Ukuqonda indlela imithetho esungulwa futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo kuyisici esiyinhloko sesazi somphakathi esinolwazi. Ngaphandle kwalolwazi, kuba nzima ukuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe zilandise ngecala, zisekele ushintsho, noma ngisho nokuqonda amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Lesiqondiso esikhudliweyo sinikeza incazelo ephelele, ngenyathelo elilandelanayo, i-temply-tec ihlola zonke izindlela ezingokomthetho zokuphila. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi omusha, umvoti omusha, noma ubheka ukujulisa ulwazi lwakho, sizokuhlobisa ngokuhlola i-sho entweni eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwemithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha enkantolo, sihlola izakhiwo eziningi ezithatha inqubo eqhubekayo.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Ibhuloho Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Uhambo lomthetho aluvamile ukuba luqonde. Luqala endikimbeni yemithetho − ngokusho i-bimaral Congress e-aunt (Indlu yabameleli neSigele), noma isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni. Lokhu kulandelana kwezinyathelo ngamabomu kuklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ihlolwa ngokucophelelayo, iphikiswana, futhi ihlehliseke ngaphambi kokuba isebenze.

Ukudweba Nokuthola Isiqalo

Ilungu ngalinye lesishaya - mthetho lingase lihlongoze isikweleti. Nakuba lo mqondo ungavela ku-aquator, iqembu labangenisi, inxusa likahulumeni, noma ngisho negatsha eliphethe, kuphela isikhulu esikwazi ukuwenza ngokomthetho. Isivumelwano sibhalwe ngolimi olungokomthetho, sinikezwe inombolo (umz., H.R. 1 yeNdlu, S. 1 ye-Igean), futhi sibhekise ekomitini efanelekile elawula indaba ekhuluma ngendaba, ngokwesibonelo, isibambiso sezempilo sinikezwe eHealth, iS, iS, ne-Pensions Committee.

Isenzo seKomiti (I “Msebenzi” Womkhandlu)

Amakomiti yilapho umsebenzi wangempela wokuhlela wenziwe khona. Ikomiti ngayinye isebenza kahle endaweni ethile yenqubo. Imali iqala ukwabelwa ikomiti ebotshelelweyo ekuhlaziyweni ngokujule. Lapha, ikomiti engaphansi ingaba:

  • ubambe amacala lapho ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nabasekeli befakaza khona.
  • [ Faka uphawu [ ingcabo, okusho ukuthi baphikisana futhi bavote ekulungiseni, igama ngezwi.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ukuthumela isikweleti ukubuyisela isikweleti ekomitini egcwele, kanye nezinguquko noma ngaphandle.

Uma ikomiti egcwele ivumela lesikweleti, “ibikwa” egumbini eligcwele (indlu noma iSigele) kanye nombiko obhaliwe ochaza injongo yayo nemiphumela yayo. Uma ikomiti ilahla isikweleti noma ihluleka ukwenza, ifa ngokuphumelelayo, kusuke sekufa − okuyishwa okwehlelayo okukhulu kakhulu komthetho ohlongozwayo.

Impikiswano Neziphendulo Ezivamile

Uma nje isikweleti sifika phansi, wonke umkhakha wegumbi uphikisana ngezinzuzo zayo. Endlini yendlu, impikiswano ivame ukulinganiselwa kakhulu (i- “gud” evela kwi-Miles Committee ibeka imingcele yesikhathi nenani lezinto ezivunyelwayo). ESigqeni, impikiswano ivame ukuba ivulekile, futhi noma imuphi umsizi anganikeza ukuhlenga-hlengiswa uma nje ikhona i-biana (i-revlet) esibhakabeni. Futhi kulapho i-fulisters[[FLT: 1] [i] i-fulsterss ikhona lapho icebo lapho i-senator likhuluma khona ngokuhlala njalo ukulibala noma ukuvota. Ukukhomba i-fiki. Ukuxoxa i-fiki [FL:2] [FFFT]]] [FFF:3]]]

