Isimo Sezulu SaseJapane: Indlela Imikhosi Yezombangazwe Ethonya Ngayo Ikusasa Lesizwe Lendawo Ezungezile

Njengoba isilinganiso sesihlanu esikhulu kakhulu somhlaba secarbon dioxide kanye ne-G7 yezomnotho ithembele kakhulu entweni evubukulekayo, iJapane imi ekuthatheni isisekelo esibucayi esimweni sezulu. Amaqembu ezombangazwe alelizwe angowokuqala adweba ukusabela kwawo esimweni sezulu, iqhaza ngalinye elibonisa ukulinganisela ukuqina kwezomnotho, ukulondeka, kanye nokufuna isizinda sendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kuhlola indlela amabutho ayinhloko ezombangazwe aseJapane azimisa ngayo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu (kusukela esigaba eside se-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) emaqenjini amancane aphikisayo, futhi lokho okuvumelana nokuma kwawo nekhono ezwe okuhlangabezana nokungathathiwe yi-carbon ka-2050.

Izwe Elinhle LaseJapane Ne - Arena Engokwesimo Sezulu

Kusukela ngo-1955, isimiso sezombangazwe saseJapane siye samiswa yi-Liberal Democratic Party ebambelele kakhulu enkathini ye-Liberal Democratic, eye yabusa cishe yonke inkathi yangemva kwempi, ngokuvamile ngokuvumelana ne-centrist Komeito. Ukulawula kwe-LDP kuye kwaveza isimiso esivumela ushintsho oluqhubekayo, izithakazelo zezinhlangano zezemisebenzi, kanye nethemba lezobuchwepheshe ngokuguqula izakhiwo ngokushesha. Amaqembu aphikisayo (nesigaba se-DDP), kuhlanganise ne-Constantical Democratic Party (CDP), i-Communist Party (JCP), i-Nippon Is no no no no no no no no no no no no-Reiwa Shin, kanye neDidemocratic Par Par yaBantu (DFP).)

Isimiso sesimo sezulu eJapane sibunjwa yizici eziningi eziyingqayizivele: ifa lenhlekelele yenuzi ka-2011 iFukushima Daiichi, evala eziningi zemikhumbi yenuzi yalelizwe; ukuncika kakhulu egesini yemvelo eshintshwayo efudukayo (LNG), amalahle, nowoyela; inani labantu asebekhulile elicindezela i - dynamism; kanye nesikhungo esinamandla sezezimboni esimelana nokuncintisana okunamandla. Amaqembu ezombangazwe athatha le mingcele kuyilapho futhi esabela ekucindezeleni umphakathi wasekhaya, kanye nokwanda kwezenzakalo zezulu ezingathi i - dynam ne - heave.

Ekuhlaziyweni Kwezikhundla Zeqembu Elikhulu

I - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) – I - technological Pragmatism ene - gear engasheshi

I-LDP izimisele ngokusemthethweni ukufinyelela ukungethathi hlangothi nge-2050, umgomo omenyezelwa yileyosikhathi uNgqongqoshe uYoshihishe Suga ngo-Oktobha 2020. Nokho, indlela yalo mcimbi iphawuleka ngokukhetha “ushintsho oluluhlaza” (GX) ngokufuna ukuncitshiswa noma ukulawulwa kwemithetho. I-LDP isekela ukutshala okuqhubekayo, ukuthatha, ukulinganisela, nokugcina (CUS)[FLT], i-hydrogen-fifififiesh ezikoleni zamalahle, kanye ne-mone-injini yenuzi, kuhlanganise ne-mossssssss (MLM:2] ezincane ze-molectivess (CUS).

Inqubo ye-LDP inqabe inkathi yamalahle eboshiwe. IJapane isahlela ukwakha izakhiwo ezintsha zikagesi wamalahle ezishiswe ngamalahle − okungenani izingxenye ezingu-17 ezintsha zisepayipini(* futhi ziye zagxekwa yi-International Energy Agency ne-gotiators zezesimo sezulu zezezimali zezitshalo zamalahle kwamanye amazwe ngezinhlangano zayo ezithumela kwamanye amazwe. Ukuxubanisa kwamandla asetshenziswayo kunamasu ka-2030 enjongo yokuvuselela, 20222%, kanti ezinye izilinganiso zenuzi, kanye nezingalo ezisele ezikhona, isilinganiso abahlazi abaningi abahlola impikiswano abangeneli ukuhlangabezana ne-6,5,° C.

