Iminikelo yemikhankaso iyingxenye yemikhankaso yezombangazwe, kodwa futhi ingenye yezici ezilawulwa kakhulu kakhulu zokhetho lwaseMelika. Imithetho ebusayo enganikeza, ukuthi zinganikeza malini, nokuthi yini okumelwe ichazwe iklanyelwe ukugcina ukubonakala, ukuvimbela inkohlakalo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abathatha igalelo badlala ngemithetho efanayo. Abanikelayo, abathathi-nxaxheba, namakomiti ezombangazwe, ukuqonda lemithetho kubalulekile ekuthobeleni nasekukhuthazeni ukwethenjwa umphakathi enqubweni yokhetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwemithetho eyinhloko okufanele wonke umuntu azi, kusukela emikhawulweni kahulumeni ebekwe yi-Federa Evolution Commission (FEC) eqedweni yemithetho yombuso neyasendaweni, ukuze kuqondwe ukuvumelana kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi.

Umlando Wokubuyiselwa Kwemali Emkhankasweni

I-Federal EFoast Campaign Act (Izimali zomthetho zezimali e-United States) yaqala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Imizamo yangaphambili yagxila ekuvimbeleni iminikelo yezinhlangano, ephumela eMthethweni we-Tillman wangonyaka ka-1907, owanqabela izinkampani namabhange esizwe ukuba zenze iminikelo eqondile kuhulumeni. I-Federal Ecompation Campaigment Act (FECA) ka-1971) ka-197949 yasekela imingcele yomthetho wanamuhla, ukumisa imingcele yokulawula, ukubeka imingcele yomnikelo, ukukhipha izimfuneko, ne-FEC ngokwayo. Isinqumo seNkakhulu iNkakhulu yeNkanto e [[FLT:] v[0]. Valo[FLT][3][3][5] Izinhlangano zezombangazwe ezizinziwayo zezombangazwe ezizinye isekela izivumelwano ezizinhle kakhulu.

Imithetho Yombango Emayelana Neminikelo Yomkhankaso

I-FEC iyinhlangano ezimele ephethe imithetho yezezimali kahulumeni emisa imithetho yezezimali. Inikeza imingcele yomnikelo, idinga ukubika ngezikhathi ezithile, nokuhlola ukuphulwa. Lenhlangano isebenza nabaphathi-mphoyisa abayisithupha (abangaphezu kwabathathu abavela eqenjini elifanayo) ukuqinisekisa ukulinganisela kwe-bipartisan. Imithetho ye-Frederal isebenza kubantu abafuna ukumiswa kwe-U.S. House of Servement, igean, noMongameli, kanye namakomiti ezombangazwe (PAC). Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi iminikelo kumelwe yenziwe ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle kokuphoqeshelwa, futhi kumelwe ibonakale ngokugcwele.

Imingcele Yengxenye Kubantu Nasemaqenjini

Imingcele yeminikelo ilungiswa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla emali. Njengasemjikelezweni wokhetho ka-2023-2024, imingcele eyisisekelo ihlanganisa:

  • Iminikelo enikezwa umvoti : R3,300 ngokhetho (ingxenye, impela, i-apply, njll., isilinganiso ngasinye ngokwehlukene).
  • [ Iminikelo yokusiza ekomitini yesizwe yeqembu : $41,300 ngonyaka wekhalenda.
  • [[IQULT:0] Ingqikithi kubo bonke abazobhapathizwa namakomiti ihlangene: Isilinganiso se-biggreate esingapheli esagawulwa ngo-2014 (Mccheon v. FEC[FLT), ngakho abantu manje abanayo ingqikithi yesembatho.
  • PAC iminikelo kumfundi : $55 000 kukhetho.
  • Iminikelo ye-PAC ekomitini yeqembu lesizwe [: R150 ngonyaka wekhalenda.
  • Amakomiti eqembu lesifunda (ama-akhawunti kazwelonke): $10,000 ngonyaka wekhalenda ukuhlanganisa iminikelo kwabazobhapathizwa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amakomiti.

Lemingcele isebenza ‘ emalini enzima” — imali enikezwa abazoyisebenzisa ngokuqondile noma amaqembu omkhankaso. Imithetho ekhethekile isebenza “emalini esetshenziselwa imisebenzi yokwakha amaqembu” (esetshenziselwa imisebenzi yokwakha) eyayivinjelwe kakhulu yi-Bipartisan Champaign Reformation Act ka-2002 (BCRA), ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yezwe neyomphakathi.