Umculo Nezinye Izikhungo

Ngemva kwengxoxo, amavoti asegumbini aphela. Igumbi lesibili liphinda yonke inqubo. Ngokungenakugwenywa, amagumbi amabili adlula [[FLT: 0] izinguqulo zemali. Ukuhlanganisa ukungezwani, kuya eSigqeni, futhi ngokuphambene. Igumbi lesibili liphinda wonke amalungu asemagumbini womabili. Ngokungenakugwenywa, la makamu amabili adlula [[FLT:] izinguqulo zemali. Ukuhlanganisa ukungezwani kwengxabano, [ ikomiti ehloniphekile (amalungu asemagumbini womabili) ahlangane, okumelwe avunyelwe ukuhlehlelelwa ngawo womabili amagumbi.

Ukubhalisa Nesenzo Sokuqondisa

Uma amagumbi amabili esevumelana ngemali efanayo, “isongwe” futhi inikezwe uMongameli (noma umbusi). Isikhulu sibe sesikhetha izindlela eziningana:

  • [[[Iphawu:0] Uphawu [[[QOM] ingcaca emthethweni.
  • Ivoto imvume, ibuyisela kuKhongolo ngezizathu. Izingqungquthela zingayidlulisa iveto ngesithathu esikhulu kakhulu emagumbini womabili.
  • Pocket vento (lapho kugqunywa uKhongolo): Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi, umthetho ufa ngaphandle kweveto engokomthetho.
  • Uhlamvu-hlamvu lwelayini vhato (kwezinye izifunda): Isikhulu senqaba izingxenye ezithile zemali ngenkathi sisayina ezinye (azikho ngezinga lombuso).

Uma sisayinwa noma sivunyelwa ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kophawu (ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu usesikhathini), isigwebo sithola inombolo yomthetho womphakathi futhi sifakwa eMthethweni wase - United States noma ekhonweni wombuso ofana nawo.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Akugcini Ngokusayina Amabhuloho

Igatsha eliphethe aligcini nje ngomthetho wempompi yenjoloba. Indima yalo ekusungulweni komthetho nasekuqikelweni kwayo inamandla futhi inezici eziningi.

Ukuvunyelwa Namandla E - Veto

Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, inhloko yomphathi omkhulu (umphathi, umbusi, noma umphathi-maduzane) ingavumela noma i-veto umthetho. Lombuso unikeza ithonya elikhulu phezu kokugcinwa kwemithetho. Usongo oluthembekile lungaphoqelela isishayamthetho ukuba sishintshe isikweletu ngaphambi kokuba sidlule. ngokwalo] uphoqelela isishaya-mthetho ukuba samukele ukunqotshwa noma ukuthatha inhloko - sisekelo yezombangazwe ukuze sizame ukudlula noma ukudlula noma isenzakalo esingavamile ngenxa yokuthi sidinga isikhulu esikhulu.

Ukuhleleka Kweziphathimandla Nokwakhiwa Kwenhlangano

Ngisho noma kungekho mthetho omusha, igatsha eliphethe lingakha izinqubo ngemiyalo elawulayo eqondisa indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho ekhona. Nakuba kungeyona imithetho ngokwayo, lemithetho inamandla engokomthetho ezisebenzini zikahulumeni futhi ingathinta ngokuphawulekayo isimiso somphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMkhandlu uvame ukudlulisela imithetho emikhulu eshiya imininingwane eminingi igcwaliswe yizinhlangano eziphethe zegatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ndevironmental Protection Agency (EPA) izihloko eziningiliziwe [ izinqumiso (zibuye zibizwe ngemithetho) ezichaza ukuthi i-Ceac Air Act izophoqelelwa kanjani. Lemithetho ingena ngenqubo yomphakathi yezeluleko-indlela yokuvikela futhi ikhishwe eFederal Register. Ngezindlela eziningi, lemithetho inethonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke njengemithetho ngokwayo. [FLT] I-FONCEF] UMthetho we-FLT [FLT]] [FLT]] Imithetho yokwethulo oluvamile] ivumela ukuba kugumbulwe imithetho ethile ngevoti enkulu.[FLD]

Ukuphoqelelwa Izimo Eziphuthumayo ZoMbuso

Uma nje sekunemithetho, igatsha eliphethe libekwa icala lokuyiphoqelela.

