Indlela Imisebenzi Yokulungisa Izinkinga Nesizathu Sokuba Kuhlelwe Izindaba

Ukuvuleka kwenqubo yokudweba imingcele yesifunda sezekhethelo enquma indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganiswa ngayo ekumelelweni. Kwenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kwe-U.S. ukulandelela ukuguqula kwenani labantu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ivoti yomuntu ngamunye inesisisindo esifanayo. Ngokungafani, ukusetshenziswa kwalemingcele ngamabomu ukuze kusizwe isigaba esithile sezombangazwe, esihlangeneyo, noma iqembu. Nakuba ukuvuselelwa kuyingxenye engokomthetho nedingekile yentando yeningi yabameleli, i-gerrydermaning ilulaza ukumelela okuhle futhi iye yaba enye yezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu kumahlawulo okhetho lwaseMelika.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Nomthetho - sisekelo Sokubuyisela Imingcele

Imfuneko yokuphinde udwebe imigqa yesifunda isuka kumyalo woMthetho-sisekelo wokubalwa kwabantu kwaminyaka yonke (Ingxenye 2) nesimiso sika "umuntu oyedwa, ukuvota" esimiswe yiNkantolo Ephakeme ezicabeni zengqokotho enjenge ] Babaker v. Carr [1962]) kanye Reynolds v. SIMS[ [1964]. [196].] Lemithetho yadinga ukuba izifunda zemithetho zikwazi ukuvimbela amadolobha angaphezulu kakhulu ukuhlanganisa nangaphansi kwe-ovation.

Umuntu Oyedwa, Isimiso Esisodwa Esikhethekile

Ngaphambi kwalemithetho, amazwe amaningi alondoloza izigodi ezinemiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1960, ezinye izifunda zase California zazinabantu abayizigidi eziyisithupha kanti ezinye zazingaphansi kuka-15 000. INkantolo yamemezela ukuthi umehluko onjalo wawuphula i-Encictal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-145th. Namuhla, ukuncitshiswa kwezindawo zombuso ngamunye kumelwe kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inani labantu besifunda ngasinye lisuka emaphethelweni anele anele.

Izimfuneko Zomphakathi Nemithwalo Yemfanelo KaHulumeni

Ngaphandle kokulingana kwenani labantu, ukuhlukanisa kumelwe kuvumelane noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965, owenqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni. Ingxenye 2 yoMthetho ifuna ukuba amasu okuhlaziya anciphise amandla okuvota amaqenjana ezinhlanga noma olimi oluncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziNguqulo ze 14 neye-15 zifaka imingcele enqabeni yokulwa nemithetho yobuhlanga. Izifunda eziningi zinikeza igunya elisekela igunya lombuso, nakuba ezinye zisebenzisa izikhomishana noma ezinye izindikimba ezizimele. Lenqubo ihluke kakhulu ngokombuso, iholela ekusebenziseni imithetho nemikhuba ehlukene.

Inqubo Elungisayo Ngokulandelana

Ukuvuleka kwenzeka kuzo zonke izifunda ezinezigodi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, kanye nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni nezindikimba zendawo. Le nqubo iqala ngemva kokuba iCensus Bureau ikhiphe imininingwane eminingi yomphakathi, ngokuvamile etholakala ngo-March ngonyaka olandelayo.

Ukwaziswa Kwamanani Nokushintsha Kwenani Labantu

Ubalo lunikeza inani labantu abanezitezi ezilinganayo eliveza ukuthi yiziphi izindawo eziye zakhula, zancipha, noma zashintshwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwe 2020 Census, iTexas yathola izihlalo ezimbili ze-coration ngenkathi i-New York ilahleka eyodwa. I-United States kumelwe isebenzise lolu daba ukulungisa imingcele yesifunda ukuze ihlanganise inani labantu elicishe libe linye. Ukushintsha kwenani labantu phakathi kombuso kungaba sobala: amaphethenethi angakhuphuka kuyilapho izindawo zasemaphandleni zincipha, iphoqelela abakhi bamabala ukuba badwe kabusha imigqa ukuze badlulise inguquko.

Isimo Sengqondo Nezindinganiso

Izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqondisa ukulingana kwenani labantu. Okuvame kakhulu ukuhlanganisa inani labantu, ukuhlangana (zonke izingxenye zesifunda kumele zixhumene), kanye nokuhlangana (isigaba kumele sibe nesimo esivamile ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezingavamile). Ezinye izifunda zidinga futhi ukuba izifunda zilondoloze isithakazelo esiphakathini (izizwe, amaqembu ezinhlanga, noma izifunda zezomnotho) futhi zigweme ukuhlukanisa izifunda noma izifunda zomphakathi. Lezi zinqumo zingaphikisana; ngokwesibonelo, isifunda esihlangene singase singalandeli imingcele kamasipala. Uhlelo olubalulekile, ngokulingana njalo, abantu bangaba namanani ahlukene.

