omkhulu womthetho wezokuthengiselana owenziwe ngezinhlangano. Inqaba izivumelwano ezinjenge-CPTP ne-RCEP, iphikisa ngokuthi zihlela inzuzo esemhlabeni wonke phezu kobukhosi besizwe[. I-JCP ifuna isimiso sokuhweba esivikela ukulondeka kokudla, ukuvimbela ukushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nokuqondene nezindawo zendawo ezikhona. I-Reiwa Shinsengumi, iqembu elisekhohlo le-popu, liveza izihloko ezifanayo kodwa ngokugxila kakhulu emalungelweni abathengi nasendizeni indawo ezungezile. Nakuba iqembu lingawaxhasi amandla aphawulekayo, izinkulumo zabo zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasanda ukuvotela i-tractive transfer syst sy.

Nippon Ishin no Kai (Iqembu Lokulungisa Izinkinga LaseJapane)

Isekelwe kakhulu e-Osaka nasentshonalanga yeJapane, iQembu lokuHlanza i-Japane lithatha ukuma okungokomthetho, okungokokulungisa. Isekela ukuvunyelwa kwezentengiselwano njengengxenye yokususa imingcele ebanzi nokuguqula ukuqondisa. I-Ishin iphikisa ngokuthi izimboni zasekhaya zaseJapane kumelwe zibe umncintiswano embulungeni yonke naleyondlela yokuvikela imane nje ibambeze izinhlelo ezidingekile zokuhlelwa kabusha. Iqembu ngokuvamile lisekela uhlelo lwezentengiselwano ze-LDP kodwa liqhubela phambili izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu, njengokusika intela yenkampani nokushintshashintsha kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, ukuze kukhuthandwe izinzuzo zezimakethengiso zezeli ezivulekile.

Izivumelwano Eziyinhloko Zohwebo Nezikhundla Zeqembu

Isivumelwano Esiwubufakazi Nesiqhubekayo Se - Trans-Pacial internaship (CPTP)

I-CPTP, eyasayinwa ngo-2018, yaqala ukubusela iJapane ngo-December 2018. Yasusa izimemezelo zezimpahla ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 eziphakathi kwamazwe angu-11 ePacific Rim. I-LDP yazincoma njengokunqoba kwebhizinisi elisekelwe ekubuseni, kuyilapho i-CDP yazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokucindezelwa okungase kwenzeke kwabasizi bezolimo baseJapane nokungakho kweminyango ephoqelelwayo emazweni athile. I-JCP ivotela ukulwa kwe-ratiation, iveza ukuthi yayizovula iJapan ukuba ithelwe kancane, intengiselwano ephansi. iKomeito yasiza ekuxhumaneni kwemali yokusekela ubisi kanye nokufuya, ukuvumelana okuvamile.

Isivumelwano Sezezomnotho saseJapane-EU

I-EU EPA, ephumelelayo ngo-February 2019, yakha indawo yezohwebo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ekhululekile ngaleso sikhathi. I-LDP yagcizelela indima yesivumelwano ekubekeni izindinganiso eziphakeme ze-e-commerce, impahla yolwazi, kanye nezimpawu zezwe zemikhiqizo eshibhile njenge-Japane whisky. ICDP yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuncintisana kwezindawo zebhizinisi (ISDS), ikhalaza ukuthi ingavumela izinkampani ze EUU zikwazi ukunyusela iJapane iziqondiso zempilo yomphakathi. I-JCP iveza ukuphikisa okunamandla, i-EPA ingalulaza izinga lokuphepha kokudla. Noma kunjalo, isivumelwano sadlula ne-LDPSOmito enkulu. I-CDP eyayenqabayo ngaphandle kokuvota, iveza ukuvoca phakathi, iveza ukuhlukanisa imingcele.

Inhlangano Yesifunda Yezomnotho (RcheP)

I-RCEP, eyasayinwa ngo-202020 futhi yafakwa enkambisweni ngo-2022, iyi-mega-extad exhumanisa iJapane ne-China, i-South Korea, i-Australia, i-New Zealand, namazwe a-ASHEA. I-LDP, i-RCEP yayiyisidingo esingokomthetho sokugcina izivumelwano zezomnotho ne-China phakathi kwe-China phakathi kwempikiswano ye-China. Nokho, leliqembu labhekana nokugxekwa ngokuvumelana kwemithetho engcono yemvelaphi nemithetho ephansi kakhulu yemisebenzi eqhathaniswa ne-CPPPP. I-CDP yahlasela uhulumeni ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuvikela isiqephu ngemicikilisho yezemisebenzi yezemilindolo nemvume ye-China ezindaweni zesivumelwano sombuso. I-JCPCP, ibiza ngokumelene nomphakathi wamaShayina. I-CCEPP. I-Koito yasekela ukuncintinganisa isibopho sesivumelwano sezemisebenzi emiphakathi yeminyaka emithathu emithathu emithathu emithathu emithathu (ithathu).