  • Imithetho ephoqelelwayo: Umnyango wobulungisa (DOJ), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), namaphoyisa kahulumeni ahlola ukuphambana.
  • [ Umqondisi wezesimiso: Izimo ezinjenge-Secreties and Exchange Commission (SEC) zimisa imithetho yezezimali, futhi i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) imisa imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini.
  • Ukunyuselwa:[ Igatsha eliphethe linquma ukuthi likwekwephula abantu noma izinkampani ngokwephula imithetho yobugebengu noma yesizwe.

Ngaphandle kwentando yomphathi yokubaphoqelela, ngisho nemithetho ebhalwe kahle kakhulu iseyizincwadi ezifile.

Imfundiso KaJudiyu: Ukuhumusha Nokushaya Imithetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengommeli ongathathi hlangothi wesimiso somthetho. Imisebenzi yalo eyinhloko ukuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano ngaphansi kwaleyo mithetho, futhi liqinisekise ukuthi zonke izenzo − kuhlanganise nezomthetho-mthetho (ukuhlanganisa nezomkhandlu wesishaya-mthetho) nomphathi-kakhulu.

Ukumiswa Kwenkantolo Necala

I-United States iphethe isimiso senkantolo ezimbili: izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe noma izakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu, izivumelwano, umthetho womkhaya, nezimpikiswano zempahla. Isigaba sabefundisi ngokuvamile sisuka ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala kuya ezinkantolo ezisezinhliziyweni eziphakeme zikahulumeni (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi iNkanto ephakeme yaleso sifundazwe). Ezinhlalweni eziphezulu sihlala iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lejaji ukubukeza okungokobujudist ] `amandla okumemezela umthetho noma isenzo sokubusa ngaphandle komthetho we-constitution. Limiswe embonini engu-1803 icala Barbury v. Madison, lesi simiso sisho ukuthi ngisho nomthetho wedemocracy ungashaywa uma ungqubuzana nomthetho. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa lo mandla ngokuqapha, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ukuvalwa komthetho womthetho-mthetho, kodwa zihlala zihlola ngokuhluze kwezinye amagatsha.

Ukuhumusha Imithetho: Umthetho Nomthetho Ovamile

Lapho icala lifika phambi kwenkantolo, amajaji kumelwe anqume ukuthi umthetho ohlobene naleli cala usho ukuthini, asebenzise amathuluzi amaningana:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ulimi oluPlain lomthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Umlando osemthethweni (imibiko yekomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi).
  • I-Predect (izinqumo zenkantolo zangesikhathi esidlule komagazini abafanayo) ngaphansi kwesimiso se stares decisis[.

Abahluleli futhi baveza [[[QL:0] umthetho ovamile ezindaweni ezingahlanganisiwe yizimiso `njengezici eziningi zamathoyizi nezivumelwano. Lemithetho eyenziwe ngabahluleli inethonya lomthetho kuze kube yilapho isishaya-mthetho sinquma ukuzihlanganisa noma ukuziguqula.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezinkantolo

Izinkantolo azinawo amaphoyisa azo. Kunalokho, zithembela egatsheni eliphethe ukuba liqinise iziyalezo zazo.

Izinhlobo Zemithetho: Isisekelo Sokuqonda

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi umthetho othile uyafanelana nani nokuthi ubathinta kanjani.

Umthetho Wesigebengu uphikisana noMthetho Wasembusweni

Umehluko oyisisekelo kakhulu uphakathi kwezenzo ezibhekwa njengezingalungi esifundazweni (ngokuyisisekelo) nezingxabano phakathi kwezinkolo (iqembu).

