Indlela Imithetho Evikela Ngayo Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Yazo Zonke Izakhamuzi

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ingenye yamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo kakhulu, agxile kakhulu ezimisweni ezingokomthetho zezizwe zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lenkululeko edingekile iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangasebenzisa ukholo lwabo, baveze izinkolelo zabo, futhi baphile ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukugxambukela kuhulumeni, ukucwasana, noma ukushushiswa. Isivikelo esingokomthetho esizungezile senkululeko engokwenkolo simelela amakhulu eminyaka yokulwa, ukuthuthuka kwefilosofi, nokuthuthukiswa komthetho, kwakha ukuhlelwa kwemithetho okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhloselwe ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nezithakazelo ezingokwenhlalo.

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho evikela ngayo inkululeko engokwenkolo kudinga ukuhlola izisekelo zomthetho sisekelo, izikhuselo zomthetho-mthetho, izimiso zamazwe ngamazwe, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezilawula lengxenye ebalulekile yenkululeko yomphakathi. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwezincwadi zezizwe kuya ezinqumweni zenkantolo zanamuhla, umthetho wenkululeko engokwenkolo uyaqhubeka uguqukela ekusabeleni ekushintsheni kwekhono lezenhlalo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezingxabano phakathi kwamalungelo aphikisanayo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senkululeko Engokwenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sinamalungiselelo amabili ngokuphathelene nenkolo: Ukumiswa kukaClaus ne - Free Execle Clause.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus

ISichibiyelo sokuQokelela u-Claus seSinqumiso sokuqala senqabela uhulumeni ekwenzeni noma yimuphi umthetho "ukuhlonipha ukumiswa kwenkolo". Lesi sisho asinqabeli uhulumeni nje kuphela ukumisa inkolo engokomthetho, kodwa futhi sinqabela izenzo zikahulumeni ezibonisa ukukhetha inkolo enye ngokungafanele kunenye. Futhi sinqabela uhulumeni ukuba akhethe inkolo ngokungafanele kunenkolo engeyona inkolo, noma engeyona inkolo phezu kwenkolo.

Ukumiswa kukaClaus kuwukulondeka okumbaxambili, kwenqabela kokubili ukulawulwa kukahulumeni inkolo nokulawulwa kwezombangazwe uhulumeni.

Umlando weSivumelwano sikaClaus wembula ukubaluleka kwaso ekusungulweni kwezwe laseMelika. Ngezikhathi zamakoloni, iSonto laseSheshi lamiswa ngomthetho kuwo wonke amakoloni aseningizimu, kuyilapho amaPuritan (noma "Conparation") akhona ezindaweni eziningi zaseNgilandi. Kulawo mazwe amakoloni, abefundisi babemiswa futhi belulekwa iziphathimandla zamakoloni namakoloni ukuba bakhokhe izintela zenkolo futhi (ngokuvamile) baye ezinkonzweni zesonto. Abaphathi boMthetho-sisekelo babefuna ukuvimbela ukulawulwa kombuso ombuso wenkolo.

Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus

I-Free Exenice Claus ivikela ilungelo lezakhamuzi lokuqhuba inkolo yazo ngendlela ezithanda ngayo, uma nje lomkhuba ungakhohliswa "ukuziphatha komphakathi" noma isithakazelo sikahulumeni. Lesivikelo sidlulela kokubili enkolelweni engokwenkolo nasemkhubeni ongokwenkolo, nakuba umgangatho wesivikelo sazo zonke izihlukene ngokuphawulekayo.

Inombolo yamahhala ivikela izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, futhi ngokwezinga elithile, imikhuba engokwenkolo yazo zonke izakhamuzi. Nakuba uhulumeni engenakuphazamisa ilungelo lomuntu lobambelele kunoma iyiphi inkolelo engokwenkolo, ingalawula imikhuba engokwenkolo lapho leyo mikhuba ingqubuzana nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni, njengempilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, noma amalungelo abanye.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezimbili budala lokho ezinye izazi ezikuchaza ngokuthi ukumelana nombono. Zombili izigaba zivikela izindinganiso ezifanayo, futhi ngokuvamile ukwephulwa kwenye kungaba ukwephulwa kwenye. Izinkantolo kumelwe zibusebenzise ngokucophelela lobu buhlobo ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi ukuvikela isici esithile senkululeko engokwenkolo akukona okweqayo.

Ukuthuthuka Nokugcinwa Komlando

Isimiso senkululeko engokwenkolo safakwa emthethweni waseMelika neSichibiyelo Sokuqala SoMthetho - sisekelo ngo - 1791. Indlela yokuthola lesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo yayihilela impikiswano ebalulekile phakathi kwesizukulwane esisungulile ngobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kukahulumeni nenkolo.

Ngemva kwenkululeko, kwakunesivumelwano esakazekile sokuthi akumelwe kube nesonto elimisiwe ngokwesizwe. I-Dreamentmentment Claus of the First Amendment, ngokuyinhloko eqanjwe nguJames Madison, ibonisa lo mbono. Indima kaMadison ekuklameni lezi sivikelo isekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ebona ushushiso olungokwenkolo nokuzinikela kwakhe kwefilosofi enkululekweni kanembeza.