Izinhlobo ZamaKomiti Ezombangazwe

Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamakomiti kubaluleke kakhulu kwabanikelayo. Izigaba ezinkulu zihlanganisa:

  • Ikomiti yamaCandida [: Umkhankaso ongokomthetho womvotelwa kahulumeni. Bangamukela iminikelo phakathi kwemingcele futhi kumelwe babhale imibiko njalo.
  • I-Palithical Action Committee (Izi-PAC): Izinhlangano eziphakamisa futhi zisebenzise imali ukuze zikhethe noma zinqobe. I-PAC yendal inemingcele yomnikelo. Ingahlanganiswa nezinhlangano zezinhlangano, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, noma izinxulumani zezohwebo, noma ezingaxhunyiwe (ezizimele).
  • I-PCs: Amakomiti angaphakamisa izilinganiso ezingenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, ezinkampanini, nezinyunyana — kodwa akumelwe axhumane nabazothatha noma izigaba. Ayaziwa futhi ngokuthi amakomiti azimele afuna izindleko kuphela.
  • [ I-paCs : Idalwe abezombangazwe ukuze isekele abanye abazobhapathizwa. Bangaphansi kwemingcele efanayo neyamasiko ama-PAC.
  • Isigaba samaKomiti: i- National, isifunda, nezinhlangano zenhlangano yendawo. Zinemingcele ephezulu yomnikelo futhi zingahlela izindleko.

Imingcele Neminikelo Egunyaziwe

Imithombo ethile nezinhlobo zeminikelo zenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Imingcele eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa:

  • Izizwe zase-Survens: Izinga-ngakhoni (ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, okusho ukuthi, izibambi zamakhadi) azinakunikela kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni, umbuso, noma ukhetho lwasendaweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iminikelo yemali noma noma yini yenani.
  • Iziqu zezisebenzi kanye nezinyunyana zezisebenzi: Azikwazi ukunikela ngokuqondile kumakomiti enhlangano esebenzisa izimali zawo ezivamile zomnikelo. Nokho, zingamisa futhi zisebenzise ama-PAC aphakamisa iminikelo yokuzithandela evela ezisebenzini noma emalungwini. Ngemva [[FLT:] I-Citazens United, bangasebenzisa imali engenakulinganiswa ezinhlawulweni ezizimele.
  • Izisebenzi zikahulumeni zokwakha : Abantu ngabanye noma amabhizinisi axoxayo noma enza isivumelwano nohulumeni wezwe anqatshelwe ukwenza iminikelo kunoma yiliphi iqembu lezombangazwe, isigqebhene, noma ikomiti.
  • [ Abanikeli bama-Stutter : ukwenza umnikelo egameni lomunye umuntu, noma ukubuyisela othile ukuba anikele, akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Yonke iminikelo kumelwe yenziwe ngezimali zomniniyo.
  • Iminikelo ye- Iminikelo ye-cash: Iminikelo engaphezu kuka-R100 ayinakwenziwa ngemali. Amasheke, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, kanye nokudluliswa kwe-electron kuyadingeka.
  • Iminikelo emikhulu[: Iminikelo kumele ibonakale; iminikelo evela emithonjeni engaziwa edlula ama-5050 [R150] ingaba ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhethekile noma ukulahlekelwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminikelo ayinakwenziwa yizingane ezisebenzisa imali yazo ngaphandle kokuba ziholelwe.

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Ugesi Nokubika

Ukubona bha kuyisisekelo sesimiso sezezimali zomkhankaso. Yonke iminikelo edlula kude nomnyango othile kumelwe ibikwe kuyi-FEC. kuhulumeni kanye namakomiti, imithetho eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • Ingeno yokufaka [: Iminikelo engamadollar amahlanu noma ngaphezulu phakathi nonyaka wekhalenda kumelwe ibhalwe phansi — okusho ukuthi ikomiti kumelwe ibike igama lomniniyo, ikheli, umsebenzi, nomqashi.
  • Izinhlelo ezifihlwayo[: amakomiti amahele imibiko ngezikhathi ezithile (ngengxenye, ukukhethwa kwangaphambi konyaka, kanye nesiphelo sonyaka) kanye nemibiko yokhetho lwangemva kohlobo. Abazothatha izimfuneko zomongameli banezimfuneko ezengeziwe.
  • ama-PAC namakomiti eqembu: Kumelwe futhi adalule ukulahlwa kwawo, kuhlanganise nezindleko ezizimele, izindleko ezihlangeneyo, kanye nokuthutha.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-PACP kanye namakomiti emali azimele azimele: Bafaka imibiko eveza bonke abanikeleyo abanikela ngomnikelo wama-R3 000 noma ngaphezulu, kanye nemali abayichithayo.
  • ukufinyelela kwe-Public: Yonke imibiko ikhona kuwebhusayithi ye-FEC (https://wwww.fec.gov/data/) ukuze kuhlolwe umphakathi. Imininingwane futhi ilayisha ingxenye enkulu yokucubungula.