Ukudwetshwa Kwemingcele

Ukudwetshwa kwebalazwe ngokoqobo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izimiso zokwaziswa okungokomhlaba (GIS) ezivumela abenzi bamabalazwe ukuba balawule imingcele yesifunda esisesigabeni. Yilapho ingozi yokulawula i-gerrymanidering iphakeme khona. Abenzi bamabalazwe bangaguqula imigqa ngebhuloho eyodwa ukuze basuse izinkulungwane zabavoti kwesinye isifunda kwesinye. Ezizweni lapho iqembu elithile lilawula isishaya-mthetho, iqembu elikhulu lidonsa amabalazwe ukuba lifake amandla alo. Ezindabeni zikahulumeni ohlukene, amabalazwe angadluliselwa ngokuhlehla noma athunyelwe enkantolo ukuze avunyelwe uma i-pasword efile.

Ukuvunyelwa Nezinselele

Uma nje icebo lokulungisa isimo selimisiwe, kumelwe livunyelwe yisishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni noma ikhomishane. Khona - ke libhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Abagxeki bangase baphikise ngokuthi leli cebo liphula uMthetho Wamalungelo, liyinqubo yesizwe ethatha izinyanga noma i-gerrymerder engavumelani ne-oversitual. Inqubo ingaba nokwephuza ukumiswa futhi iholele emabalazweni ahlelwe enkantolo, njengoba kwenzeka ezifundeni eziningana ngemva konyaka ka-202020 C. Inqubo ivame ukuthatha izinyanga futhi ingaphikisa kakhulu.

Ukudla Okungenayo I - Gerrymander: Imfihlo Ejulile

I-Gerrymandering idala njenge-United States ngokwayo. Leligama laqala ngo-1812 lapho uMbusi waseMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry asayina icebo lokulungisa elihlanganisa isifunda sesamarander-sobunjani, lishukumisa ukuhlobisa okuhlanganisa "iGerry" ne "salemander". Kodwa umkhuba wangaphambi kwaleyo; ngisho naseRepublic yokuqala, abezombangazwe babesebenzisa izifunda ukuze benze abaphikisi babe buthaka.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

I-Gerrymanindering ekuqaleni yayiyithuluzi lokuvikela nokusiza iqembu. Ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20, kwakuvamile ukuba izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilwe "ne-gerrymannder" nezinhlanga ezincane, njengabantu abavela e-Ireland noma ama-Afrikaan America, ukuze zinciphise ithonya labo lezombangazwe. Umkhuba waba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokuvela kwamacomputer ngawo-1980, okwavumela abenzi bamabalazwe ukuba bafake amabalazwe ama-micropu abavoti ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe.

Ubuchwepheshe: Ukucwilisa, Ukupakisha, Ukubhaka, Nokuthumba

Ukusebenzisa i - mermanitor kusebenzisa amasu amane ayinhloko:

  • Ukusakaza: ukusakaza iqembu labavoti ezifundeni eziningi ukuze bangakhi abaningi kunoma yiliphi. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu eligcwele labavoti bedemocratic edolobheni lingahlukaniswa libe izigodi eziningana ezihlanganisa namaphethelo amazwe aseRepublican, ukunciphisa ivoti yeDemocratic.
  • Ukuvota: ukuhlanganisa abaningi beqembu eliphikisayo ngangokunokwenzeka esifundeni esisodwa, ngokuphumelelayo "ukwamukela" amavoti abo ngokwenza lesosifunda sizwakale kakhulu. Lokhu kuvumela iqembu elilawulayo ukuba liwine izifunda ezisele ngezingalo ezithokomele.
  • Ukukhipha: Ukudonsa isifunda ukuze siphoqelele izinxaxhi ezimbili ezisemgqeni owodwa ukuba zincintisane, zisuse enye yazo. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukwenza buthaka izimbangi zangaphakathi zomphikisi noma ukususa umphikisi othandwayo.
  • Ukuthumba: Ukususa ikheli lasekhaya eliyindida lingene esifundeni esihlukile ukuze kube nzima ukuphinde ukhethe. Isifebe kumelwe sithuthele esifundeni esisha noma sibhekane nenselele enkulu endaweni engajwayelekile.