I-Smartte for Religious Freedom, eyabuthelwa uThomas Jefferson, yasebenza njengendatshana ebalulekile yeSiphendulo sezenkolo sokuqala. Lomthetho wasusa iSonto laseNgilandi eVirginia futhi waqinisekisa inkululeko yokuzivivinya okungokwenkolo kubantu bazo zonke izinkolo, wamisa isibonelo esasiyothonya izivikelo zomthetho sisekelo kahulumeni.

Izivikelo Zemithetho Engokwesiko Zenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, uMkhandlu uye wamisa imithetho eminingi ebalulekile enikeza inkululeko eyengeziwe engokwenkolo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo (RFRA)

Lapho idluliselwa emthethweni eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili edlule, iReligious Freedom Reconstruct Act (RFRA) yayiklanyelwe ukuvikela ilungelo lamaqembu amancane enkolo lomthetho-sisekelo lokusebenzisa izinkolelo zawo ngokukhululekile. I-RFRA inqabela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba athathe "umthwalo onzima kakhulu [i-[ing]" inqubo engokwenkolo yomuntu ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kuyizindlela ezivimbele kakhulu zokuqhubekisela phambili isithakazelo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo.

Lomthetho kahulumeni unikeza isivikelo kwi Free Express of Religion ngendinganiso ekhudlwana yokuhlola ubunkimbinkimbi bezenzo zikahulumeni "owehlisa umthwalo" wokuqhuba komuntu inkolo, ngisho noma lezozenzo zingathathi hlangothi ngokwenkolo. Lezozenzo zihlolwa ngokunembe, lapho kumelwe zibe khona "ekuthandeni isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo" futhi zisebenzise "izindlela ezingaphansi kwemingcele" ukuqhubekisela phambili lesosithakazelo.

I - RFRA yayisekelwa umfelandawonye omkhulu wezinhlangano ezazihlanganisa eziningi emphakathini wamalungelo abantu, ezamukela umthetho njengesihlangu esibalulekile ekubuseni ngonya kweningi.

Izimpikiswano Ngesimiso Se - RFRA Esingokwesikhathi Esidlule

Nakuba i - RFRA ekuqaleni yayihloselwe ukuba isihlangu sokuvikela izinkolo ezincane, eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwaba nempikiswano enkulu mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwayo.Naphezu kwalenhloso egxilile, abantu namabhizinisi baye bazama ukusonta i - RFRA ukuze ifakwe ephepheni elingabhaliwe ukuze ihlukanise noma iphoqelele izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo kwabanye.

Lo mthetho uqala phakathi kokusetshenziswa kabi kwe-RFRA ukuze uthethelele ubandlululo ngezindlela eziningi. Lokhu kukhathazeka kuye kwaholela emizamweni yokucacisa i-RFRA futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi ifeza injongo yayo yokuqala yokuvikela inqubo yenkolo ngaphandle kokwenza ukuba icwaswe.

Ngakho - ke, uMthetho we - Do Nout Eligalment uqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo isetshenziswa njengesihlangu ukuze kuvikelwe ilungelo loMthetho - sisekelo lokusebenzisa inkolo ngokukhululekile hhayi inkemba yokuhlukanisa.

Isihloko I - VII Nezindlela Zokuvikela Umsebenzi Wenkolo

Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1946 sinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekucwaseni okungokwenkolo emsebenzini. Izinhlangano, izinhlangano zezenkolo, izinhlangano zemfundo, nezinhlangano − okusho ukuthi, izinhlangano ezihlelelwe izinjongo ezingokwenkolo futhi ezihlanganyela emsebenzini ngokuvumelana, nangokuqhubekayo, izinjongo ezinjalo, zinokukhulula okusobala okungokomthetho ekunqabeni kweSihloko se-VII ekucwaseni okungokwenkolo emsebenzini.

Ngaphansi kwalokho kukhululwa, izinhlangano zenkolo zingakhetha ukusebenzisa kuphela abantu abanezinkolelo nokuziphatha okuvumelana nezimiso zenkolo. Lokhu kukhulula kuqaphela isimo esiyingqayizivele sezinhlangano zenkolo nesidingo sazo sokulondoloza isimo sazo esingokwenkolo nomsebenzi ngezinqumo zazo zemisebenzi.

Izinga lalezi sivikelo lidlulela ngalé kwezindlu zokukhulekela ukuze kuhlanganiswe izikole zenkolo, izinhlangano ezisiza abasweleyo nezinye izinhlangano ezisekelwe enkolweni. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi ukuphoqelela izinhlangano ezingokwenkolo ukuba ziqashe abantu abanezinkolelo noma ukuziphatha okungqubuzana nomkhankaso wenkolo walenhlangano kungakuthwesa umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu ukuqhuba kwazo inkolo.