I-offset contiums ikhona phakathi kwe-LDP. I- “propro - codition, ehlangene nezimboni ezinzima njengensimbi, isimende, namapetrorochemical, abameleli boshintsho oluqondiswe oluvikela impahla nemisebenzi ekhona. Ukwanda kwe-“procentium”, eqiniswe amalungu amasha kaDiet kanye nokucindezela okuvela ebhizinisini lokuhogela i-Keidan (manje esekela ukukhubazeka kwe-carbontion), iqhubela phambili ukuvuselelwa okunamandla kakhulu kwe-randment ne-carbon crinecription. I-LDP'2023 GX SICTICLEY yasungula [[FLT:] icebo lokuhweba eliphansi kakhulu [[FLTLD:1] [ict1] (indlela yokuhweba eqala phakathi kwe-2033) kanye ne-“injini ye-2020) i-0) i-10 elingana ne-injini ephansi ye-ocrolikidium (ish.

Leliqembu futhi lilondoloza isimo esinamandla se-pro - nyukliya, lisekela ukuqala kabusha kwamandla asebenzayo ngemva kokuhlaziywa kwe-Fukushima. Cishe iziphethu ze-athomu ezingu-3 33 ze-opera zaseJapane ziphinde zaqalwa kabusha, kodwa ezinye ziqala ukumelana nokuphikiswa okungokomthetho nokusendaweni. I-LDP ibheka ibhuloho lenuzi njengendawo eyingozi ukuze ifinyelele kokubili ukuncishiswa kwe-carbon kanye nokulondeka kwamandla (ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Russia i-Uganda'irthromarketry's.)

IQembu Lentando Yeningi Le-Constitutional (CDP) – Izisulu Ezithandwayo kanye nomthetho wobulungisa

Iqembu lokuphikiswa elikhulu kunawo wonke eJapane, iCDP, liye lasusa iqophelo lesimo sezulu elifiselekayo kakhulu. Inkambiso yalo engokomthetho idinga ukungathathi hlangothi kwe- ngo-2050 kanye nokuncishiswa kwamazinga ama-60% entuthu emvula kusuka ku-2013 ngo-2035 .Nkakhulu kakhulu kunezinga eliphezulu kunama-LDP angu- 46% ngo-2030. I-CDP isekela ukuncishiswa okuphelele kwelahle ngo-2030, ukuvinjelwa kwezitshalo ezintsha zamalahle, kanye nokuncishintshwa okushesha kwezindawo ezinamalahle angu-50% zamandla avuselelwe kulowo nyaka ofanayo.

I-CDP igcizelela ukwahlulela okungalinganiyo futhi iguqula nje, nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha izisebenzi ezimbonini zamathambo ezinto zakudala, isekela izakhiwo ezikhiqiza amandla kagesi, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlaziywa akuzithwesi umthwalo ophansi izakhamuzi ezitholakayo. I-CDP isekela intela yecarbon ehlangene nenqubo yokulungisa i-carbon emhlane ye-octive consion, ukuhlaziya okunamandla emvelweni embonini, kanye nesigaba se-oyilensictansictation (inani elingu-R2,000,000,000,000) ngonyaka. I-CDP futhi iyakulwa nokwanda kwamandla ekhonzwa njengesilinganiso sokuvuse-ase-menul.

Naphezu kwalezizikhundla eziqinile, iCDP iye yazama ukuqeda ukuphatha kwe-LDP. Kukhetho oluphansi lwendlu lwango-2021, leliqembu lawina izihlalo ezingu-96 kuma-LDP's 261. Izimiso zalo zesimo sezulu, nakuba zithandwa kakhulu ngabavoti abasebasha basedolobheni, zibhekwa ngokungaqiniseki yizindawo zasemaphandleni nezezezentengiselwano zezomnotho. Iqembu liye lafuna ukwakha izibopho ezibanzi zangaphambi kokuhlangana namanye amabutho okuphikiswa, kodwa umehluko ongaphakathi ezimpini ezifana namandla enuzi kanye nekharbon emba engenisa imali icarbon crin i - crineral i - crime ints eyinkimbinkimbi.

