Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemicikilisho yomphakathi nezimiso zomthetho buyisici esiyisisekelo sokulawula kwezezigebengu. Ukuqonda indlela amapulani emithetho, iziyalezo eziphethe, nezimiso zokulawula okubalulekile ngayo ekuqondeni hhayi nje indlela imithetho efakwa ngayo kodwa nendlela le misebenzi ethinta ngayo ukuthenjelwa komphakathi, ukulondeka komphakathi, nenkululeko yomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola amandla ayinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesimiso somphakathi nokugcinwa komthetho, sihlola indlela izinqumo zezimiso ezilawula ngayo izinto eziza kuqala, ukwabiwa kwempahla, kanye namasiko amaqembu amaqembu. Ngokususa lokhu kuhlongoza ukuhlanganiswa okubanzi kwezethemba abafundisi, abakhankampane, abaqondisi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho wanamuhla.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Womphakathi: Isimiso Esiwubala Sokubusa

Isimiso somphakathi sihlanganisa izimiso, imithetho, nezifundo zezenzo ezithathwa yizindikimba zikahulumeni zokuxazulula izimpikiswano zezenhlalakahle nemiphumela efunwayo. Sisebenza emazingeni amaningi(denderal, State, nezindawo zendawo(ne) futhi sihlanganisa izindawo ezinjengesimiso sezomnotho, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nokuphepha komphakathi. Emzamweni waso, isimiso somphakathi sichaza imithetho yalomdlalo, simisa imingcele phakathi kwezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano ezimisa umthetho, okumelwe zisebenze.

Ukwakhiwa kwenqubo kulandela umjikelezo: ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, ukumiswa, ukuthathwa, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlolwa, nokubukezwa. Kumthetho, lo mjikelezo uthonywa kakhulu yinkulumo yezombangazwe, umbono womphakathi, amaqembu ezithakazelo, nokucwaninga okungokwezeluleko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushintshwa kwenqubo yokusebenza kwaqala ngokuhlelwa kwenqubo yomphakathi ekhuthaza ukusabela kobugebengu ngokushesha. Ukuqonda lenqubo kusiza ekukhanyeni ukuthi kungani amasu athile amaphoyisa ezuza ukuvelela kuyilapho amanye enyamalala.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimiso ezithinta ukugcinwa komthetho zihlanganisa:

  • [ Izimiso zobulungisa zomthetho : Iziqondiso zokudlulisa, inguquko yebheyili, nokususa icala lamacala athile.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlela izinqubo zezimpahla: imithetho yohlelo lokuhlela, ukunikeza izinhlelo, kanye nezimiso zokuthola imishini.
  • Ukuqapha nezinqubo nokuziphendulela [: amabhodi okubukeza e-Civilian, sebenzisa izindinganiso ze-photho, kanye nemininingwane egunyaza ukuba sobala.
  • [ Izimiso eziqeqeshayo neziqinisekisayo: Izindinganiso ezinciphileyo kubajoyini, izimfuneko zemfundo eziqhubekayo, nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengokungalungi noma ubandlululo oluphelele.

Izindawo ngayinye yalenkambiso ziwahlela ngokuqondile amaqiniso ansuku zonke ezikhulu kanye nemiphakathi eziyikhonzayo. Ngokwesibonelo, inqubo yokulungisa amakhamera omzimba iguqula ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, ukusebenzelana kwezakhamuzi, nokuziphendulela komnyango, okubangelwa ukufuna komphakathi ukuba ubone ngemva kwezenzakalo ezingaphezulu.

Indima Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho: Ngalé Kokulwiwa Kobugebengu

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zibekwa icala lokulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuvimbela nokuhlola ubugebengu, nokubamba izaphula-mthetho. Nokho, indima yazo idlulela ngalé kwemisebenzi elandelwayo. Amaphoyisa anamuhla ahlanganisa ilungiselelo lenkonzo yezenhlalakahle, ukungenela kwezinhlekelele, imithetho yezimoto, kanye nokubambisana komphakathi. Ububanzi balemithwalo yemfanelo benza ukuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho kube lula ngokuyingqayizivele ukushintsha kwemithetho ezindaweni ezingahlobene, njengempilo yengqondo noma ukufuduka.

Imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvimbela nokuvimbela ngokugada, ukuqapha, nokubopha umphakathi.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa nobufakazi obuqoqiwe ukwakha amacala amelene nezigebengu ezithiwa.
  • [ Ukuqunjelwa nokuboshwa [ kwabantu abasolwa ukuthi baphule imithetho.
  • [ ukulungiswa kwe-order ezindaweni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokulawula ukubhikisha, izenzakalo zomgwaqo, kanye nokuphazamiseka.
  • ukusabela okuqinile [ ukudinga inkonzo, ngokuvamile ehilela izinkinga zezokwelapha noma zomphakathi.