Izinhlangano Ezisekela Ukusekela Imali Nezenkolo

Izinhlangano zenkolo zinelungelo lokuncintisana ngokulinganayo ukuze zithole usizo lwezimali olusetshenziswa uhulumeni ukuze zisekele izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano ezinjalo ngokuvamile zingase zingadingeki ukuba zishintshe isimo sazo esingokwenkolo ukuze zihlanganyele esimisweni sikahulumeni, noma ziyeke ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile emisebenzini engokwenkolo ngaphandle kohlelo, noma zikwazi ukulahla iziphetho zazo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni zokuvikela izinqumo zokuqasha ezingokwenkolo.

Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zenkolo zingahlanganyela ezinhlelweni zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokudela ubunkolo bazo noma umsebenzi wazo. Izimiso ezilinganayo ze - Faith - Bighed Organization zimisa izisekelo zokuthi izinhlangano zenkolo zingasebenzelana kanjani nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuyilapho zilondoloza izinkolelo zazo ezihlukile.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Esetshenziswa Uhulumeni

Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni unikeza isisekelo sesivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho yayo yenkululeko engokwenkolo esebenza ezinyathelweni zikahulumeni nezombuso. Lezisivikelo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile ziveza i-RFRA kahulumeni kodwa zinganikeza ezinye izivikelo ezivumelana nomongo wombuso othile.

Imibuso engu - 30 iye yamukela inguqulo ethile yeReligious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) eyasayinwa ngokokuqala emthethweni nguMongameli uBill Clinton ngo - 1993. Lokhu kutholwa okusakazeke kabanzi kubonisa ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwemibuso ekuvikeleni inkululeko engokwenkolo ngaphakathi kwegunya layo.

Izifunda zamuva kakhulu ezamukela lezozivikelo zemithetho yesifundazwe kwakuyi-Georgia neWyoming ngo-2025 no-Iowa, i-Utah, ne-Nebraska ngo-2024. i-West Virginia ne-North Dakota zamukela zona ngo-2023 naseNingizimu Dakota kanye ne-Montana ngo-2021. Lokhu kubonisa ukukhula kwejubane lenkululeko engokwenkolo ephakeme kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva.

Le mithetho yenkululeko yoMbuso ibaluleka ngokukhethekile lapho uhulumeni noma ohulumeni bendawo bebeka imithetho engase ithwese izinkonzo umthwalo.

Amalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke Alwela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ayiqashelwa nje kuphela emthethweni wasekhaya kodwa futhi njengelungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke.

UMthetho Wezwe Lonke Wamalungelo Abantu

ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu, esamukelwa yi-United Nations General Assembly ngo-1948, siqaphela inkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza, nenkolo njengamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo. ISiphakamiso 18 salesiSimemezelo sithi wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza nenkolo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokushintsha inkolo noma izinkolelo nenkululeko yokubonakalisa inkolo yomuntu noma inkolelo yakhe ekufundiseni, ekukhulekeni, ekukhulekeni, nasekukhulekeni, nasemkhosini.

Lokhu kuqashelwa kwezizwe zonke kumisa inkululeko engokwenkolo njengelungelo lomuntu lomhlaba wonke elidlula imingcele yobuzwe nempucuko.

Isivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nangokwezombangazwe

I-International Parvey on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1976, inikeza izivikelo ezibophayo ezingokomthetho zenkululeko engokwenkolo emazweni aye ayigunyaza. ISiphakamiso se-ICPR se-18 se-ICPR sichaza ngelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza, nenkolo, siveza ukuthi leli lungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokuba nenkolo noma ukwamukela inkolelo noma inkululeko yokubonisa inkolo noma inkolelo yomuntu yokukhulekela, ukuqhuba, nokufundisa.

I-ICCPR futhi inqabela ukuphoqelelwa okungaphazamisa inkululeko yomuntu yokuba nenkolo noma ukwamukela izinkolelo futhi ifuna ukuba amazwe ahloniphe inkululeko yabazali ukuqinisekisa imfundo engokwenkolo nengokokuziphatha yezingane zabo ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zabo. Lezi zivikelo zimisa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke eziphelelisa imithetho yenkululeko engokwenkolo yasekhaya.

Izikhali Zamalungelo Abantu Zesifunda

Izimiso ezihlukahlukene zamalungelo abantu ezingokwezifunda zivikela nenkululeko engokwenkolo. I-European Convention on Human Rights, i-American Convention on Human Rights, ne-African Charter on Human and People’s Rights zonke zihlanganisa amalungiselelo avikela inkululeko yenkolo nezinkolelo. La mathuluzi esifunda anikeza izinqubo zokufuna ukubuyiselwa kwabantu lapho amalungelo abo angokwenkolo ephulwa ngesenzo sikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zesifunda zamalungelo abantu, njenge - European Court of Human Rights, ziye zasungula imithetho eminingi echaza isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo nokumisa izindinganiso zokulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo nezinye izithakazelo.

Ukuchazwa Kokwahlulela Nokuvivinywa Okungokomthetho

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo nasekusebenziseni yona emacaleni athile.

