Indlela Imithetho Eshintsha Ngayo: Inqubo Yokushintsha Umthetho Ngokulandelana

Ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho kuyizinyathelo ezihlonipheke kakhulu nezingamabomu kunoma isiphi isimiso somthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo uklanyelwe ukukhuthazela, ukunikeza ukuzinza nohlelo lokubusa, kodwa kumelwe futhi uguquke ukuze ubonise ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zezenhlalo, izinto zezobuchwepheshe, nezimo zezombangazwe. Ukulungisa inqubo i-valv yokuphepha (a) eyakhiwe kahle, inqubo eqinile eqinisekisa ukuthi noma iluphi ushintsho aluthathiwe kalula. Nakuba amakhenika akhethekile ahlukene ngezwe, imiyalo eminingi yanamuhla ihlanganyela ezakhiweni ezifanayo: imvume yemithetho engokomthetho, ukuvunywa kwemithetho, ukumiswa, ukusungulwa, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola isigaba ngasinye ngokujula, ukudweba izibonelo ezivela eUnited States, eNdiya, eJalimane, nakwamanye amazwe ukubonisa indlela ethathwa ngamabomushoyo ukuguqula ibhulo.

Isicelo Sesichibiyelo

Isinyathelo sokuqala esingokomthetho ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo yisiphakamiso. Lesi isigaba lapho umqondo woshintsho ufakwa khona enqubweni engokomthetho. Ngokuvamile, izindikimba ezithile kuphela ezinegunya lokuhlongoza ukuhlongozwa, futhi izimfuneko zibekwe phezulu ukuze kuvinjelwe imizamo eyize noma enzima. Izindlela ezimbili ezivame kakhulu zingengomkhandlu wemithetho noma ngomhlangano wemithetho ohlelwe ngokukhethekile.

Isivumelwano Semithetho

Emazweni amaningi, isishaya-mthetho sesizwe (isishaya-mthetho noma ingqungquthela) siphethe amandla okunquma ukubuyisana. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngevoti yama-triqu amabili endlu yabameleli ne-Gazernat. Lokhu kulunga okukhulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma iluphi ushintsho oluhlongozwayo lunesisekelo esikhulu ngaphambi kokuba ludlule ngisho nasesigabeni esilandelayo. Ngokufanayo, eNdiya, imvume yomthetho-sisekelo ingamiswa kunoma yiziphi izindlu zePhalamende futhi kumelwe idluliswe ngengqikithi yamalungu endlu ngayinye, futhi kumelwe idluliswe ngoMthetho-Mbali-kathi owenzinyana omkhulu wendlu ngayinye, futhi nangamalungu amaningi angaphansi kwama-3 000 alabo abakhona nabehlelayo. EJalimane, engxenyeni enkulu engaphezulu kwezingu-3 ku-Bundraywond, engaphezulu-kabili kumele i-Brend.

Umzila wezicelo ze-avino uvame kakhulu ngoba uveza ukubuswa kwentando yeningi okukhona. Nokho, umnyango ophakeme usho ukuthi izinguquko eziningi ezihlongozwayo aziphumi ngisho nasekomitini. Ngokwesibonelo, eMkhandlwini wase-U.S., izinkulungwane zezinqumo zesinqumo zokulungisa ziye zamiswa kusukela ngo-1789, kodwa ezingu-33 kuphela eziye zavunyelwa yizimfuneko ezizingxenye ezimbili ezintathu futhi zathunyelwa ezindaweni ukuze zihlatshwe.

Isivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo

Eyesibili, engasetshenziswa kakhulu indlela yokuhlongoza ingengomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo. Lena indikimba yezihambeli ezihlangene ngokukhethekile ngenjongo yokulungisa. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza lendlela ehlukile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V: ekusetshenzisweni kwezishaya-ntathu ezimbili zezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, uKhongolo-khakha kumelwe abize umhlangano ukuba uhlongoze ukumiswa kwezimiso. Lendlela ayizange isetshenziswe ngokwezinga likahulumeni, kodwa isalokhu iyinqubo enamandla emfundisweni. Izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa imihlangano yazo siqu yemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Imihlangano yomthetho-sisekelo ivame ukubhekwa njengendlela yokudlula isishaya-mthetho esiboshwe ngemithetho noma yokusingatha izindaba zezimiso. Nokho, iphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngo "umhlangano ohambayo" ongase uhlongoze izinguquko ngalé kwesayizi yokuqala. Ngenxa yalokhu kwesaba, indlela yomhlangano ilokhu icatshangelwa kakhulu ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ngo-2023, inhlangano phakathi kwamazwe ase-U.S. iyakubiza umhlangano ngokulinganisela ukuhleleka kwemali okutholakele ukunaka kodwa akuzange kufinyelele emngceleni.