Isivumelwano Sezohwebo sase-US-Japani (209)

Ngo-September 2019, iJapane yasayina ibhizinisi elilinganiselwe ne-United States, inciphisa izimpahla zezolimo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 7 zezigidi zamaRandi nemikhiqizo yezezimboni yaseJapane. Lesi sivumelwano sasiwukususa ubuso ngemva kwe-U.S. ukuphuma kweTPP. i-LDP yayiveza njengendlela yokugwema ngisho nezigebengu eziphezulu kakhulu emishinini yaseJapane. I-CDP yaphikisa ukuthi iJapan yayenze izivumelwano eziningi kwezolimo ngaphandle kokuzibophezela i-ogada eWashington ukuba isuse izigwegwe ze-ojaji ze-odoult. I-JCP yachaza leli bhizinisi ngokuthi “i-odwa esisiziwe” futhi iveza ukuzithoba kweJapan eUnited States. Isivumelwano saqokomisa inselele inselele: ukuhlanganiswa kwe-US izibomuzwana nemfuyo yezentengo yeze yezentengo yezentengiselwa.

Izinselele Zasekhaya Nezimpikiswano

Izomnotho Zasemaphandleni Nezolimo

Abalimi abancane baseJapane, abaningi abagugile nabasebenza emaphethelweni aphansi, babhekene nethonya eliqondile ekungeniseni ngenkululeko. Amaqembu ezombangazwe aye asabela ngezindlela eziqinile: i-LDP neKomeito baye basekela umnikelo obekiwe] [ kubalimi abafaka imingcele eqinile yemithetho eqinile. I-CDP ifuna ukuba lemithetho igcinwe i-alphansitive yemvelo. I-JCP ifuna ukuba iJapan igcine izilinganiso eziqinisekisa ukuphumelela kokudla ngaphezu kwama-50%, iveza ukuthi ukuthembela ekungeniseni okusongela kwesizwe. Ubunzima bukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yelayisi, lapho uhulumeni ulondoloza khona i-incansita ekhoneni encike kakhulu, kodwa inqaba kakhulu, kodwa ukuvikelwa kakhulu, ukuvikelwa kwendlela evimbela isivikelo.

Amalungelo Ezisebenzi Nezivikelo Zomsebenzi

Izivumelwano zezohwebo seziyindawo yokudayisa izinqumo zemisebenzi. I-CDP ne-JCP ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuhweba ngesihle kuye kwanezela e ekuthengeni kwezentengiselwano zezisebenzi ezizikontini. i-[FLT] yezisebenzi ezizihambelayo kanye nezivumelwano zesivumelwano, njengoba izinkampani zithutha kwamanye amazwe. Zifuna ukuba kuhlanganiswe izibopho ezibophayo ezibophanayo zokuhlela izivumelwano zezentengiselwano kanye neholo eliphansi. I-LDP i-LDP ifaka isandla esingcono ekuhlolweni kwezisebenzi ezisebenzayo nakwesobunxele. Nokho, ngisho naphakathi kwe-LDP, kunezicingoso ezikhulayokulungisa izinhlelo zosizo ezithunyelwayo ezidingisiwe ngemisebenzi. Isiqephu se-RCEP saba isisulu sokugxekwa kwezisebenzi ezisebenzayo.

Izindinganiso Zendawo Ezungezile Nezibopho Zesimo Sezulu

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-LDP aye acindezela amaqembu aqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zezentengiselwano aziwululazi umgomo we-carbon ye-Japan no-2050. I-CDP ne-JCP basekela ukuhlanganisa izibopho ezinjalo zezokuhweba, njengokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwamafutha avubukulwa nokukhuthaza ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza. I-LDP iqaphe kakhulu, isaba ukuthi izimo zemvelo eziqinile zingasetshenziswa njengemishini yokuvikela amanye amazwe. Noma kunjalo, i-CPPPPP ihlanganisa amalungiselelo athile emveli, futhi iJapan ithatha iqhaza e WTO PUSCP] ku-AP [[FLT] iveza ukusekela okuphamba ukuhlangana kwezindawo zokudoba. Insela inseleleka kakhulu ngemva kokuthenga i-FOCP.