Ukuvivinywa Kwelimoni

Namuhla, okuwukumiswa kwenkolo" ngokuvamile kulawulwa ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwezingxenye ezintathu kweNkantolo ePhakeme eLemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971). Ngaphansi kovivinyo lwe "Lemon", uhulumeni angasiza inkolo kuphela uma (1) injongo eyinhloko yosizo ingeyezwe, (2) usizo akumelwe luthuthukise noma luvimbele inkolo, futhi (3) akukho ukuthandeka okukhulu phakathi kwesonto nombuso.

Ukuhlolwa kweLemon kuye kwaba esinye sezici ezinethonya kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni amacala kaClaus, nakuba kuye kwagxekwa kakhulu futhi kwashintshwa noma kwabekwa eceleni kwezinye izindaba zamuva. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukusebenzisa uvivinyo ngokuqhubekayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emthandazweni wesikole kuya emibukiswaneni engokwenkolo engokwabiweni yomphakathi kuya ekuxhaseni kwezinhlangano zenkolo.

Ukushintsha Kwamuva Kokumiswa KukaClaus

Ngokuphawulekayo ngo - 2022, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphawula ushintsho endleleni echaza ngayo amacala kaClaus eqhubekela phambili. Izinqumo za Muva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zadedela ukusetshenziswa okuqinile kokuhlola iLemon futhi zacabangela imikhuba namasiko angokomlando ekuhloleni iziphakamiso zikaClaus.

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala savikela isisebenzi sasesikoleni somphakathi esasithandaza phakathi nangemva kwemidlalo yesikole, ngaphansi kwe - Free Exemory ne - Speech Clauses, nokuthi umthandazo onjalo awuzange ungqubuzane noMsungulo ka-Claus. Esinqumweni sayo, iNkantolo yalahla ukuhlolwa kweLemon futhi yafaka ukuhlola okuhlobene nayo, futhi esikhundleni sawo yacabangela “imikhuba yobukhohlakani nokuqonda. ”

Lolu shintsho luwushintsho oluphawulekayo endleleni izinkantolo eziyohlaziya ngayo amacala enkululeko engokwenkolo aqhubekela phambili, okungase kuthuthukise izivikelo ezingokwenkolo eziboniswa umphakathi kuyilapho kuphakama imibuzo ephathelene nemingcele kahulumeni yokuhileleka enkolweni.

Inkonzo Ekhethekile

Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela "ukungavumelani nenkonzo" okuvimbela ukungenela kukahulumeni ekukhetheni kwezinhlangano zenkolo izikhonzi zazo nezinye izisebenzi eziyinhloko zenkolo. Lemfundiso iqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano zenkolo kumelwe zizikhethele ngokwazo abaholi bazo abangokomoya ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni, ngoba izinqumo ezinjalo zibalulekile emsebenzini wazo ongokwenkolo futhi zisho ukuthi zingobani.

Ukungathathi nkonzo akusetshenziswanga nje kuphela kubefundisi kodwa futhi nakothisha ezikoleni zenkolo nakwabanye abenza imisebenzi ebalulekile engokwenkolo. Izinkantolo ziye zathi ukuvumela uhulumeni ukuba angenele kulezizinqumo zemisebenzi kungaphazamisa kokubili ukumiswa kukaClaus no-Free Expression Claus ngokucindezela uhulumeni ezindabeni zenkolo nangokuthwesa umthwalo ezinhlanganweni zenkolo ukuba zichaze futhi zifeze imisebenzi yazo engokwenkolo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Esekelwe Ngokuqondile

Inkululeko engokwenkolo isebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye iveza izinselele ezihlukile futhi idinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela ezintweni ezincintisanayo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Emfundweni

Ngo-1962, inkantolo ePhakeme yaveza ukuthi inkambiso yesikole yokuba nomthandazo wansuku zonke yaphula isimemezelo sokumiswa, ngisho noma lomthandazo wawungewona amaqembu ahlangene futhi abafundi bengaphoqelelwanga ukuba bahlanganyele. Lesi sinqumo siye sagxekwa kakhulu abanye abezombangazwe nabaholi benkolo futhi saholela emizamweni eminingana engaphumeleli yokuqeda uMthetho-sisekelo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisa kakhulu ekugcineni umthandazo neminye imisebenzi engokwenkolo ingekho ezikoleni nasesikoleni esisemthethweni.

Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela nokuthi izikole azinakuwacwasa amaqembu enkolo noma ziwakhiphele ngaphandle amaqembu enkolo ezinzuzo ezivamile ezikhona. izikole ezivumela amaqembu abafundi ukuba asebenzise izindawo zazo kumelwe zivumele amaqembu enkolo ukuba angene ngendlela efanayo.

Muva nje, ngo-2022, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-6-3 eCarson v.Makin ukuthi iMaine ayinakuyikhipha imikhaya ethumela izingane zayo ezikoleni zenkolo kuhlelo lwayo lwemali elungiselelwe uhulumeni. Lolu hlelo lusize izingane ezihlala emaphandleni ngaphandle kwezikole zomphakathi eziseduze, kodwa yathi le komiti ayinakusetshenziselwa izikole zenkolo. Inkantolo, enqumweni ebhalwe nguMahluleli uJohn Roberts Jr., yathi le nqubo iphula ilungelo labazali lokusebenzisa inkolo yabo ngokukhululekile nokuthi inzuzo yomphakathi egelezela esikoleni esisekelwe entweni yomzali ayizange "ehlenga" ekusunguleni" ukumiswa kwemithetho yezenzwe.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Emsebenzini

Isihloko VII se-Civil Rights Act sinqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe enkolweni futhi sifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze izisebenzi indawo yokuhlala engcono yemisebenzi yenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela umqashi ubunzima obungadingekile. Lokhu kuvikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zingaqhubeka nemikhuba yazo engokwenkolo lapho zisemsebenzini.