  • umthetho wobugebengu:[ uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe ngoba kusongela ukuphepha komphakathi noma ukuhleleka. Ukuphula umthetho kuphumela ekujezisweni njengokukhokhwa, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa. Uhulumeni umangalela abantu icala. Izibonelo: ukweba, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, ukushayela udakiwe.
  • Umthetho we-Civil: ulawula izimpikiswano ngamalungelo, imisebenzi, nezivumelwano phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. I-paltiff igwesa ukunikeza usizo, ngokuvamile ukulimala kwemali noma umyalo (imvume yasenkantolo yokwenza noma ukuyeka ukwenza okuthile). Izibonelo: ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukumangalelwa komuntu siqu, izehlukaniso.

Umthetho oyisici somthetho ovimbelayo

umthetho we-soctural uchaza amalungelo nezibopho abantu abanazo (umzk., ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, isibopho sokukhokha izintela). IProcraticism[ imisa imithetho yendlela izinkantolo nezinhlangano eziphoqelela ngayo amalungelo angaphansi (umzk., imithetho yobufakazi, imithetho yemingcele yokudluliswa kwemingcele, izindlela zokudlulisa). Zombili ziyadingeka: ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile, amalungelo amancane angasho lutho.

Umthetho - sisekelo, Imithetho Nomthetho Oqondisayo

  • Umthetho we-Cunistigation: osekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Umisa isimo sikahulumeni, amagunya ahlukanisayo, futhi uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Umthetho ophakeme wezwe.
  • Umthetho we-Sta producty: osungulwe izishaya-mthetho (iSishaya-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, imikhandlu yedolobha). Lena imithetho ebhaliwe etholakala ngemithetho efana ne-U.S.
  • [ Umthetho ophethe: Imithetho nezimiso ezakhiwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingaphansi kwegunya ezibekwa ngezimiso. Lokhu kuvame ukuba nezimfuneko zobuchwepheshe eziningiliziwe.

Isigaba sesine, [[QUL:0] umthetho ovamile, umthetho wamajaji ogcwalisa izikhala ezihlelweni. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso eziningi zomthetho wetort (i-iglice, imfanelo yomkhiqizo) zasungulwa izinkantolo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Indlela Imithetho Ethinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Kusukela lapho uvuka kuze kube yilapho ulala, uchungechunge lwemithetho lubusa ngisho nemisebenzi evamile.

  • Ukuphepha kwe-Public nezimoto: isilinganiso sejubane, izimfuneko zebhande, imithetho ye-DUI, nezimpawu zomgwaqo konke kusekelwa ngemithetho futhi kuphoqelelwe amaphoyisa. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela ekuhlawulweni, ekuthunjweni kwemvume, noma esikhathini sejele.
  • Isivikelo se- I-Consumer communer: Imithetho idinga ukubhaliswa ngokunembile ekudleni, ilinganisela inzalo emalini okubolekwayo, futhi ikuvumela ukubuyisela imikhiqizo engasebenzi kahle (“isiqinisekiso esikhona sokuhweba” ngaphansi kwe-FULT COM). Fateral Trader Commission[ i-impostation emelene nokukhangisa.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imithetho yeholo enciphile, imithetho yokukhokha ethatha isikhathi eside, imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini (OSHA), imithetho elwa nokungahlangani (Isihloko VII soMthetho wamalungelo omphakathi), futhi umkhaya ushiya zonke izinqubo ezivikela izisebenzi.
  • [ Isivumelwano nezivumelwano: Imithetho yokulawula, imithetho yendlu, imithetho yokwakha, nesivumelwano somthetho sibusa cishe zonke izithengi ezihilela imali noma impahla.
  • [ Ukukhokha: Ukukhokha izintela, intela yokuthengisa, intela yempahla, nentela yentela yentela yentela kahulumeni. Imithetho yentela (njengemithetho yezentengiselwano) iphakathi kwezinhlelo zemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
  • Imithetho ivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki (ISichibiyelo sesine), iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma (ISichibiyelo Sokuqala), futhi iqinisekise inqubo efanele ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe impahla yakho noma akuphuce inkululeko.

Ukuhlanganyela Enqubweni Yomthetho: Amandla Angempela E - cobic

Intando yeningi ayiwona umdlalo oqashelwayo.