Ukulawula Uhwebo Nemininingwane Yezobuchwepheshe

IJapane ingumsekeli onamandla we- ithumela ukwaziswa okuphathisiwe[” ezivumelwaneni zohwebo, isekela umqondo we-“Data Free Flow High Courting” (DFFT). Nokho, amaqembu ahlukene ngendlela yokusingatha imfihlo nokulondeka. Ingxoxo iyakhula phakathi nengxoxo ye-RCEP, lapho ukuma kwe-LDP ephakathi kolwazi ngemida elinganiselwe edluliswa ngemithetho elinganiselwe ephansi, ekubona njengokubalulekile ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe. ICDP noJCP ifuna imithetho eqinile yemfihlo kanye nemininingwane yendawo ukuze kuvike izakhamuzi zaseJapane ekuqashelweni yizinkampani nako. Ingxoxo ye-CCPP ikhule kakhulu phakathi nenhlangano esebenzayo (CCEP).

Indima Yombono Womphakathi Namaqembu Anesithakazelo

Umbono womphakathi ufeza indima engabonakali kodwa ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimo seqembu lezentengiselwano. Izimpondo zibonisa njalo ukuthi izakhamuzi zaseJapane zisekela ukuhweba okukhululekile ngokwezimiso, kodwa ukuphikiswa kuyakhula lapho izimboni ezithile − njengelayisi noma isilinganiso esincane sezinhlanzi (nezithathwa njengezisongelwa. Amagumbi ezentengiselwano nezokubambisana kwepulazi lendawo kungena ngamandla ekhoneni lasemaphandleni. Okwamanje, amaqembu anjenge [[FLD:0] Japan Acurical Cooperations [Iqembu le-jaFLT:1] [FLT]] ithonya kakhulu, ngokuvamile isekela abangenisi beze baqhubeke befuna isivikelo.

Amaqembu abathengi aye afuna kakhulu ukuvela nokuphawula izindinganiso zokudla okuvela kwamanye amazwe, i-CDP ne-JCP Inkulu. Eminyakeni yamuva, amaqembu ezokuhlalisana nendawo ezungezile kanye nezikhali zenuzi aye asebenzisa ukuzwa kwezokuhwebelana ukuze aqokomise ukuphikisana phakathi kwezibopho zezulu zaseJapane kanye nokubizwa kwazo ngegesi yemvelo encibilikisiwe (LNG) namalahle. Lokhu kucindezela kuye kwasunduza ngisho ne-LDP ukuze kuqongelelwe ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza futhi kucabangele izindlela zokulungisa i-carbon emngceleni, nakuba leliqembu lihlala liqaphile ngezinyathelo ezithiyo ezingabangela ukuphindisela.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Isimiso sezentengiselwano zaseJapane ziyoqhubeka zilolongwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yezombangazwe, isidingo sezomnotho, kanye nokuthambekela kwembulunga yonke. I-LDP, ngokunokwenzeka ehlala ikhona cishe ekhona esikhathini esiseduze, izolandela indlela ehlukene: ukujulisa i-CPTPP nokufuna ukungenela kwamalungu amasha (njengeChina, Taiwan, noma i-United Kingdom), kuyilapho ukuhlanganisa i-metacity-m-metacity ne-Thailand ne-Vietnam). ICDP izocindezela ilungiselelo elinamandla lezenhlalakahle nezemvelo kulezivumelwano, mhlawumbe ithole indawo uma ukukhathalela umphakathi ngokungalingani nesimo nesimo sezulu nokuphakama. iKome iyoqhubeka iqinisekisa ukuthi imifelaniso inikeza ukunakekela emaqenjini amakhaya asengozini.

Ukuphakama komncintiswano wezezomnotho − ikakhulukazi phakathi kwe-US ne-China=izophoqelela iJapane ukuba ihambe ngokucophelela. Izivumelwano zezohwebo zizophikisana ngokuthi zingaba zingakanani okufanele zisetshenziswe njengamathuluzi okulungisa inqubo. Umbono we-LDP we- Inkululeko neOpen Indo-Pacificial [ ihlanganisa ukuhweba ngesayensi yezwe, kuyilapho iCDP ne JCP ixwayisa ngokuguqula ukuhweba kube ithuluzi lempikiswano. Phakathi naleyo, ushintsho lwe-injini noluhlaza luyo luyodala izimpikiswano ezintsha: i-carbonficity, ukuhlanganisa ulwazi nendawo, nokulungisa i-kethene. Indlela amaqembu eJapan angeke anqume ngayo ukuzivumelanisa ikusasa lezomnotho kodwa futhi nendima yayo ewushintshayo embulungeni yemithetho yezwe yeze yezentengo yezwe lezwe elizayo.

ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola [ iNkonzo yezindaba zangaphandle [, ikhomu ku-Master Relations [, kanye nokucazululwa kweJapane[.[FLT]