Izindawo zokulala ezingokwenkolo emsebenzini zingahlanganisa nokulungisa izimiso zomsebenzi ukuze kuvunyelwe imikhosi yenkolo, ngaphandle kokugqoka imithetho evumela izingubo ezingokwenkolo, nokuvumela ukuyekethisa komthandazo phakathi nosuku lomsebenzi. Abaqashi kumelwe bahlanganyele enqubweni yokuxoxa nezisebenzi ukuze bathole izindawo zokulala ezifanele ezivumela izisebenzi ukuba ziqhube inkolo yazo ngaphandle kokuthwesa imithwalo ephawulekayo emsebenzini.

Ikhambi lamuva nje liye laphendula imibuzo ngokuphathelene nezindawo zokulala ezidingekayo nokuthi yini ebangela ubunzima obungadingekile kubaqashi. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukulinganisela inkululeko yezisebenzi ezingokwenkolo nezidingo zabaqashi ezingokomthetho zebhizinisi kanye namalungelo abanye izisebenzi namakhasimende.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nonembeza

Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kunikeza izinkinga zenkululeko engokwenkolo eziyinselele ngokukhethekile, njengoba ochwepheshe bezokwelapha nezinhlangano bangase baphikise inkolo ngokunikeza izinkonzo ezithile kuyilapho iziguli zinamalungelo okungenela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo. Izimiso zikanembeza zivikela abanakekela impilo abangafuni ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo noma zokuziphatha.

Ngokwesibonelo, uSolicitor General wathi, ngenxa yezimiso zikanembeza, iEMTALA ayinakudinga ukuba udokotela akhiphe isisu esiphuthumayo ngisho noma bengekho abanye udokotela.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhungo zosizo lwezempilo nezikhungo zezosizo kumele zilinganisele amalungelo azo enkululeko enkolo kanye namalungelo eziguli okuthola imvume yokungena. Lokhu kulinganisela kuba kubi kakhulu ezimweni eziphuthumayo noma ezindaweni lapho abanikazi bezempilo benkolo bewukuphela kwendlela ekhona. Abaphathi-mageqe nezinkantolo bayaqhubeka besebenzela ukwakha izimiso ezihlonipha inkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nokukwazi ukungena kwezempilo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nezindawo Zomphakathi

Le mithetho ivimbela amabhizinisi okuhlala omphakathi ukuba angabeki imingcele esekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe, kuhlanganise nenkolo.

Amacala amuva aye akhuluma ukuthi abanikazi bezenkolo bangakwenqaba yini ukunikeza izinkonzo zemishado yobulili obufanayo esekelwe ezinkolelweni zabo ezingokwenkolo ngokuphathelene nomshado. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukulinganisela amalungelo enkululeko enkolo nesivikelo sokulwa nemithetho emelene nemithetho, ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezifinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene zokuthi ungawafaka kuphi umkhawulo.

Lezi zimpikiswano ziphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nenkululeko engokwenkolo emphakathini oxube izinkolo ezihlukahlukene nendlela yokuhlangabezana nezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ezihlukahlukene kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi zitholakala ngokulinganayo ezigcawini.

Izinselele Zenkululeko Engokwenkolo Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ibhekene nezinselele eziningi emphakathini wanamuhla, ezidinga ukuqapha nokujwayela izigwebo ezingokomthetho.

Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Namanye Amalungelo

Enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ihlanganisa ukulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo abalulekile kanye nezithakazelo. Uma uhulumeni eweqisa ekuvikeleni elinye, usengozini yokwephula elinye. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni enqaba ukunikeza izinkonzo ezithile (ukusho ukuthi, umlilo namaphoyisa) emasontweni, lokho kungaphula isigqebhezana sokuzivivinya. Uma uhulumeni enikeza izinkonzo eziningi kakhulu emasontweni (mhlawumbe ukulondeka okwengeziwe kwesehlakalo sesonto), ubeka izingozi zokwephula isigqephu sesivumelwano sokumisa.

Izinkantolo kumelwe zilusebenzise ngokucophelela lolu sizi, ziqiniseke ukuthi ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo akuncishiswe amanye amalungelo ayisisekelo njengokulingana, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, noma ukukwazi ukubhekana nezempilo. Lesi senzo sokulinganisela sidinga ukuhlaziywa okucacile kwamaqiniso aqondile nezithakazelo ezihilelekile esimweni ngasinye.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Namalungelo E - LGBTQ

Ukuhlangana kwenkululeko engokwenkolo namalungelo e-LGBTQ kuye kwaba enye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho wenkululeko engokwenkolo. Abanye abantu nezinhlangano zenkolo banezinkolelo ngomshado, ubulili, kanye nobulili eziphikisana nesivikelo sokucwasa abantu abangabantu. Izinkantolo nezishayamthetho ziye zazama ukusungula izisekelo ezihlonipha kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo neLGBTQ ukulingana.