Ukwehluleka ukubika noma ukubika okungaphelele kungaphumela ekukhokheleni, ekuhloleni izindleko ngisho nasezigebengwini. I - FEC futhi ihlola imikhankaso ehleliwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthobela.

Imibuso Nemithetho Yendawo

Ngaphezu kwemithetho kahulumeni, izifundazwe nohulumeni bendawo banemikhankaso yabo yezezimali ehlukahlukene kakhulu. Eminye imithetho ibeka imingcele ephansi kuneyombuso, kanti eminye ayinamingcele. Izifunda eziningi zilawula iminikelo kahulumeni nakubantu abazobhapathizwa, kanye neyamakomiti okulinganisela. Ukushintshashintsha kwemilinganiso kuhlanganisa:

  • Imingcele yomnikelo[: Izwe elinjengeCalifornia ne New York linemingcele ephansi, kuyilapho imibuso enjengeTexas ne Virginia ivumela iminikelo engenamkhawulo emibalweni yombuso (asebezofuna ukuthulula iminikelo).
  • Imithombo eqinisekisiwe[: Ezinye zivimbela iminikelo evela kwabangenisi noma izinhlangano eziqhuba ibhizinisi nombuso. Ezinye zimisa ukuvinjelwa kweminikelo yenkampani edlula umthetho kahulumeni.
  • Izimali ezingokwezimali: Izifunda ezimbalwa (isib., Arizona, Maine, Connecticut) zinikeza imali yomphakathi kwabavuma ukuchitha imingcele futhi badele iminikelo emikhulu yangasese.
  • Imikhawulo yemifantu: Umnyango wokufaka umnikelo uyahlukahluka; ezinye izifunda zidinga ukuthululwa kweminikelo ephansi ka-R2,00, kanti ezinye ziqala nge-R1,00 noma ngaphezulu.
  • Izindleko ezizimele: Ezinye izifundazwe zilawula ama-PAC amakhulu ngokulandelana kakhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni, zidinga ukuthululwa kwazo zonke iziphiwo zokuqala (indlela yokudlalwa kwe-"bug).

Abanikeli nabanikelayo abahilelekile kwezombangazwe kumelwe bahlole imithetho eqondile yegunya labo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legislatures (NCSL) inikeza ukucaciswa okuwusizo (https://wwww.ncsl.org/i-campaigns/campaign-fance[).

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuhholwa

I-FEC inegunya lokuhlola izinhlelo ezingase zephulwe futhi ibeke isijeziso somphakathi. Izenzo zokuphoqelelwa zingavela emasondweni okuzibika, izikhalo ezidluliswa umphakathi, noma izikhalo ezivela kwezinye izinhlangano. Lenqubo ihilela:

  1. I-Matter Under Review (MTUR): I-FEC ivula i-MUR uma kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umephuzo yenzeka. I-parent inikezwa ithuba lokuphendula.
  2. Imbangela efanelekile: Uma iKhomishane ithola imbangela yokuphula, izama ukufinyelela isivumelwano sokubuyisana — indawo ehlanganisa isijeziso nezenzo zokulungisa.
  3. [ Izijeziso ze-civil: Izinhle ziyahluka ngokusekelwe emvelweni nasebuqathani bokwephulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu somnikelo singaphumela ekulinganani nenani elingaphezulu, kanye nenzalo.
  4. Audiots: Ukuhlolwa kwe-FEC ukuhlolwa kwamakomiti akhethiwe, ikakhulukazi imikhankaso kamongameli. Imikhankaso yokuhlola izenzakalo. Ingaholela ekutholeni izijeziso eziphikisanayo nezilandelayo.
  5. Izikhombo ezithathelwanayo: Ezimweni zokwazi nokwephula umthetho ngamabomu (umzk., ukuxhumanisa okungekho emthethweni, abanikeli botshani, iminikelo yakwamanye amazwe), i-FEC ingathumela icala kuMnyango wokwahlulela ngokuqulwa kwezigebengu.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zanikezela izinhlangano zezezimali (njenge - California Fair Political Practicals Commission), kuyilapho ezinye zithembele kummeli - jikelele noma unobhala kahulumeni. Isigwebo singahlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ngisho nesikhathi sokuvalelwa emajele sobugebengu obungathi sína.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nemizamo Yezinguquko

Imithetho yezezimali elawulwa umkhankaso iyaqhubeka ishintsha.