Ukusebenza kwalemisebenzi kuxhomeke kakhulu ezimisweni ezibaqondisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango osebenza ngaphansi kwenkambiso “ka-zero-larence” ungamisa ukuboshwa ngokulandelana kweziphazamiso ezincane, kuyilapho isimiso somphakathi esingase sigcizelele izixwayiso nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Ngakho, ukukhetha kwezimiso akuzona nje iziqondiso ezingabonakali; kuguqula umehluko obonakalayo endleleni izikhulu ezisebenzelana ngayo nomphakathi nsuku zonke.

Indlela Imithetho Yomphakathi Ethonya Ngayo Imikhuba Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Isimiso somphakathi sithonya ukugcinwa komthetho ezicini eziningi, kusukela ezintweni eziza kuqala kuya emaqhingani asebenzayo.

Ukutholakala Kwemithombo Yezinto: Amandla Okuthenga

Akukho sici esimisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuqondile kunokuxhaswa ngemali. Izinqumo zemali zenziwe yizishaya-mthetho zomthetho, imikhandlu yedolobha, noma iziphathimandla zikahulumeni − izikhulu eziqashwayo, iziphi imishini ezizitholayo, naziphi izinhlelo zokuqeqesha. Izimiso zomphakathi ezandisa ukuxhaswa kwezimali zingaholela ekwandisweni kwezisebenzi, ubuchwepheshe obuphambili obufana nokufunda amapesenti ephepha lemvume noma ukubikezela imishini ekhethekile (umk., i-iii-inthanethi, ukungenela kwenkinga). Ngokuphikisana nomthetho, inqubo yokuzimela noma inqubo yokuthuthukisa i-degidingle ingaphoqa iminyango yokuhlukanisa, ukudayisa izinhlelo, ukuthatha isikhathi esiphezulu, noma ukubuyisela imishini.

Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwe-Dibil Crime Control and Law Enkorcement Act ka 1994 lwanikeza izinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezindawo zobupolishi nobugebengu, lwakhuthaza ukuqashwa kwezikhulu ezintsha ezingu - 100 000 nokusekela izinyathelo ezinjenge-COPS (Izinkonzo ze-Communy Ecated Policision). Lokhu kutshala inqubo kwawushintsha kakhulu umbuso wamaphoyisa aseMelika, ukuthembisana komphakathi njengesimiso esiyisisekelo. Ohlangothini lwe-flip, ukuhlelwa kwemali emadolobheni afana ne-Camden, New Jersey, kwaholela ekuqedweni kwe-partypideyd nomnyango wamaphoyisa edolobha futhi kwabuyiselwa ngokusemthethweni ngenkambiso yemithetho eqhutshwa ngokuphelele.

Izimiso zokwabiwa kwemithombo yemali zibuye zinqume ukuthi zikhona ezinye izindlela ezingakhokhwa. Uma izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo noma ukwelashwa okuluthayo kuncishisiwe, ukugcinwa komthetho kuba yisithakazeli esingathandeki ezinkingeni/isimo esibizwa ngokuthi “ukukhomba ngokungagqibeki.” Lokhu kuqokomisa indlela izimiso ezisendaweni emelene (engumasikwele, indlu, imfundo) ezilungisa ngokungaqondile imisebenzi yamaphoyisa kanye nemiphumela yomphakathi.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala: Ukumisa I - Agenda

Izimiso zomphakathi ziveza izinto eziza kuqala eziqondiswe izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho. Lezizinto eziza kuqala zingamiswa (isinye, izikhulu ezigunyaza ukulwa nokushushumbisana kwabantu) noma ukuphatha (isibonelo, iziyalezo eziphethe ezigcizelela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinto eziza kuqala zishintsha ekusabeleni ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ubugebengu, kanye nokusabela komphakathi. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa:

  • Impi Yezidakamizwa: Imithetho kusukela kuma 1980 kuqhubeke yaqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho emacaleni ayizisulu ezidakayo zezidakamizwa, okuholela ekuboshweni kwabantu abaningi, ukuhlukana ngokohlanga ekuboshweni, nokulwisana kwamacebo amaphoyisa.
  • I-Promonity policy: Federally ikhuliswe ngohlelo lwe-COPS, lesisimiso sigcizelela ukuxazulula izinkinga, ubudlelwane, nokuguqulwa kwenhlangano ukubheka izimbangela eziyinhloko zobugebengu.
  • Izejwayezi zobuphekula zePost-9/11: I-USA PATRIOT Act nezimiso ezilandelayo zandisa amandla okuhlola, ukwabelana ngokwaziswa, kanye namandla ahlangene phakathi kwamaphoyisa endawo nezinhlangano zezesayensi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa : i-Policies njengendawo ekhuselekileyo (2010) nohlelo lwa 287(g) lwezikhulu zendawo ukususa umthetho wezwe wokufuduka, ususa ukwethembana phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezindawo ezihlala kwamanye amazwe.