Lezi zingxabano zivela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kubathengisi bomshado abalwa nokukhonza imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo nezinhlangano zenkolo ezingafuni ukubeka izingane ezinemibhangqwana efanayo kubaqashi abangafuni ukunikeza usizo kubantu abashadile ubulili obufanayo. Ukuthola amakhambi ahlonipha isithunzi namalungelo abo bonke abantu kuhlala kuyinselele.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Emphakathini Ohlukene

Njengoba umphakathi uhluka kakhulu, njengoba inani elikhulayo labantu abambalwa benkolo nabantu abangezona izinkolo, umthetho wenkululeko engokwenkolo kumelwe uvumelane nokuvikela amalungelo abo bonke. Izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezithuthukisiwe ngokuyinhloko ngamahlelo obuKristu engqondweni zingase zingazixazululi ngokwanele izidingo nemikhuba yezinye izinkolo.

Izinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo sisebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amasiko enkolo, kusukela emasontweni amakhulu kuya ezinkolweni ezincane kuya ezinkolweni ezingezona ezenkolo. Lokhu kudinga ukunaka ngokucophelela ukuthi imithetho nezimiso kuthinta kanjani imiphakathi engokwenkolo ehlukahlukene nokuzinikela ekusekeleni inkolo engokwenkolo ephelele.

Ubuchwepheshe Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe idala izinselele ezintsha zenkululeko engokwenkolo. Izindawo zezokuxhumana zezenhlala - kahle nezinye izindawo ze-website ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuveza inkolo nokucwasa ngemishini. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhamba ngemishini bungasongela imfihlo engokwenkolo nenkululeko yokuzimela. Ubuchwepheshe besayensi yobuchwepheshe besayensi yesayensi yemvelo buphakamisa imibuzo eqanjiwe engokwenkolo nengokokuziphatha engase ingaxazululeki ngokwanele.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buzivelela, umthetho wenkululeko yenkolo kumelwe ujwayele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo enkolelo enkolo nokuziphatha ahlala evikelekile ezimweni zezobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kungadinga umthetho omusha nencazelo yokwahlulela ukuze kusetshenziswe izimiso ezingokwesiko zenkululeko engokwenkolo ekusunguleni ubuchwepheshe.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

Nokho, amalungelo kanembeza aba nengxenye eyinhloko ngokungalindelekile ezinqumweni ezimbili eziphathelene nokukhishwa kwezisu, futhi iNkantolo yaphinde yathola amandla ezinhlangano zikahulumeni okuchaza imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho, iphawula ushintsho olukhulu endleleni izimiso nenkululeko engokwenkolo okuyohlangana ngayo esikhathini esizayo.

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabalweli bokugcina bezimpikiswano zenkululeko engokwenkolo, zichaza isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo nemithetho futhi zisisebenzise ezinhlangothini ezithile.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Amandla okwahlulela avumela izinkantolo ukuba ziwine imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo. Lokhu kuhlola amandla kahulumeni kuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphathi abalawula imithetho abanakuwathatha kalula amalungelo enkululeko enkolo yeqembu elincane. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlolisise ngokucophelela izenzo zikahulumeni ezithwele umthwalo ezingokwenkolo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zifeza izithakazelo eziphoqelelayo futhi zisebenzise izindlela ezingabekezeleki kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo kumelwe zigweme ukuhileleka emibuzweni engokwenkolo noma ukusekela imibono ethile engokwenkolo.Isimiso sokungathathi - hlangothi kokwahlulela ngenkolo sidinga ukuba izinkantolo zisebenzise izivikelo zenkululeko engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokwenza izahlulelo ngeqiniso noma ngezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo.

Izindinganiso Zokwahlulela Ezishintshayo

Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili kulombiko, yimithetho ekhishwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ngaphezu kakhulu kwemithetho ekhishwa yiSishaya - mthetho, eye yasongela inkululeko engokwenkolo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Yamuva Ephakeme ezivimbela ukugcinwa kwezinhlangano kungathinta indlela ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo okusebenza ngayo ezimisweni zokuqondisa, okungase kunikeze ukucubungula okwengeziwe kokwahlulela izenzo eziwumthwalo wokusebenza kwenkolo.

Njengoba kuqala izinguquko phakathi komphakathi nezingxabano ezintsha, izinkantolo kumelwe zivumelanise izimiso zazo zokuchaza kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukuhlola imibono yomhlaba wonke kunganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ezibonelweni ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Ukufinyelela KweYurophu Enkululekoni Engokwenkolo

Amazwe aseYurophu ngokuvamile anikeza isivikelo esiqinile senkululeko engokwenkolo, nakuba izici eziqondile zihlukene. Amanye amazwe alondoloza amasonto amisiwe kuyilapho esavikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kubo bonke. Amanye aphoqelela ukuhlukana okuqinile phakathi kwesonto nombuso. iNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu iye yasungula ukuvikelwa okukhulu kwenkululeko engokwenkolo ngaphansi kwe - European Convention on Human Rights.