Hlakulela Zonke Izici Ozikhethayo

Ukuncoma abamisi-mthetho abahlanganyela inqubo yakho ebaluleke kakhulu kuyindlela eqondile yokuthinta umthetho. Nokho, kumane kuyisiqalo. Qaphela okhethweni abayinhloko, lapho ukuvota kuphansi khona futhi izindaba zokuvota ngazinye ngaphezulu. Futhi kuvotelwe ekuthatheni i-collems kanye ne-corentams (lapho ikhona) eyenza izakhamuzi zimise imithetho ngokuqondile. Hlola izikhawu zokubhalisa nokuhlola izindawo .gov]

Xhumana Nabameleli Bakho

Abameli balalela iposi elihlangene. Ukushaya ucingo olufingqiwe, oluhloniphekayo noma oluwucingo ngephepha elithile kungathonya ukuvota kwelungu. Ama-website anjenge- Conreg.gov[ akuvumela ukuba ulandele izikweletu futhi uthole ukwaziswa kokuxhumana kwabameleli bakho nabameleli.

Hlanganyela ekuqapheleni- kanye-phawula ukwenza ukubusa

Lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho emisha, kumelwe zikhiphe isiphakamiso kuyiFederal Register futhi zamukele ukukhulumela komphakathi (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30-60). Lamazwi adingeka ahlolwe ngokomthetho. Izinhlangano ngokuvamile ziqoqa izinkulumo zasobala ezinqunyweni zezinhlangano eziphoqelelayo. Abantu ngabanye banganikeza izinkulumo ezicatshangelwe kahle, ezinemininingwane eziqokomisa izinkinga zobuchwepheshe noma imiphumela engalindelekile.

Hlanganyela Noma Ukusekela Amaqembu Eqembu Elisekelayo

Izinhlangano ezinikezelwe ezimbangelani ezikhethekile (isinye, i-American Civil Liberties Union, i-Sierra Club, i-National Rifle Association) ziqondisa umthetho, abasunguli bomthetho abafuna ukugcinwa kwemithetho, kanye nokuququlwa kwamacala okusemthethweni ukuze ziphoqelele noma ziphikise imithetho. Ukujoyina lawo maqembu kuqinisa izwi lakho futhi kunikeze ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe.

Gijimela Ehhovisi Noma Usebenze Ezindaweni

Endaweni yakini, izikhundla ezinjengesigungu sedolobha, ibhodi lesikole, noma ikhomishane yokuhlela zinethonya eliqondile emithethweni ethinta indawo yakini. Lamahhovisi ngokuvamile awadingi okuhlangenwe nakho kwezombangazwe kwangaphambi kwezwe futhi ayindlela enamandla yokuhlela umthetho usuka phansi.

Hlala Ufundile Futhi Ufundise Abanye

Ulwazi lunamandla. Landela imithombo yezindaba enedumela elihle, funda umbhalo wezindleko (ezitholakala eKhongomeni.gov), futhi uqonde izinqumo zenkantolo. Hlanganisa lokho okufundayo kubangane nomkhaya. Ivoti elinolwazi luyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlola imithetho engacatshangelwe kahle noma engenabulungisa.

Isiphetho

Ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho kuyinqubo eshukumisayo, ethatha amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Nakuba uhambo lwemali luhilela ukuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, ukubuswa kwemithetho kungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi, injongo yayo ukuveza imithetho esemthethweni, ecatshangelwa kahle ebonisa intando yabantu kuyilapho ivikela amalungelo abo ngabanye. Njengesakhamuzi, awusona nje isici semithetho ethathwayo, ungumhlanganyeli ekusebenzeni kwayo nasekuthuthukiseni kwayo. Ngokuthintana nezikhulu, ukwenza imithetho, nokuhlala ufundile, usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isimiso somthetho sisebenza kahle kakhulu uma izakhamuzi zibophekile, ngakho uthatha isinyathelo sokuqala futhi uthuthukise ukuphila kwakho namuhla.