Komeito – Ibhuloho Eliyinqaba

Njengoba i-LDP ehlangene ne-LDP encane kusukela ngo-1999, iKomeito ithonya ngokulinganisela nangonembeza wezenhlalo. Isekelwe enhlanganweni yobuBuddha i-Soka Gakkai, leliqembu ligcizelela ukuthula, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, kanye nokuzwana kwendawo ezungezile[. Isimo sawo sezulu, nakuba singenasifiso esiphezulu kune-CDP’s, siqhubela i-LDP esenzweni esiqinile kunaleso esingasenzeke sithathelwe sodwa.

Komeito usekela umgomo [[FLT: 0] 2050] wokungathathi hlangothi kwekharbon igxile ekusebenzeni kahle, inwebe amandla elanga nomoya, futhi ithuthukise “izindawo ezibanzi” nezakhiwo eziluhlaza. Iqembu liye laba ummeleli oyinhloko wamalahle angu-2025 Osaka World Explorey ukuze lisebenze njengendawo yokubukisa ubuchwepheshe obungaguquguqukiyo. Ithonya le-Komeito liye labizwa futhi ukuba libe nenzuzo eyengeziwe yezindlu zasekhaya ze-solarbol place nemoto kagesi, futhi lihlanganise ukutholwa kwempahla yezenhlebo, kanye ne-[FLT. kunye ne-etho yezisebenzi ezibonisa ukuvikelwa kwelahleko.[FLT][FL:3][3][3][3][3][3] cishe isithimbe seli singabonakali ekuvinyeni ukuvini okunzima. Ithonya le-LD PPX 2023, icebo lezenezezen, ilungu lezisebenzi leze

I-Komeito isekela kakhulu amandla enuzi njengendlela ephansi yokukhetha i-carbon, kodwa ukuqapha ukuqapha lapho iqala khona eduze kwezindawo ezinabantu. Ikomiti yendawo ezungezile yeqembu iye yafuna ukuba kube nezimiso eziqinile zokuphepha nokuxhumana okusobala nezindawo zendawo. Nakuba uKomeito engaqhubeli ngokomthetho wesimo sezulu ngendlela eqinile njengamaqembu athile aphikisayo, indima yakhe ehlangene iwenza kube amandla abucayi entuthuko eqhubekayo phakathi kwengxenye ebusayo yaseJapane.

IQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseJapane (JCP) – uRadical Decarbontion and Social Transformation

I-JCP isekela uhlelo olubanzi olusheshayo nolusheshayo lokususa izikhali phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu. Iqonga lalo lidinga isigaba esiphelele esingaphandle kwamandla ezinto ezivubukulayo ngo-2030. .Kuhlanganise amalahle, uwoyela, negesi yemvelo, . kanye nokucinywa kwazo zonke izitshalo zenuzi ngo-2025. I-JCP ibona umqansa onamandla avuselelekayo ngo-2035, usekelwa ukushiselwa okukhulu komphakathi enqolobaneni, i-procedro, kanye nezimiso zamandla omphakathi ezifanele.

Izindawo ze-plugin zishintsha isimo sezulu njengenkinga yesimiso sokuzisebenzela, ziphikisa ngokuthi izinhlangano ezinkulu zaseJapane namandla ahlukene kuvimbela ushintsho olulungile. Izihlongozo ze-JCP zihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa amandla alawula ubuzwe, ukubuyisela isivumelwano senyukliya eJapane-U., nokubuyisela izindleko zempi ezingokwezisekelo eziluhlaza. I-JCP imelene nazo zonke izintengo ezivulekayo zemali futhi ifuna intela emfucumfucu ukuze ithe ukushiswa kwezomnotho ngokweqile ukuze ithengeniswa kwesimo sezulu.