Ukufinyelela kweYurophu ngokuvamile kugcizelela kakhulu ukulinganisela ukubonakaliswa okungokwenkolo ezikhungweni zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezikoleni zikahulumeni ezinjengezikole.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Emazweni Aphakeme

Amazwe anenani lamaSulumane asondela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene enkululeko engokwenkolo. Amanye anikeza isivikelo esiqinile ezinkolweni ezincane nenkululeko kanembeza, kuyilapho amanye ebeka imingcele ephawulekayo ekuqhubeni inqubo yenkolo nasekuguqukeni. Amasiko amaSulumane ahlanganisa imiqondo yokubekezelelana okungokwenkolo kanye nokuvikela "Abantu Balencwadi," nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi kuhluka kakhulu.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zinakekela inkululeko engokwenkolo kula mazwe futhi zisekela isivikelo esinamandla senkolo yedlanzana nenkululeko yokukholelwa.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo E - Asia

Amazwe ase-Asia abonisa ukuhluka okukhulu kwezindlela zawo zenkululeko engokwenkolo, abonisa ubuningi benkolo yalendawo nezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene. Amanye amazwe anikeza isivikelo esiqinile somthetho sisekelo senkululeko engokwenkolo, kuyilapho amanye ebeka imingcele ephawulekayo ekusebenziseni nenhlangano engokwenkolo.

Amazwe anjengeNdiya anesibopho somthetho ngokomthetho sokungathathi hlangothi kanye nenkululeko engokwenkolo, nakuba ukufezeka kubhekene nezinselele ezibangelwa ubuzwe obungokwenkolo nezingxabano zomphakathi. iChina ibeka imingcele ebanzi ekuqhubeni inqubo yenkolo nasebunhlanganweni, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini amancane enkolo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenkolo nombuso wezwe ngomthetho ngokomthetho kuveza okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando ngobuShinto bamazwe.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Wenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Umthetho wenkululeko engokwenkolo uyaqhubeka uguquka ukuze kubhekwe izimo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo, ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo, nezingxabano ezintsha phakathi kokuzivivinya okungokwenkolo namanye amalungelo nezinye izithakazelo.

Ukwanda Kwezinhlobonhlobo Zenkolo

Ukwanda kokuhlukahluka kwenkolo emazweni amaningi kuyodinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo enkolo yeqembu elincane namaqembu enkolo angewona angokwesiko. Izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo sisebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amasiko enkolo, hhayi nje izinkolo ezivelele noma ezingokwesiko ezimisiwe.

Lokhu kuhlukahluka okwandayo kungase futhi kubangele izingxabano ezintsha njengoba imiphakathi engokwenkolo ihlukahlukene enezinkolelo nemikhuba ehlukahlukene esebenzelanayo ezikhungweni zomphakathi.

Ukungakhathaleli Inkolo Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Amazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga abhekene nokudlondlobala kwenkolo, njengoba inani elikhulayo labantu abaphawula ukuthi abasonti. Lokhu kushintsha kwenani labantu kungase kuthinte ukusekela komphakathi inkululeko engokwenkolo futhi kubangele izimpikiswano ezintsha ngendima efanele yenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo kumelwe sidlulele ezimisweni zezinkolelo ezingezona ezenkolo futhi sivikele inkululeko kanembeza wabantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkolelo zabo zingokwenkolo yini emvelweni. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi inkululeko yokucabanga nonembeza ihlanganisa kokubili imibono yezwe engokwenkolo nengeyona engokwenkolo.

Izinselele Zembulunga Yonke Zenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ushushiso olungokwenkolo nemingcele yenkululeko engokwenkolo kuseyizinkinga ezingathi sína ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.

Amazwe abusa ngentando yeningi angasebenzisa ukucindezela kwezombusazwe, izimo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ukuze akhuthaze amanye amazwe ukuba ahloniphe inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zemithetho Yenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukuqonda imithetho yenkululeko yenkolo kubalulekile kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni zenkolo, kubaqashi nasezikhulwini zikahulumeni.

Kubantu ngabanye

Imithetho yenkululeko yenkolo ivikela amalungelo abantu okusebenzisa ukholo lwabo, ukuveza izinkolelo zabo, nokuphila ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo. Abantu ababhekene nobandlululo noma ukugxambukela kukahulumeni emkhubeni wabo wenkolo bangacela lezi sivikelo ukuba bafune amakhambi angokomthetho.

Ukuqonda amalungelo enkululeko enkolo kunikeza abantu amandla okuzimelela lapho besongelwa amalungelo abo, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwazi ukuthi abaqashi kumelwe banikeze nini izindawo zokulala ezingokwenkolo, lapho izikole kumelwe zihloniphe izenzo ezingokwenkolo, nalapho izenzo zikahulumeni zingase ziphule isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo.

