I-United States Congress isebenzisa omunye wemithwalo yayo eyisisekelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngezokwengamela izinhlangano zomphakathi. Lo msebenzi onzima uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yazo engokomthetho, zithatha imithetho ngendlela ehlosiwe, futhi zihlale zinesibopho kubantu baseMelika. Igunya lobubonisi loMkhandlu lisuka kumandla ayo "asetshenziswa" eMthethweni, imithetho yomphakathi, nemithetho yendlu neSishaya-mthetho. Ngesimiso esibanzi esimiswe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, i-Congresss liye lasungula izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuthonya imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuqondisa Kwezishaya - mthetho

Ukulawula kungumthetho-mthetho ophelele weSishaya-mthetho. Ukulawula kuyisici esishiwo kunokuba kube amandla avezwayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni awuliniki ngokomthetho uMkhandlu ukuba uqhube ukubuza noma ukuhlola kwesikhulu, ukuba ube nemvume yokubhala noma yokuthola izinto eziphethwe umphathi, noma ukukhipha amabhokisi angaphansi kwezincwadi noma ubufakazi obuvela kumphathi. Naphezu kwalokhu kungabikho kombhalo ocacile womthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi igunya lokwengamele lisuka ngokwemvelo emagunyeni emithetho yomthetho kahulumeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abahleli bekhomishane babehlose ukuba iziKhongolo zifune ukwaziswa lapho kwenziwa noma zihlaziya umthetho. I-gnute icacile: Ingqungquthela ayinakukwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuqonda izimo imithetho yayo ehloselwe ukusingatha noma indlela imithetho ekhona esetshenziswa ngayo. Ukungabi nampikiswano kwakungenxa yokuthi ukuqondisa kanye negunya layo lezisebenzi kwakubhekwa njengamandla efa lemihlangano yabameleli eyamisa umthetho wasobala.

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokuqondisa ngokuyinhloko siseSiphakamiso I, esibeka wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya-mthetho eSishaya-mthetho. ISishaya-mthetho sinokwengamela okukhulu futhi sineziphathi eziphenyayo, ezibalulekile eminyameni yaso yokushaya umthetho ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U. Ukuhlobana phakathi kobubonisi nomthetho kuyisisekelo. [1] I-Conrefer kumelwe ikwazi ukuhlola indlela imithetho ekhishwa ngayo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi imithetho emisha iyadingeka noma imithetho ekhona idinga ukulungiswa.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yegunya Eliphethe

Ukuphathwa kwe-Congress kuye kwaqala ngokuphawulekayo kusukela kwasungulwa isizwe. I-Congress yokuqala yamisa lezi zindlela zobubonisi ngokuhlola okukhethekile, ukubika izimfuneko, nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokuhlola izikhulu. Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala senzeka ngo-1792, lapho i House of Svacations ihlola ukunqotshwa kwempi kaJenene Arthur St. Clair yimikhosi yamaMelika Endayo.

Indlu yalungisa isinqumo sokwakha ikomiti ekhethiwe, yagunyaza "ukubiza abantu abanjalo, amaphepha, namarekhodi, njengoba kungase kudingeke ukuze kusizwe ukubuza kwabo." Lokhu kuhlola kwamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile zokuthola ukwaziswa kwegatsha eliphethe, nakuba kwabangela futhi izingxoxo zokuqala ngelungelo lesikhulu lapho uMongameli Washington ethintana neKhabhinethi yakhe mayelana nokuvuma.

Indlu iye yaphoqelela ukuba abe khona kofakazi kusukela ngo - 1795, lapho ihlola umzamo wokufumbathisa amalungu.

Imithetho Ewuphawu Yasezweni Emisa Umsebenzi Owenziwe Ngezintambo

UMthetho Ka - 1946

I-Legislative Reorgantation Act ka- 1946 (P. 79-601), ngokokuqala ngqá, yabiza ngokucacile "ukwengamela kwe-legisvate" emthethweni womphakathi. Yaqondisa amakomiti amile eNdlu neSigeqe "ukuqhubeka eqapha" phezu kwezinhlelo namaqembu angaphansi kwegunya lawo; yagunyaza izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe; futhi yathuthukisa amandla e-Comprollller General, inhloko ye-Congress Congregation's Accomplinder nengalo, i-Hulumend Accomplation Auntation Office (GAO).