Nakuba i-JCP inezihlalo eziyi-10 kuphela eGalethini labameleli abangu- 465, ukuthatha kwayo isimo sezulu kuya kukhanga kakhulu phakathi kwabavoti abasebasha nezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile. Nokho, ukunxusa kwayo ukuba kuphume isigaba esiseduze sezinto ezivundlile ezivundlile kubhekwa kakhulu njengokungahleleki ngokomnotho nangokwezombangazwe, kulinganisela ithonya layo ekumisweni kwezimiso ezisebenzayo.

Nippon Ishin no Kai – Fiscal Discipline and Thechnology

Isekelwe ngokuyinhloko esifundeni saseKansai, i-Ishin (iQembu le-Innovation laseJapan) ithatha isimo sezentengiselwano esingaguquki, esine-procet eqinile esimweni sezulu. Iqembu lisekela umgomo we-2050 wekharbon kodwa ligcizelela iziphumo eziphambili, inqubo yezentengiselwano, kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kobuchwepheshe[. Ishin isekela isimiso secarbon prime escritation esinezimo ezihambelana nemikhaya, ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha kwamandla enuzi (kuhlanganise i-SMRRs kanye ne-gen-ater), kanye nokukhula kwezindawo ze-hydrogen.

Ishin iphikisa ukusekela ukusekela kwezesayensi ezithile njenge-solar, iphikisa esikhundleni sezisusa ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto zomuntu siqu. Iqembu liye lafuna ukuba kuncishiswe izimakethe zamandla ukuze kuvunyelwe abashicileli abasha futhi kuncishiswe izindleko zabathengi. Nakuba i-Ishin ivuma isidingo sokuyeka, ifilosofi yayo yezomnotho ibeka ukukhula nokuncintisana ekuncipheni kokukhipha amandla. Iqembu libamba izihlalo ezingu-44, lilenza zibe zinkulu kakhulu endlini ephansi futhi likwazi ukuhlanganisa i-LDP.

Reiwa Shinsengumi – Ubulungisa Besimo Sezulu Nophethiloli

Iqanjwa ngo-2019 yilungu le CDP uTaro Yamamoto, uReiwa Shinsengumi uyiqembu elingekho sobunxele elinombono oqinile wendawo ezungezile. Iqophelo laso sezulu lihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa okuphelele ekwakheni isitshalo esisha samalahle [, isigaba esingaphandle kwazo zonke izitshalo zamalahle ezikhona ngo-2030, i-carbon levy of 031 000 per ton, kanye “i-earenti entsha".

Iqembu lisekela ukwenza ubumpofu bamandla kube yinqubo eyinhloko, lifaka ugesi oyisisekelo ekuvuselelweni kwezindawo ezithola imali ephansi. UReiwa Shinsengumi usekela futhi imvume yokulawula izikhali zenuzi eziphinde zaqala futhi isilinganiso esigcwele senuzi phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo. Ngezihlalo eziphansi ezintathu kuphela, iqembu lisebenza njengendawo yezwi elishiywe esunduni esunduza impikiswano yesimiso ngaphandle kwe-LDP-DEPCDP.

Iqembu Lentando Yeningi Lesizwe (DPFP) – I - Centrist Night - Relitant Pragmatism

I-DPFP, eyakhiwa yilungu lesigaba seDemocratic Party manje esesingasekho, ithatha indlela elinganiselwe, yetechnocratic. Iqembu lisekela imix] yezivuselelwa, inyukliya, namandla ahlanzekile ahlanzekile[[ njengendlela engokoqobo kakhulu yokungathathi hlangothi. Isimiso se-DPFPP sinxusa ukuba kusetshenziswe izitshalo zenuzi ezikhona ngokukhuphulwa ngokuphepha nangemikhankanyo yomphakathi, kuyilapho i-injini yomoya ne-langa elandelanayo.

I-DPFP itusa indlela yokulawula eqondene nengxenye, ehambisana nokwanda kancane kancane phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo, futhi igcizelela ukulondeka okungathandeki nokuzinza . Iqembu linezihlalo eziyishumi futhi liye labambisana ne-LDP ezikweletini ezithile zamandla. Nakuba i-DPFP ingesona isidlali esikhulu, i-DPFP imelela isikhungo esiphakathi esivame ukubeka ukuhlehla kwe-bipartiss ekudlani kwaseJapane.