Ngayinye yalezi zimiso ezidingiwe ukugxila komthetho, ngokuvamile okudinga ukumiswa kabusha, ukuthunyelwa kwangempela kwezisebenzi, nokusetshenziswa kwemishini emisha. Ithonya ekubanjweni kungaba likhulu: Ukuphoqelelwa kokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kungase kunciphise ukubikwa kobugebengu bezisulu ezingabhaliwe, kuyilapho ukubophana komphakathi ngaphambi kokuba kube khona kungakhuthaza ukubambisana nokuhlakanipha.

Iziqondiso Ezisebenzayo: Incwadi Yomthetho YePolicing Yansuku Zonke

Ngaphandle kwezinto eziza kuqala, izimiso ezithile zifuna ukuba izikhulu zilandele izinqubo ezisebenzayo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa izindinganiso zempoqo, ukusesha nokuthatha i-protocol, izinqubo zokubopha, nezimfuneko zokwaziswa. Izinqubo ezinjalo zivame ukuhlanganiswa emibhalweni yezincwadi yemisebe nezimiso zikahulumeni, kodwa zingabuye zibunjwe yimithetho yenkantolo (umz., Terry v. Ohio ekumeni ekumeni nase-frisk) noma emiyalweni yemvume yombuso (umz., izinguquko ezigunyaziwe eminyango yamaphoyisa etholakala ihlangene nezindlela zokungahambi kahle).

Isibonelo esibalulekile ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezimiso ezisebenza ngokusebenza. Ngemva kwezenzakalo eziphezulu, iminyango eminingi yathathwa “icebo lokungenela” izimiso ezifuna izikhulu ukuba zinqande ukucindezelwa ngokweqile ozakwabo, kanye“ nokuqeqeshwa kwezenyuswa” ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlangana kobudlova. Ngokusho, lezi zinguquko zenqubo zinganciphisa ukubulala nokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo bomphakathi, kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekufezeni, ekuqikeliseni, nasekuthengeni amasiko phakathi kwezinhlangano.

Ithonya Lokushaya Imithetho Emikhubeni Yokuphoqelela

Imithetho edluliswa izindikimba ezikhethiwe .Njengo-kakhulu futhi inethonya eliqondile nelisheshayo ekuqinisweni komthetho. Ngokungafani nezimiso zokuphatha, umthetho womthetho wezomthetho uthwala ubunzima bokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa futhi ungakha ubugebengu obusha, isijeziso sokuguqula, noma ukubeka izibopho ezinhlanganweni zamaphoyisa. Eminye imithetho yesibonakaliso iye yayichaza kabusha indlela amaphoyisa aseMelika:

  • Umthetho wobuCrime noMthetho (1994)]: owaziwa ngokuthi “umthetho wobugebengu,” lomthetho oxhaswe umphakathi, wasungula izimali zikahulumeni zokwakha amajele, futhi wavimbela izikhali ezithile zokuhlasela. Uyaqhubeka uphikisana ngendima yakhe ekuboshweni inqwaba yabantu, ikakhulukazi ethinta imiphakathi yabamnyama nabaLatino.
  • Umthetho we-USA PATRIOT (2001) [[FLT:]: Edlula amasonto ngemva kuka-9/11, lomthetho wandisa amandla okuhlola ngaphansi koMthetho we-Internent Surveillance, wavumela “ukuhamba-hamba-hamba-hamba-hamba-hamba-hamba-hamba”, futhi wasiza abahloli ukuba bahlanganyele izigebengu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi yalahla iziphetho zeSine kanye nesiphithiphithi-ka samaphoyisa esandisiwe.
  • Act Affordble Care Act (2010): Nakuba ngokuyinhloko umthetho wezempilo, i-ACA yahlanganisa amalungiselelo athinta ukuhlanganisa ingqondo nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa. Ngokwandisa amathuba okunakekela, ihloselwe ukunciphisa inani labantu abagulayo ngengqondo ngokuthintana nomthetho womthetho owenziwe ngezomthetho.
  • Act yokuqala (2018): Lomthetho kahulumeni we-bipartis unciphise imigwebo edingwayo yecala elithile lezidakamizwa, wadambisa “imikhakha emithathu”, futhi wasebenzisa ngokuphindwayo ushintsho lwe-Fair Selending Act lwezijekezo zeccaine. Yabonisa umthetho osuya kude nemvume yokuvala izijeziso futhi ubuyele emuva, kanye nezihlongoze ukubopha amaphoyisa nokugcinwa kwezidakamizwa eziza kuqala.