Imithetho Ephakeme Enqabela Ukulahlwa

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isiphakamiso, isilinganiso esikhulu siyadingeka cishe njalo. Isigamu esiqondile siyahlukahluka: ama-3 avamile (U.S., iJapane), kodwa amanye amazwe asebenzisa ama-fth amathathu (eFrance kwezinye iziphendu) noma ngisho namathathu amane (amahlelo athile ezwe e-U.S.). Lesi siqobo esiphezulu siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvuleka kunesisekelo esibanzi, esihlala njalo kunokuba kube umkhiqizo wenani elincane noma elingesikhashana.

Ukuvunyelwa Imithetho

Uma nje isilungiso sesihlongozwe ngokusemthethweni, kumelwe sivunyelwe yindikimba yemithetho (noma izindikimba) emiswe umthetho-sisekelo. Lesinyathelo sihlukile esiqongweni ngoba sihilela impikiswano engaphansi kwe-boxton kanye nevoti engokomthetho. Ezimisweni ze-bamaral, zombili izingosi kumelwe zivume isilinganiso, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela ezihlukene noma ezimisweni ezilandelanayo.

Indima Yokusebenza Ngokuvelele

Imfuneko evame kakhulu yokuvunyelwa kwemithetho i-primediation. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-German Sicle udinga amalungu amabili-mithathu futhi amalungu amaningi asemavoti eBundesrat. Uma amagumbi amabili anamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili indlu engezansi kanye nendikimba ekhona kahulumeni ivumelana. E-United States, imfuneko yesithathu sombili isebenza ngokufanayo. Uma amagumbi ehluleka ukuhlangana nomnyango, i-antement fa.

Amanye amazwe amisa ezinye izithiyo. ESwitzerland, ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni kumelwe kuvunyelwe yizo zombili izikhungo ze-Federal Assembly (uMkhandlu Wesizwe noMkhandlu Wase- States) ngaphambi kokuba zivotelwe. Kwamanye amazwe, imvume yemithetho kumelwe itholakale kabili ezingqungqutheleni ezimbili ezilandelanayo, kanye nokukhetha phakathi, ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi umphakathi uthole ithuba lokuhlola lendaba ngebhokisi lebhola.

Impikiswano Nempicabadala Yekomiti Yomthetho

Ngaphambi kwevoti, ukulungisa kuvame ukubukezwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eMkhandlwini wase-U.S., ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kubhekiselwa okokuqala kwiKomiti yoMkhosi wendlu noma weSigele. Ukuzwa kuthathwa, kuthathwa ubufakazi obunolwazi, futhi ikomiti ingaphawula ulimi. Lenqubo ingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga. Iziphendulo zingashintshwa phakathi nale nkathi, kodwa kuphela uma izinguquko zivumelana nenjongo yokuqala. Umgomo uwukuveza umbhalo oqondile, onomsindo ongokomthetho ozomelana nokuhlolwa komthetho ngemva kokuhlaziywa.

Izibonelo Zokwamukelwa Okuphumelelayo Nokungafezwa Kwemithetho

I-Umeal Rights Amedial Amendment (ERA) eUnited States yavunyelwa uMkhandlu ngo-1971 enabaningi ababalulekile abangamashumi amathathu kuwo womabili amakamu, kodwa ekugcineni yahluleka ukugunyazwa yizifundazwe ezanele phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe. Ngokuphambene, iSichibiyelo sekhulu lama-26 (kube sekube senkathi yokuvota kuya ku-18 18) sahamba ngomkhumbi ngoMkhandlu ngo-1971 futhi sagunyazwa ngezinyanga ezintathu nje. ENdiya, iziNdiya, iRefectionmentations (iSinqululo se-73) ezisebenzelana nohulumeni wendawo (199) zadluliselwa ngemva kwenkulumo - mpikiswano enkulu, kubonisa ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ye-Propubliclativeze uma kuhlangene nezombangazwe.

Inqubo Yokukhipha Imithala

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho, ukulungiswa kungena esigabeni sako esidinga kakhulu: ukuvuselelwa. Lena inqubo ushintsho oluhlongozwayo oluthunyelwa ngayo ezifundazweni noma kwezinye izigaba zezizwe ukuze kuthole ukuvunyelwa kokugcina. Isinyathelo sokulungisa siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvunywa kwemvume yabantu noma yabameleli bazo kusondelene nezimpande zotshani. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ngoba ukuncitshiswa komthetho ngokomthetho ngokuvamile kuthinta ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni omkhulu nezifundazwe.