Izimpikiswano Eziyinhloko Nezinkundla Zempi Zezombangazwe

Umphandle Wensimbi: Nini Futhi Kanjani?

IJapane ihlala ingelinye lamazwe athuthukisiwe kakhulu amalahle, anamalahle ahamba ngezindlela zogesi ezicishe zibe ngu-30%. I-LDP iye yamisa “inani eliphakeme lama-2030 futhi yancipha” kodwa ayizimisele ukuthatha usuku olugcwele lwenkathi engaphandle. I-CDP kanye nemishini eshiywe ngamalahle ifuna usuku lokuphela lwama 2030, ukubhekisela ezindleleni zamalahle. Impikiswano igxile ekuphazamiseni kwezomnotho: izindumasipala zamalahle anjenge-Fukui neNiigata kodwa ibhekene nomsebenzi olahlekelwayo, kuyilapho izimboni zezokuthutha nensimbi ziphikisa ukuthi amalahle abizayo abalulekile ngenxa yokuncintisana. [[FLT:] ukumelana nobunzima bamalahle emaphandleni e- LDPP [FT] [FP1], lapho imboni isebenza khona kanye nezindawo zemboni ezisebenza khona.

Carbon Pricing: ETS v. Carbon Tax

Icebo le-LDP le-GX liveza isimiso sokudayisa ngokuzenzekelayo [i-EFTS] kusuka ngo-2026, ngemvume enikezwa kuqala ukukhipha okukhulu. ICDP ne-JCP igunyaza isibopho, intengo yekharbon yezentengiselwano eqhubekayo nenani elijikelezayo. I-Ishin isekela intengo yekharbon ehambisana nentela yenkampani. Ukukhetha phakathi kwentela ne-ETS kuveza ukuhlukanisa okukhulu kwendima kahulumeni nentengiso. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inani lamanje lekharbon lihlala liphansi kakhulu kune-5% kuya ku-EUS (erc70) ekuhleleni i-ECONCTBRAC.

Amandla enuzi: Ukuqala I-vs. Phase- Phuma

Amandla enuzi ahlukanisa kakhulu amaqembu. I-LDP, i-Komeito, i-Ishin, ne-DFP abheka i-nyukliya njengemithombo ephansi ebalulekile egcwele i-carbon. I-CDP ne-JCP zifuna isigaba sokuphuma, ziphawula izingozi zokuphepha, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu engalungiswanga, nezindleko eziphakeme. Umbono we-Public uhlala uxubene[, nezakhamuzi eziningi eziphikisanayo ziqala izakhiwo eziseduze nezindawo zasedolobheni kodwa zizamukela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu. I-calculus yezombangazwe ihilela ukuhweba phakathi kwezisulu zesimo sezulu, amandla okuzisebenzela, kanye nenkomba ephambili evimbela izikhali ezilwayo.

Ukukhula okuluhlaza okungaqondakali

I-LDP isebenza njengethuba lokukhula ngqa ngokomthetho njengendlela yokusebenza esheshayo, ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanye nemisebenzi edalwe ngamabhethri, i-hydrogen, nezimoto zikagesi. Iqembu elikhohlakele lilwa nalokhu kuklanywa kwemishini, liphikisa ukuthi izindlela eziqinile zidinga ukunciphisa amandla nempahla. I-JCP ne-Reiwa Shinsengumi basekela ukusebenza okufushane isonto, izimpahla zomphakathi ngokusetshenziswa komuntu ngasese, nokugoqoshwa kakhulu kwemishini yezindiza nezokuthumela.

Izinselele Zokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu SaseJapane

IJapane ibhekene nezithiyo zokwakha ezidlula imigqa yeqembu. Indawo yayo enezintaba nezindawo ezijulile ezisuka olwandle zilinganiselwe emoyeni wogu nomoya oqondile osuka ogwini. Ukuphikisa komphakathi emapulazini amakhulu azungeze ilanga kuye kwakhula phakathi kwezimpi zomhlaba. I-grid ihlala incishiwe phakathi kwempumalanga (50 Hz) nentshona (60 Hz) yezimiso zokuthutha imikhumbi enziwa ngokuvuselela. Inhlekelele yonyaka ka-2011 yaphazamisa imboni yenuzi, futhi ukubuyela embonini ye-Fukushima akunakwenzekanga. Okwamanje, imboni yezimoto yaseJapane, insika yezomnotho, iye yahamba kancane ukujwayela imoto kagesi yembulunga yonke, iToyata kanye nezinye iziteshizo ze-ota ze-ovayo hydrogen namangqamuzana ephehlayo.