Ngamunye walemithetho ubonisa indlela ukushaya umthetho okubangela ngayo imithwalo yemfanelo emisha yokugcinwa komthetho, okushintsha izisusa zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa, futhi kungabangela imiphumela ephansi ngokungahlosile ekwethembeni komphakathi nasekulondekeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nomthetho Womphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi siyaqaphela ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho okuphumelelayo kudinga ukusekelwa nokubambisana komphakathi. I-policies ikhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwe-potomy [1] ifilosofi egcizelela izinkinga, ubudlelwane, nokuguqulwa kwenhlangano, iye yamukelwa ngeminyango eminingi, ngokuvamile ngesikhuthazo sikahulumeni ngezinhlelo zokunikeza nokuqeqesha.

Izimiso ezibophanayo zomphakathi zihlose ukwakha ukwethembana, ukuthuthukisa ukukhulumisana, nokunciphisa ubugebengu ngobudlelwane obubambisanayo. Izinzuzo ezifakazelwa ekucwaningeni zihlanganisa amazinga aphakeme okwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi, ukubika obugebengu okwandayo, nokwesaba ubugebengu okuncishisiwe.

Izimiso eziyinhloko zokuthembisana ngomphakathi zihlanganisa:

  • Amabhodi omqondisi we-Civilian abukeza izikhalo futhi enze iziluleko zokutusa.
  • Imikhandlu ye-advisory enikeza umfakela ezimisweni zomnyango nezinto eziza kuqala.
  • [ Ukuqeqeshelwa ukutshengisa ngobulungisa izikhulu, igxile ekuqondeni, ukuba sobala, nenhlonipho ekuxhumaneni.
  • [ Izindlela zokubona ngalé [ ezikhulula obala imibiko ephoqelelwe, ukubopha inani labantu, kanye nemiphumela yokukhononda.

Lezi zinyathelo ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa enqubweni yomthetho noma yesimiso sombuso, okubonisa ukuvumelana okwandayo kokuthi ngokomthetho /hhayi nje ukugcinwa komthetho — kuyisisekelo sokuphepha komphakathi.

Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Umthetho Womphakathi Ekwenziweni Kwamandla

Naphezu kwezinhloso ezinhle, ukuhumusha isimiso somphakathi sibe inqubo ephumelelayo yokugcinwa komthetho kugcwele izinselele.

  • Imithombo yemithetho: Izimiso eziningi zibeka imiyalo engagunyaziwe, idinga iminyango ukuba ihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezintsha ngaphandle kokuxhaswa okwengeziwe. Izinguquko zokuqeqesha, amakhamera omzimba, kanye nezimiso zokwaziswa kubiza, futhi izinhlangano ezincane zingazama ukuhambisana.
  • Ukungavumi ukushintsha[: Impucuko yamaphoyisa ingathatha indinganiso ejulile, ngokungaqiniseki ngezinguquko ezibekwe ngaphandle. Isimo sengqondo esicatshangelwe ngokulwa nobugebengu, ukuzibusa, negunya kungalulaza ukuthathwa kwenqubo.
  • [ Ukungathembi okuhlangene[: Emiphakathini enezinhloko ezinde zobuphostoli bobuhlanya, izinqubo ezintsha zingahlanganwa nokugxeka. Ukwakha kabusha kudinga isenzo esingaguquguquki, esibonisa ngale kweminyaka eminingi.
  • prolitical : ushintsho oluphambili emphakathini nemijikelezo yokukhetha, oluholela eziqondisweni zezimiso ezingavumelani. Umnyango ungakhuthazwa ukuba usebenzise amaphoyisa omphakathi ngaphansi komphathi oyedwa futhi ucindezele ukubopha kakhulu ngaphansi kwelandelayo.
  • Ukufakelwa [: Ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe kahle zingahlanzwa noma zisontwe njengoba zisuka endlunkulu ziye emgwaqweni. Isikhulu sobuphoyisa, ukuhluleka kokuqondisa, nokungabekezeli kungaholela emikhubeni ephunyukile emigomweni eshiwo.

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele akudingi nje kuphela ukuklanywa kwesimiso esinengqondo kodwa futhi kudinga ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kobuholi, imithombo eyanele nokuhlaziya okuqhubekayo kokulungisa inkambo uma kudingeka.