Ukuhlanzwa Imithetho KaHulumeni

Indlela evame kakhulu yokuthola imvume ingovoti ezimisweni zezishaya-mthetho noma ezifundazweni. E-United States, izishaya-mfantu ezintathu kwezine zezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (38 kwezingu-50) kumelwe zivumele ukubuyiselwa kwazo ukuba zibe ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lenqubo ingathatha iminyaka. Ezinye izifunda zingavota ngokushesha, kuyilapho ezinye zingase zibambezele noma zenqabe. ISiphendulo se 27, esisebenzelana nenkokhelo yesivumelwano, sathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 ukuthatha i-ravice kodwa ekugcineni sagunyazwa ngo-192. ENdiya, ukugunyazwa kudinga ukuvunyelwa okungenani ingxenye yezindlu zomthetho ezithile zesizwe ngenxa yezinqumo ezithile ezithinta izindaba zikahulumeni.

Ukucwiywa Imihlangano YoMbuso

Enye indlela isetshenziswa ngemihlangano ekhethekile. Lendlela yasetshenziselwa iSichibiyelo sekhulu lama-21 e-United States, esibizwa ngokuthi i-prohibition. I-Congress eqanjwe ngemihlangano kunokuba iqondiswe izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuze igweme ithonya labavukeli abalawula ukudamba. Indlela yomhlangano ishesha kodwa ibiza kakhulu. Ayivamile ukusetshenziswa kodwa ihlala iyindlela yomthetho-sisekelo. Amanye amazwe, njengase-Australia, adinga ukumiswa kwesilinganiso sombuso sokulungisa inqubo yomthetho-mthetho-mthethweni, okuyisimo sokuguqula i-transmistruction, okuhlanganisa ukuvota okuthandwayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwesikhathi Nezimfuneko

Amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele yesikhathi ukuze ahluthulelwe. E-United States, uMkhandlu ungamisa isikhathi esimisiwe (iminyaka eyisikhombisa) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isilinganiso esidingekayo sezwe sikhona. Uma inani elidingekayo lalelofasitela lingavumelani, ukubuyiselwa kuyaphela. I-ERA yaba nomngcele weminyaka eyisikhombisa (eyengeziwe yaze yafinyelela kweyishumi) kodwa yahluleka. Amanye amazwe, njengaseJalimane, awanayo imingcele eqondile yesikhathi, kodwa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokuqeda impoqo kuphakeme.

Izibonelo Zokungasheshi

I-ERA isebenza njengesibonelo esivelele sokulungisa okuhlongozwe ngokugcwele nokugunyaziwe ekugcineni okwawa izifunda ezintathu ezingasakwazi ukuhlaziywa. Okunye ukubuyiselwa kwehlulekile kuhlanganisa iziqu zeSichibiyelo sokungabikho Kwezingane (esingazange sagunyazwa) neSiphendulo samaLungu eColumbia Voting (esaqala ngo- 1985 ngemva kwezifunda ezingu-16 kuphela ezagunyazwa). Lokhu kwehluleka kubonisa ukuthi isithiyo sokuhlukanisa ngokuvamile sinzima ukucacisa.

Ukusebenzisa Imisebenzi Nokutholwa

Nokho, le nqubo ayigcini lapho. Ukulungisa kumelwe kuqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni, kuhlanganiswe embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo, futhi kuphoqelelwe izindikimba zikahulumeni ezihlongoza ukumiswa kwezwe.

Ukugunyazwa Nokuhlanzwa

E-United States, umbhishobhi we-Archivist wase-United States wenza ukuba kuthathwe futhi anikeze isimemezelo. Ukulungisa kube sengxenyeni yomthetho-sisekelo. Umbhalo osemthethweni uyavuselelwa ukuze uhlanganise nolimi olusha. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho iSichibiyelo se-26 sigunyazwa ngo-1971, i- Archivist yasiqinisekisa phakathi namahora, futhi uMongameli wasayina ngokushesha lesi simemezelo. Emazweni amaningi, inhloko kahulumeni noma inkantolo engokomthetho imemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuthi utholwa.