Ukuvilapha Kobuhlanga

Partisan gegergerdering ihlose ukuzuzisa iqembu lezombangazwe, kuyilapho i-Reno[FLT: 1] ihlasela amaqembu amancane. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela njalo ukuthi ukulwa kohlanga akuhlangene ngaphansi kwe-Uncility Claus. Ezimweni ezifana [[FLT:] Show] v. [[FLT:][FLT] [1993] [1993] [Alaviama Legistrative Blate Black Caucus v. Alabacus[[FLT]] (20]], iNkathi yeNkanto ebhalwe amabala asekelwe kakhulu ezinhlanga. Nokho, iNkantolo izama ukuchaza isilinganiso se-Geneargerman. [Flkt]]]][5]]

Ukulinganisa Igebe: Igebe Eliphumelelayo Namanye Amathuluzi

Ukulinganisela, ososayensi bezombangazwe baye bathuthukisa ukulingana njengegebe lokusebenza kahle, elilinganisa umehluko phakathi "kwakhiwe" amavoti phakathi kwamaqembu (amavoti omfundi olahlekelwayo kanye namavoti angaphezulu omzuzisi). Igebe elikhulu lokuphumelela libonisa ukuthi amavoti eqembu elilodwa asetshenziswa ngokuhlelekile ngokucwilithwa nangokupakishwa. Ezinye izinyathelo zihlanganisa uhlu lobandlululo, umehluko oshoshoshoshoyo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa. Lamathuluzi asiza izinkantolo futhi ahlola umphakathi ukuthi ibalazwe litsheke ngokungafanele.

Imiphumela Yokubulala Izinambuzane

Nakuba abanye bephikisa ngokuthi kuyingxenye evamile yezombangazwe, ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi kungacindezela iningi labantu, kunciphise ukuncintisana, futhi kuqede abavoti.

Imiphumela Emihle

Ezifundazweni ezigcwele ukuvota, iningi lingawina inani elikhulu lezihlalo ezihlobene nokuvota kwalo lonke izwe. Ngokwesibonelo, okhethweni luka-2018 lwe-Wisconsin State Assembly, uDemocrat wawina inombolo engu-53% yevoti kodwa izihlalo ezingu-36% kuphela ngenxa ye gegerrymandering. Izihlalo ezinjalo zilulaza isimiso sokuthi ukhetho kufanele luguqule amavoti abe yi-project ngokunembile. U-Gerrydermand ukunciphisa futhi inani lezifunda ezincintisanayo, okwenza izinhlanga eziningi ziphephe ngenxa ye-ccustoms. Kukhetho lwama 202020, ngaphansi kwe 10% ye-U. Izihlalo zendlu zazibhekwa njengezincintiswano, ukuncitshiswa kokubophela kokumelela kokubili ama-Rorgiling nokwe.

Ukumelela Nokuphola

Lapho izigodi zidonselwa ukulondeka kweqembu elilodwa, abezombangazwe babhekene nezinsongo eziningi ezivela kubaphikisi abayinhloko kunabaphikisi bokhetho. Lokhu kukhuthaza abavoti ukuba banelise isizinda seqembu labo kunokuba bafake iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwezombangazwe. Izigaba azinakukhethwa ngoba zifaka engozini yokuhlukanisa abakhethi bazo abayinhloko. UGerrymerder unciphisa nophawu oluchazayo: uma abavoti abambalwa befakwa ezifundeni ezimbalwa, ithonya labo likhona, futhi bangase sintule ikhono lokukhetha abathandayo ezindaweni ezizungezile. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ukungakhethi.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Nokuhlanganyela

Abavoti ezifundeni ezidume kakhulu ngokuvamile banomuzwa wokuthi amavoti abo awabalulekile ngoba umphumela unqunyiwe. Lokhu kuqonda kunciphisa umvoti nokuthembisana komphakathi. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zezifunda ezigcwele izikhali azinamathuba amancane okuthintana nabameleli bazo, ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe zendawo, noma ukukholelwa ukuthi isimiso silungile. Uma abantu bebona amabalazwe abukeka njengezimpicabadala eziklanyelwe ukuzuzisa abezombangazwe, balahlekelwa ukholo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Khona - ke ukuthemba kokwanelisa ukugxeka nokulahla imibuso yeningi nokulahla imibuso, kudala umjikelezo ononya owehlisa amandla entando yeningi.

Imizamo Yokuguqula Izwe Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Isabela ekulimaleni kwe-gerrymandering, abasekeli abakhulayo benhlangano yokulungisa isimo. Izifunda eziningana ziye zamukela izinhlelo ezizimele noma ezinye izindlela zokususa lenqubo, kuyilapho izinselele ezingokomthetho ziqhubeka zihlola imingcele yokudwetshwa kwebalazwe okuvunyelwe.