Ikusasa Lokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nomthetho Womphakathi

Njengoba umphakathi ubhekene nezinsongo ezintsha − i-cybercrime, izigaxa zasekhaya, izibhebhe, izifo ezithathe isikhathi eside nokungabi nabulungisa okukhona, ubudlova bamaphoyisa, ubudlelwane phakathi kwesimiso somphakathi nokugcinwa komthetho buzoqhubeka buzivelela. Ukuthambekela kokuhlanganisa kusikisela iziqondiso eziningana zenqubo yesikhathi esizayo:

  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwezesayensi yezokusebenza kwezesayensi: amakhamera abusayo endikimba, ukuqashelwa kobuso, amanani angaphambili amaphoyisa, kanye nama-drones azodinga ukulinganisela kokusebenza ngokucophelela nenkululeko yomphakathi. Imithetho enjengevinjelwa kweCalifornia ekubikezeleni i-ProtoPholics (2020) ne-AIIA Act ye-European Union imelela imizamo yokuqala yokubusa.
  • Izinga lokusabela okuxhunyiwe: Izinhlelo ezifana ne Crisis Active Activeing Out Out ku- Streets (CAHOOTS) e-Eugene, e-Oregon, nohlelo lwe-Denver STRAR luthumela ochwepheshe bezempilo bengqondo esikhundleni samaphoyisa ezingcingweni ezingezizobudlovuvuvu. Izinguquko zemithetho edolobheni nasesilinganisweni sombuso zinweba ukuze kuncishiswe indima yomthetho ezinkonzweni zezenhlalo.
  • ukukhokha amasheya nokubona ngapha nangapha [: Ukufunwa okukhulu kobuqondisi bemininingwane kungaholela ekubikeni ngempoqo ekusetshenzisweni kwempoqo, ukuma kwezimoto, nezimo zokukhononda. Imithetho yemvume evela kuMnyango wobulungisa iye yaphoqelela izinguquko ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge-Chicago Police Department, kodwa intando yezombangazwe yokungenela okunjalo ingashintshashintsha.
  • Amaphoyisa asekelwe ekuzingeni akhona : Abenzi bezimiso baphendukela kakhulu ekucwaningeni ukuze baqondise izinqumo, ngokwesibonelo, ukubukeza kwezimiso zeCampbell Coltuation ezindaweni ezishisayo noma amaphoyisa anezimo ezingezinhle. Ukuxhasa ukuhlolwa nokuphinda-phindeka kwemikhuba emihle kubucayi.
  • Izinhlangano zobulungisa : Umzabalazo we-Black Live Matter nezenzo ezihlobene nawo ziye zasheshisa izimfuneko zokususa, ukuvala isimilo, noma ukuqeda amaphoyisa. Nakuba lezi ziphakamiso zilokhu ziphikisana, ziye zathonya izimpikiswano zezimiso mayelana nokutshala imali okungahleliwe, izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, nemithwalo yemfanelo engokoqobo kude nomthetho.

Izimiso ezintsha ezihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kokuncintisana kwamasiko, ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kwamasiko, nokukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezinhlangano zomphakathi zingaholela ekuqikelweni komthetho okuphumelela kakhulu nokungaguquguquki. Nokho, ushintsho lwangempela luyodinga isibindi sezombangazwe, ukutshala imali okuqhubekayo, nokuzimisela ukuphazamisa inqubo yesimo.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo yomphakathi nemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho akuyona into engathi ngqo futhi ayilula. Kuyinguquko eshukumisayo lapho izinhloso zemithetho, imithetho, imithetho, nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela kuhlangene ukuze kuqondiswe indlela imiphakathi ethola ngayo ukuphepha nobulungisa. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kubalulekile kubenzi bemithetho benze izimpendulo eziphumelelayo, abaholi bamaphoyisa abalungisa inguquko, kanye nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandisa nokuphumelela. Njengoba siqhubeka sibhekana nezinselele zezinkinga zezimiso zokubusa, ukusukela ekuvezeni kwezobuchwepheshe (ukuqhathanisela phambili), ukuhlola okunzima, nokusebenzisa izinkinga ezihambelanayo kuyoba isihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ukuphepha, imiphakathi engcono kakhulu. Ikusasa lokusebenza kwamaphoyisa alixhomekile emithethweni kodwa nasekuzibopheni kwethu okuhlangene ukubhekana nobuqotho, ubufakazi, nokukhathalela ngokujulile ukuphakama kwesithunzi kwabantu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, imithombo yokucwaninga evela ku- Proce Foundation, i- National Institute of Justice[, kanye ne-[Prison Politice Idtiction[]