Ukuchazwa Kokwahlulela Nokusetshenziswa Kwalo

Ngemva kokutholwa, izinkantolo zinendima eyinhloko ekuchazeni ukuvuselelwa kwendlela yokulungisa. Amalungiselelo amasha angadinga ukuvuselelwa nemithetho ekhona nezincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo zangaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokubekwa kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-14 ngo-1868, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ichithe amashumi eminyaka ichaza izinga "lokuvikelwa ngokulinganayo" nenqubo engaphambili". Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo ePhakathi Ephakeme yaseNdiya iye yachaza imfundiso eyisisekelo ukuze ilinganisele amandla athile ePhalamendeni ukuze ilungise izici ezithile zemithetho-mfandende, ngisho nento ephakeme kakhulu.

Izimemezelo kumelwe zimise futhi ukumiswa komthetho. Ezinye izinguquko ziwukuzibulala ngokwazo, azidingi nyathelo limbi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seMithetho sama-22 (imingcele yezikhathi ezingaphambili) zenza umongameli wesikhathi esibili angaphinde asebenze. Ezinye, njengeSimemezelo se-16 (ukukhokha intela), kumane nje kugunyaze iKhomishane yokukhokha intela yeholo, kodwa ikhokhiso langempela kumelwe libhalwe. Isigaba sokusebenza siqinisekisa ukuthi inguquko iguqulelwe embhalweni ofingqiwe embhalweni ongokoqobo ukuba iguqulelwe ekuqondiseni okungokoqobo.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwenqubo Yesichibiyelo

Nakuba ushintsho lwamabomu lwenqubo luhloselwe ukuvikela ubuqotho bomthetho - sisekelo, lubangela ukugxekwa. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi luqine kakhulu, lwenza kube cishe okungenakwenzeka ukuguqula okudingekayo.

Ukuguquguquka kuphikisana.

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uphakathi kwento enzima kakhulu ukuqeda. Kusukela ngo-1789, izinguquko ezingu-77 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa cishe futhi iziphakamiso zokuqala (iSigqi samalungelo) zadluliswa ngokushesha. Ngokuphambene, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingi iguqulwa kaningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo yokulungisa ye-guantern iye yaba nzima kakhulu kangangokuba inqanda noma iluphi ushintsho, ngisho nalapho kunokusekela komphakathi okusakazekile. Ngokwesibonelo, izicelo eziningana zokuqeda i-Electoral Collegemental noma ukubeka imingcele eKholiji ye-Congressmests ziye zagcinwa. Lokhu kushintsha inqubo eqinile ngezindlela ezishintshanayo, njengokuchaza inqubo yokwahlulela noma imithetho yezombangazwe ngokwethukela, okungasho ukuthi iphansi kakhulu.

Amalungiselelo Angenakubizwa Ngamagama

Eminye imithetho-siseko inemilungiselelo "engalungiseka" `Izinhlaka ezingenakushintshwa ngisho nangenqubo evamile yokulungisa. Umthetho weSisekelo waseJalimane uyaziwa ngokuvikela isithunzi somuntu kanye nesakhiwo sikahulumeni ekulungiseni inguquko. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, ngemfundiso eyisisekelo esungulwe [I-Kavananda Bharati [[ [7773]), uvimbela ukuncitshiswa okubhubhisa isithunzi sawo esiyisisekelo, njengesimiso sokungavumelani nombuso wezwe wentando yeningi. Nakuba lezizivikelo zivikela izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezisemgangathweni, zingabonwa futhi njengezimelene nedemocratic , ngoba zibopha izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zentando.

Izingqinamba Zezombangazwe Nezezimali

Inqubo yokulungisa ayigonyiwe kwezombangazwe ezihlukanisayo. Emazweni amaningi, izimfuneko ezinkulu zisho ukuthi iqembu elincane lingavimbela ukubuyiselwa okuxhaswe kakhulu. Amaqembu esithakazelo kanye nabangenisi futhi angathonya lenqubo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuthatheka kombuso. I-ERA yabhekana nokunxenxelwa okukhulu yibo bobabili abasekeli nabaphikisi, futhi imizamo yamuva yokuthakatha eVirginia naseNevada yaxhuzulwa ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe ngemibandela emisiwe. Lezi zinselele zingaqokomisa ukuqina phakathi kokuzinza komthetho-sisekelo nentando yeningi.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Indlela Amanye Amazwe Avumelana Ngayo Nomthetho - sisekelo Wawo

Ukubheka ngalé kwe - United States kwembula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa isimo, ngasinye sibonisa umlando nezindinganiso eziyingqayizivele zezwe.