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa Izindawo Ezizimele

Ezinye izifundazwe, kuhlanganise neCalifornia, i-Arizona, neMichigan, ziye zadlulisela igunya eliqinile kusuka kuma-partical kuya kumanxusa azimele noma azimele. Lemishini iklanyelwe ukuvikelwa ekucindezeleni kwabashokobezi, ngokuvamile enamalungu akhethwe ngenqubo eqinisekisa ukulingana noma ukungathathi hlangothi. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amabalazwe adwetshwayo ngokuvamile athanda ukulingana, ancintisana kakhulu, futhi awakhohliswa kakhulu kunalawo adwetshwa yizigebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Citizens Redicialigieting Commism yaveza amabalazwe aholela emiphakathini efuna ukuncintisana nakungcono yemiphakathi yesithakazelo.

Ubuhle Bezibalo Nemithetho - sisekelo

Ubuchwepheshe bungasetshenziselwa ukulwa namabalazwe futhi bukwazi ukuwenza. Abacwaningi baye basungula imithetho edala izinkulungwane zabangathathi-busosha, amabalazwe esigodi ahlangene asekelwe ezindinganisweni ezingathathi hlangothi njengesilinganiso somphakathi kanye nokulingana. Amathuluzi afana "nendlela yokudweba i-"adiging" avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zidwebe amabalazwe azo futhi ziwaqhathanise namapulani asemthethweni. Amanye amazwe, njengaseColorado, manje afuna ukuba amabalazwe athathe amanye amakhambi acabanga ngezindlela ezingathathi zokwenza amabalazwe akhiwe ngezindlela zokulinganisa inombolo. Umgomo uwukunciphisa ubandlululo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele ibonisa idinga inzuzo yomphakathi kunenzuzo yezombangazwe.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

Kusukela , izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaba yindawo eyinhloko yemiyalo yokulawula i-gerrymanider. Izinkantolo eziningi eziphezulu, kuhlanganise nalezo zasePennsylvania, eNyakatho Carolina, nase-Ohio, ziye zabulala ama-gerrymerder ngaphansi komthetho wezwe. Amanye amazwe aye amisa izinguquko zokulwa nomthetho ngokuthatha izinyathelo zomnyaka. Ezilinganisweni zombuso, asikisela umthetho onjengawomthetho we-We-OFople Act uhlanganisa izimfuneko zokuzibophanga okuzimele nezimiso ezivamile, kodwa abhekene nezithiyo zezombangazwe. Ikusasa lenguquko cishe isenhlanganise nenhlanganise yezenzo zombuso, ukuchaza umthetho, ukuchaza komthetho, ne-unixmoscratic.

Ikusasa Lokuvuselelwa: I - a ne - Data

Njengoba amandla okusebenzisa i-commup anda, amathuba okuthola i-gerrymaninger akhula. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza nobuchwepheshe kungahlaziya imininingwane eminingi yamanani abantu abavotayo, ukuhlangana kweqembu, kanye nokuziphatha kwesikhathi esidlule ukudweba amabalazwe angcono. Lokhu kwakha umncintiswano wezikhali zezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwabenzi bamabalazwe nabaguquli. Nokho, i-Al ingasetshenziswa futhi ukuzwa i-gerryander ngokuqinisekisa amabalazwe angenayo nokuwaqhathanisa necebo elimisiwe. Inseleleko eyinhloko iwukumisa amapulani angokomthetho nangokwezimiso ezibophelelisayo zobuqotho kunokulawula. Abanye ochwepheshe basekela "amabalazwe ombazwe" asebenzisa isilinganiso sokubonana nokufakwa komphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amabala esifundeni akhonza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Kubuyiselwe Ukubusa Kwentando Yeningi Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo

Ukuvuleka kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelelwa kuhambisana nokushintsha kwenani labantu. Uma kwenziwa ngokukhanyayo nangokungakhethi, kuqinisa idemokrasi ngokunika isakhamuzi ngasinye iphimbo elifanayo. Ngokungafani, ukonakalisa leyondlela, ukunciphisa amandla alawulayo nokunciphisa ukulandisa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Imiphumela ihambisana nazo zonke izici zokubusa: kusukela emithethweni ebekwe ezindaweni zezakhamuzi ezithenjwayo ezikhungweni zazo. Ukuqonda indlela yokufaka imisebenzi imisebenzi nesizathu sokuba i-gerrymander ibaluleke ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuvikela ubuqotho bokhetho nesimiso sokhetho, ukuvota. Njengokuvota okuko kwezenziwa komthetho, ukulwa kokukhonzwa kuhlala kuyinselele engxenye ephakathi ye-Melika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-BREnnan Center's ekulungiseni i-, i-League ye-Women Voters's reddigical , kanye ne U.S. Courage's reddificing metam menu [.