Lo mthetho wamelela isikhathi esiphoqelelwe ekuqondiseni i-cornotional. Ngokumisa ngokuqondile ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, uKhomishane wamisa lokho ngaphambili okwakuwumkhuba we-hoc. LoMthetho waqaphela ukuthi ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kwakudinga imithombo enikezelwe, okwaholela ekugunyazeni izisebenzi zekomiti eziqeqeshiwe ezingathuthukisa ubungcweti emikhankasweni yezinhlangano nezinhlelo.

UMthetho Ka - 1970

Ukwakhiwa ngezinguquko zika-1946, i-Legislative Reorgantation Act ka-70 (P. 91-510) yagunyaza ikomiti ngayinye emile ukuba "ibone futhi itadishe, ngokwesisekelo esiqhubekayo, ukusebenza, ukuqondisa nokukhishwa" kwemithetho engaphansi kwegunya layo; kwandisa izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe zamakomiti; kwandisa usizo olunikezwa yi-Congregational Research Service; futhi kwaqinisa ukuhlaziya uhlelo lwemithwalo yemfanelo ye-GAO.

Lokhu kuthuthukisa kwabonisa ukuqaphela koMkhandlu ukuthi ukwengamela kwase kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni ukhula. Imithombo eyengeziwe yezisebenzi nokusekela okukhuliswayo kwezinhlangano zomphakathi kwenza amakomiti akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yokuqondisa ngokucophelela nangokuqhubekayo.

I - Baccomp and akhawunti Act ka - 1921

Congress yasungula iGAO eMthethweni weBalbate and Accounting Act ka1921 ukuze isize ekuqedweni kwemibuso yayo eyisisekelo yomthetho----amandla okuhlola nokwengamela imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, amandla okulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zikahulumeni, namandla okubeka imithetho. Ukumiswa kweGO kwanikeza iNhlangano ezimele, engochwepheshe yokuhlola ukuthi umniniyo ukhokhela intela usetshenziswa kanjani futhi uhlaziya ukusebenza kwenhlangano.

Ukumiswa Kwegunya Eliphethe Amakomiti

Igunya lokubusa nophenya likhona kuzo zombili izindlu, nazo eziye zanika amakomiti amagumbi ngalinye leligunya. AmaKomiti anezigunya kuphela eziye zanikezwa yizindikimba zabazali.

Indlu u-Preunce X noBusi beSigele XXV bamisa imingcele elawulayo yokumisa amakomiti futhi bawanike igunya elibanzi lokuhlola izindaba ezingxenyeni zawo. Uphenyo lwamakomiti kumelwe: lube phakathi kwegunya lekomiti njengoba lichazwe emithethweni yendlu noma yeSigele, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imisebenzi yobubonisi ihlala igxile kahle futhi igunyaziwe.

IHouse Government Reform Reform Committee neKomiti yeSigele yePublican, ephethe cishe wonke uhulumeni kahulumeni, futhi igunyazwe ukubukeza nokuhlola ukusebenza kwemisebenzi kahulumeni ukuze kuhlolwe izomnotho nokuphumelela kwayo nokunikeza ukutusa okusekelwe emibhalweni yeGO. Lamakomiti akhonza njengezindikimba eziqondisa abaphathi abavamile, aphelelisa ukuqondisa okukhethekile okuqhutshwa yikomiti egunyaza amakomiti.

Izinjongo Nezinhloso Zokuqondisa Kwezishaya - mthetho

Kunezinjongo eziningi ezihambisana nokuqondisa, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: isimiso sesimiso, sezombangazwe, nesimiso sezinhlangano.

Ukuqondisa Okuhleliwe

Ukwengamela kwezinhlelo kugxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zifeza imisebenzi yazo engokomthetho, zivumelana nenhloso yokushaya umthetho, futhi zifinyelele imiphumela eziyifisayo. UKhongolo-mthetho lusebenzisa ukuqondisa kwezinhlelo ukuze kubonwe imfucumfucu, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza; zihlola ukusebenza kwezinhlelo; futhi zibukeze izinqubo zokulawula.