E - United States: Banamandla Futhi Bayizithukuthuku

Inqubo yase-U.S. ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V iyisici esinzima. Inqubo idinga ama-32-mitha ezindlu zombili ze-Congress noma umhlangano obizwa ngama-35 ezifundazwe. Ukukhuliswa kudinga iziphakamiso zemithetho yesizwe ezintathu noma yemihlangano emikhulu. Umphumela uwukuthi izinguquko ezingu-33 kuphela eziye zahlongozwa futhi ezingu-7 zagunyazwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu- 230. Isimiso sihlela ukuqina kokuzinziswa kokushintsha, siphoqelela ukuvumelana okukhulu phambi kwanoma isiphi inguquko. Inqubo ye-U.S. zombili inqubo iye yatuswa ngenxa yokuvimbela izinguquko zenguquko noma inguquko ehlanekezelwe ngenxa yokungahambi ngezidingo zobukhonya zanamuhla.

ENdiya: ISiphazamiso Sesimiso Sokusebenzelana Nezigwebo Esivumelana Nezimo

Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, umthetho-mthetho wezwe omude kunayo yonke ebhaliwe, unikeza izindlela ezintathu zokulungisa kuxhomeke endabeni. Izinguquko eziningi zidinga iningi lePhalamende (i-Article 368) noma iningi elikhethekile (isithathu samalungu akhona nawasekuvotelweni kanye nenani elikhulu). Iziphendu ezithinta amalungiselelo kahulumeni zidinga ukuhlaziywa okungenani ingxenye yezindlu zomthetho. Kusukela ngo-1950, iNdiya idlula i-100 yenguquko, ibonisa indlela evumelanayo. Nokho, imfundiso yeNkantolo Ephakeme ibeka imingcele yemidathamo, ivimbela noma isiphi ushintsho oluyo oluzolulaza izici eziyisisekelo zomthetho.

IJalimane: Ukuvikela Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha

I-Byntheedual Law (Grundesetz) idinga i-Fourcel-Fourcess i-Lyfreds displate displate divisions , noma izimiso zesithunzi somuntu kanye nomthetho (i-Boundestrat kunoma isiphi isibuyekezo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSiphakamiso 79 sikwenqabela ngokucacile ukususwa kokuhlukaniswa kwe-Federation kuya ku-Länder, ukuthatha isigaba semithetho, noma izimiso zesithunzi somuntu kanye nomthetho womthetho (i-Athenticle 1 nesigaba 20). Lesi "Siphakamiso se-gamende" siqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso ezithile eziyisisekelo azinakungasuswa. Kusukela ngo-1949, iJalimane, iye yaguqula uMthetho wayo obalulekile izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-60, ivumelanisa ukuhlanganisa nokushintsha kwezimiso zomphakathi zaseYurophu nezimiso zomphakathi kuyilapho ilondoloza izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo.

IAustralia: Kudingeka Imithi Yokubuyisela Imali

Inqubo yokulungisa i-Australia ngaphansi kwesigaba 128 idinga ushintsho oluhlongozwayo oluzodluliswa yizo zombili izindlu zePhalamende (noma ngendlu eyodwa uma enye inqanyulwa) bese ivunyelwa yiningi labavoti ezweni lonke, kanye neningi labavoti ezifundeni eziningi (ezine kweziyisithupha). Lokhu okubili kuqinisekisa kokubili ukuthi kuyathandwa futhi kusesilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Kusukela ngo1901, izinguquko ezingu-8 kuphela kwezingu-444 ezihlongoziwe ziye zaphumelela, kubonakalisa inqubo enzima kodwa engenakuba nzima.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engenaluzwela Yoshintsho

Inqubo yokuhlela umthetho-sisekelo ayiklanyelwe ukuthatha ijubane. Luhambo lwamabomu, olunezitezi eziningi olukhipha izinhloso zezombangazwe ezithatha isikhathi esifushane futhi lufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi. Kusukela esihlongozweni sokuqala esidinga ukusekela okukhulu, ngokuvunyelwa kwemithetho yemithetho kanye nokumiswa kwemithetho, ukumiswa komthetho nokuchazwa, inyathelo ngalinye lenezela izingqimba zokuhlola nokuhlelwa. Nakuba abagxeki bengase bakhombe ubunzima benqubo njengesithiyo sokulungisa, indlela yamabomu iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-ogracratic ment unesisindolo esiphezulu. Abameleli ushintsho nje kuphela emthethweni, kodwa ukuguqulwa kwento eyisisekelo sesizwe esiyisisekelo. Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka ihlola, ukumiswa kwenqubo kuhlala kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi izinhlelo eziphilayo zihlala zikhona, kodwa inqubo eqinile ukubusa.