Ezezinhlangano Ezingokwenkolo

Imithetho yenkululeko yenkolo inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ezinhlanganweni zenkolo ezizimele namakhono okufeza imisebenzi yazo engokwenkolo. Lezisivikelo zivumela izinhlangano zenkolo ukuba zikhethe abaholi bazo, zichaze izimfundiso zazo ezingokwenkolo, futhi zihlele izindaba zazo zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nguhulumeni.

Nakuba izinhlangano zenkolo zinenkululeko yokuzikhethela ezindabeni zenkolo, kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho evamile esebenzayo ezindaweni ezinjengobandlululo lwemisebenzi, imithetho yempilo neyokuphepha nezibopho zentela.

Abaqashi

Abaqashi kumelwe baziqonde izibopho zabo zokwamukela imikhuba yenkolo yezisebenzi futhi bagweme ubandlululo olungokwenkolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza indawo yokuhlala efanelekile emikhosini yenkolo, ukugqoka, nemikhuba ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile.

Abaqashi kufanele bathuthukise izimiso ezicacile zokusingatha izicelo zenkolo zokuhlala kanye nabaphathi bezitimela ezibopha inkululeko engokwenkolo. Ukuhlala ndawonye kwezinhlobonhlobo zenkolo kungavimbela izingxabano futhi kwakhe izindawo zemisebenzi eziseduze.

Ezezikhulu Zikahulumeni

Izikhulu zikahulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba kumelwe ziqonde isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo futhi ziqiniseke ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo nezomthetho - sisekelo.

Izikhulu zikahulumeni kufanele zithintane neseluleko somthetho lapho zisungula izimiso ezingase zithinte inkululeko engokwenkolo futhi kufanele zicabangele imiphumela yenkululeko engokwenkolo lapho zisebenzisa izinhlelo nezimiso.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

Kutholakala imithombo eminingi yalabo abafuna ukuqonda umthetho wenkululeko engokwenkolo nesivikelo esijulile.

Imithombo Kahulumeni

UMnyango Wezobulungisa waseU.S. ulondoloza izimali zokuvikela inkululeko yenkolo nokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni yenkululeko yenkolo. i - Commission on International Freedom e - United States iqondisa inkululeko engokwenkolo embulungeni yonke futhi ikhipha imibiko yaminyaka yonke ngezimo zenkululeko engokwenkolo emazweni omhlaba wonke.

Izincwadi Nemithombo Yezomthetho

Izikole zomthetho namayunivesithi ziqhuba ukucwaninga ngomthetho wenkululeko yenkolo futhi zinyathelisa izihloko zezazi zihlaziya intuthuko yomthetho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Becket Fund for Religious Liberty[ ne amaMelika ahlangene eSikhungweni sokwahlukana kweSonto noHulumeni[ anikeza ukuhlaziywa komthetho kanye nokungavumelani kwemibono ehlukene ngenkululeko yenkolo.

Izinhlangano Zomhlaba Wonke

I-United Nations Special Rapportur on Freedom of Religion or Belief ihlola inkululeko engokwenkolo embulungeni yonke futhi ibika ngokwephulwa. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke njenge Ilungelo lomuntu Watch[ kanye [FLT] ne Amnesty International [[] ikha ikha iststry engokwenkolo nolweli wenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Isiphetho

Lenkululeko engokwenkolo ihlala iyilungelo eliyisisekelo lomuntu elivikelwe amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, imithetho engokomthetho, namathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

Isimiso esingokomthetho senkululeko engokwenkolo sihilela ukulinganisela okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamalungelo ancintisanayo nezithakazelo. Izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nezikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zilawule ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile ezinjengokulingana, impilo yomphakathi, nokubambisana kwezenhlalo.

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguquka, umthetho wenkululeko engokwenkolo kumelwe uzivumelanise nokusingatha izinselele ezintsha kuyilapho uhlala uthembekile ezimisweni eziyisisekelo. Ukwanda kokuhlukahluka kwenkolo, ushintsho kwezobuchwepheshe, nokuvela kwezingxabano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwenkolo namanye amalungelo kuyodinga ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezimiso zomthetho nokuchazwa kokwahlulela.

Ukuqonda isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo kunikeza abantu amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo, kusiza izinhlangano zenkolo ukuba zifeze imisebenzi yazo, kusize abaqashi ukuba bakhe izindawo ezisebenza kuyo yonke indawo, futhi kuqondise izikhulu zikahulumeni ekuhlonipheni izibopho ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho. Ngokuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kuzo zonke, izimiso ezingokomthetho zivikela isithunzi sabantu, zigqugquzele ubuningi, futhi zenza imiphakathi ehlukahlukene ichume ndawonye.

Ukuqina okuqhubekayo kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kuxhomeke ekuvikelekeni okuqaphile kwalamalungelo, ukuhlobana ngokucabangela nezinselele ezivelayo, nokuzibophezela esimisweni sokuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe inkululeko yokukholelwa, yokukhulekela, nokuphila ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zabo ezijulile. Ngokuvikelwa okuqinile okungokomthetho nokusetshenziswa ngokwethembeka, imiphakathi ingaqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlala ingokoqobo ezizukulwaneni zanamuhla nezangesikhathi esizayo.