Enye inselele ingu-[[QULT:0] i-intericia e-'FLT' . I-mististry enjenge-METAI (Izimo ze-Economy, Imboni ne-Industry) ne-MOE (Ukuqondana kweNdawo Ezungezile) ngokuvamile kunezinto eziphikisanayo eziza kuqala ezikhona ```Metinetic'',' nokuvikela amandla, i-MOE i-' i-'ase-mone' ukuze ithole imithetho elawula indawo ezungezile. Amaqembu ezombangazwe kumelwe asebenzise lempikiswayo ukuze asebenzise isimiso sokusebenza.

Amathuba Okuhola

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, iJapane inokubaluleka kokuhlakanipha. Iholela kubuchwepheshe be-cell amafutha , nezinkampani ezinjenge Kawasaki Industries neToyota esungula iH2 yezithuthi namangqamuzana kaphethiloli. IJapane ingumholi wembulunga yonke ekwazini ukugcina izinto [ (i-Panasonic ne-Murata) futhi inezimomoya ezinkulu kakhulu ezintantayo, ikakhulukazi i-turbines ezilungele amanzi ayo ajulile. Ipulani kahulumeni yokutshala i-GXX, uma ikhishwe ngokuphumelelayo, ingaguqula imboni eluhlaza.

Ukwanda kwemisebenzi ye- enethithi elingenazintambo [ futhi kwakha indawo yezombangazwe yenkambiso enonya. I-Keidan, eyake yamelana nomthetho wesimo sezulu, manje isekela i-carbon prigsion nomgomo ka-2050. Abatshali bezinhlangano ezinkulu njenge-GPIF baqale ukuhlanganisa ingozi yesimo sezulu phakathi kwama-portfolio. Lokhu kuguqula wonke amaqembu ukuze aqinise amapulatifomu abo, ikakhulukazi njengezenzo zesimo sezulu esincane ebhokisini le-bolot.

Indlela Engaphambili: Amathemba Angokomthetho Nawokulunga

Ukhetho olulandelayo oluphansi luzokwenziwa ngo-2025, nakuba kushesha ukudilika. Izimpoqo zisikisela ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu abavoti abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-40, kodwa ngokuvamile kusitshekelwa ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukulondeka kwesizwe, kanye nabantu abakhishwe emalini ehlelwe yi-Overdate. Ukuphathwa kwe-LDP emaphandleni nasemavoti aphezulu kuhlala kuqinile, kodwa ukuphikisa kweCDP kanye namaqembu ahambayo kungathuthukisa intuthuko ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho ukukhathalela kwesimo sezulu kuphakeme kakhulu khona.

Imishini yokuzimela iwuketshezi. Uma i-LDP ilahlekelwa yinani layo, ingaphoqelelwa ukuba ihlanganise i-Komeito futhi mhlawumbe i-Ihin noma i-DPFP, engasunduza amacebo abusayo abhekise ezimisweni zesimo sezulu esengeziwe. I-CDP-injini, nakuba ingaqondakali esikhathini esifushane, ingasheshisa kakhulu idecarbonbon tradiory yaseJapane, kuhlanganise ne-indement-ox ye-irbon kanye ne-carbon project.

Ikusasa lesimo sezulu saseJapane liyonqunywa ukuthi iziphi izihlalo ezingcono kakhulu ezilawulwa iso leqembu. Izigxobo ziphakeme: njengoba enye yezimo zezomnotho ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni kanye nezindawo ezingokomlando, ukukhetha kweJapane kuzothonya izimali zekharbon yembulunga yonke, izimakethe zobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuthembeka kwesivumelwano seParis. Imicimbi yezombangazwe (8) ngayinye nezithakazelo zayo zezomnotho, izibalo ezivotayo, kanye nezibopho zemibono (hzzzqhwhwhw izikhangiso eziyinhloko zaledrama.)