  • Imali ebotshelekayo[: Ukunyuka kwezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zomphakathi ezingamashumi amahlanu(c)(4) nezinye izinzuzo ezihileleke ekusebenziseni kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuthunga izikhundla ezikhuphula amagesi kuye kwaholela ekubizeni ukuba kube nokubona okukhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zanikeza imithetho edinga ukuvezwa kwemithombo yokuqala yezimali.
  • Ukukhangisa okudaliweyo: I-feed Ads Act (iqinisekisiwe kodwa ingadluliswa) ingadinga amapulatifomu kuyi-intanethi ukuze kulondolozwe iqoqo lomphakathi lokukhangisa kwezombangazwe nokusekela ukudayiswa kwezimali. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho efanayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkantolo ephakeme ikhipha izinqumo: INkantolo iyaqhubeka icwenga umthetho wezezimali. Ngo-2022, yasekela ukuvinjelwa kweMontana kuseminikelweni eqondile yenkampani e[FLT]] Americans for Procession Foundation v. [ [ukusebenza ngemvume yokunikeza iminikelo], futhi ngo-2024 yezwa [[FLT]EC] FEC v. Isikhungo somthetho se-Impagistment [ ngokuphathelene ukunqiniswa kwemithetho.
  • Iminikelo emincane efanelana[: Amadolobha amaningi nezifundazwe ziye zamukela izinhlelo ezihambisana neminikelo emincane nemali yomphakathi, njengendlela yokukhulisa izwi lezakhamuzi ezivamile. Uhlelo olufanayo lwaseNew York City luyisibonelo esivelele.
  • [ I-display yezinyathi: I-FEC idinga imikhankaso kamongameli ukuze kususwe iminikelo evela kwabanye. Lomthetho uhlose ukukhanyisa ukukhanya kwabaxhasi abanethonya.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuguquleni, iKhomishane yokucwaninga ye-Congregational Service ikhipha imibiko eningiliziwe ngezimali zomkhankaso (https://crstates.conf/pdf/R/1542). Iziphakamiso zomthetho ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa i-DSCLOSE Act ne-Fople Act (H.R. 1), ezizobeka imingcele eyengeziwe neminikelo.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Kwabanikazi Nabathathi - zincwadi

Ukumisa imithetho yezezimali kudinga ukukhuthala. Abanikazi kufanele bagcine amarekhodi acophelelayo ayo yonke iminikelo, baqinisekise ukuthi abangaphansi kwemithetho enqatshelwayo (umzk., umakhi wezwe noma wezwe langaphandle), futhi bagweme ukunikeza ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho. Amakhampasi namakomiti kumelwe asebenzise ukuphathwa kwangaphakathi ukuze ahlole iminikelo, izisebenzi zesitimela, kanye nemibiko ngesikhathi. Imiphumela yokungahambisani nomthetho ebangela amahloni ehlazisayo.

Amasihluthulelo Okulalela:

  • Ngaso sonke isikhathi qinisekisa ukufaneleka kwakho ukuba unikele (isakhamuzi saseU.S. noma umuntu onamakhadi aluhlaza, hhayi umakhi kahulumeni, njalonjalo.).
  • Sebenzisa ikhadi lokuthenga ngesikweletu noma i - akhawunti yokuhlola — ungalokothi usebenzise i - akhawunti yebhizinisi yeminikelo yomuntu siqu.
  • Ungalokothi wamukele imali noma unikele ngemali engaphezu kuka - R250.
  • Gwema ukuhlangana nama - PAC amakhulu lapho ugijima ufuna ihhovisi.
  • Zonke imibiko yayidingeka ne - FEC noma i - quotive kahulumeni efanele.
  • Sebenzisa imithombo ye-FEC, kuhlanganise neyokwehlisa ikhasi elilinganiselwe kanye nekhasi lokuphoqelela[, ukuze uthole isiqondiso.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zomnikelo ezikhona ukuze zivimbele ukuhlanganyela kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okhetho luhlala lukhululekile, lulungile, futhi lubonakala ngale ndlela. Nakuba imithetho iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ishintshwa, izimiso eziyisisekelo — ukudalulwa, imingcele, ukuvinjelwa ekubusweni kwamanye amazwe, nokugcinwa kwemithetho — zibalulekile ukuze ziqinisekwe umphakathi. Ngokuqonda lezimiso, abanikeli nabazohlolwayo bangahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho behlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho. Njengoba indawo yezombangazwe ishintsha ngezindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa nokuxhumana, ukuqapha nemfundo okuqhubekayo kuyagxeka. Ukuhlala beqashelwe ngemithombo enegunya njenge-FEC nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuyicebo elingcono kakhulu kubo bonke abahilelekile.