I-Congress isebenzisa enye yenqubo yayo ephumelela kakhulu ngenqubo yokuhlola, enikeza ithuba lokuhlola izinhlangano nezindleko ezisemkhakheni. Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni nezinhlelo kudingeka ukuba ziphinde ziqashelwe (ngonyaka, iminyaka emibili, iminyaka emihlanu, noma esinye isisekelo) esinikeza amakomiti ithuba lokuhlola imisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe, imisebenzi, nezindlela. Njengomphumela walemizamo yokuqondisa, i-Congress ingaqeda noma inciphe izinhlelo eziphelelwe yisikhathi noma ezingasebenzi kahle ngokunquma noma ukunciphisa izimali.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkokhelo Kanye

Ukwengamela kwe-Congregational kungasiza ekulondolozeni amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi nabanye. Ngokuveza ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, ukuqulwa kwabaphathi neminye imizamo kunganqanda ukuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu futhi kuvimbele ukubuya kwazo, ngokwesibonelo, umthetho omusha noma ngokungaqondile ngokuthuthukisa ukuqapha komphakathi. Le nkonzo evikelayo isho esinye seqhaza elibaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

Umsebenzi Wokwakha

Ngaphandle kwezinjongo zayo zomthetho nophenya, ukuqondisa kwengqungquthela kufeza umsebenzi wokwaziswa komphakathi obalulekile. UWatkins v. United States, u-354 U.S. 178, 200 n.33 (1957) waphawula ukuthi "[f]rom izikhathi zakudala kakhulu emlandweni wayo, i-Congress yenza umsebenzi wokwenza umsebenzi womphakathi ngokuqhubekayo"injongo yayo okuthi "ukwenza ukonakala kube khona, ukuphatha kabi noma ukuphumelela ezinhlanganweni zikaHulumeni". Lokhu kubonakala kusiza ukuba izakhamuzi zilondoloze ukuqiniseka komphakathi emlandweni wayo futhi zikwazi ukugcina abameleli bazo abakhethiwe benecala.

Amathuluzi Angokomthetho Nemishini Yokuqondisa

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba Nokuphenywa Kwekomiti

Namuhla, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kungavela cishe kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi womthetho nangamaqembu ahlukahlukene kakhulu, izinhlangano, nezakhiwo. Lemisebenzi isukela ekuqulweni kwekomiti noma ekuthintaneni ngokwethukela nezikhulu eziphethe; kusukela ekuhlolweni kwezisebenzi kuya ekusekeleni ukuvuselelwa komthetho; futhi kusukela ekuqulweni kwezezimali okuqhutshwa amahhovisi elungu ukuya ekuhlolweni okulungiselelweni yizinhlangano ezingalwi nezikadeli.

Izinhlu zamacala zamakomiti zimelela elinye lamathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu. Lezi zimo zivumela amakomiti ukuba abuze izikhulu zezinhlangano, aqoqe ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi abhale umlando womphakathi wemisebenzi yezezinkonzo nomsebenzi. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuzwa kwezikhulu ezisemthethweni ezihlela izinhlangano kanye nokugunyazwa kwezinhlelo ezikhona. Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala kunikeza amathuba ahleliwe okuqondisa okuqhubekayo.

Amandla E - “punpoena ”

Le mithetho yendlu neSigele inikeza igunya lokunikeza amakomiti wonke amakomiti azimele igunya lokuphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi nobufakazi lapho izinhlangano noma abantu benqaba ukubambisana ngokuzithandela nemibuzo yokuhlangana.

Ihlanganisa ubukhulu bamandla yigunya lokuqala ukuhlola, ukuqunga amacala, ukuqoqa ubufakazi noma amaphepha kofakazi, futhi, ezimweni lapho uhulumeni noma iqembu lomuntu siqu lingafiki khona, liphoqelela ukuvumelana nezicelo zobuphostoli ngomthetho nokuphoqelelwa kwamapona. Amandla angaphansi kwe-topina asebenza njengokunqanda okubucayi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungathola ukwaziswa okudingekile ngemisebenzi yawo yemithetho yesizwe neyobuphathi.

Imishini Ephoqelelwayo

Uma izinhlangano zenqaba ukuvumelana nama-componal poena, i-Congress inezindlela eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-component ikhona. ISishaya-mthetho singase sifune ukuba umuntu ngamunye athweswe icala lokwephula umthetho ngenxa yokungahambisani ne-pona. Ukuphoqelelwa komphakathi kwabaphathi: Izishaya-mthetho zingafuna isinqumo senkantolo kahulumeni esimemezela ukuthi umuntu oqulwayo ubophekile ngokomthetho ukuba avumelane ne-pacepaena engaphansi.

Lezi zimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi iziphathimandla zobuphathi zinezici. Nokho, izenzo zokuphoqelela zingaba ukuthatha isikhathi futhi zibe yingxabano kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi uma zihilela izingxabano phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho negatsha eliphethe ngokuthola ukwaziswa.

Ukubika Izimfuneko

Izingqungquthela zivame ukuhlanganisa ukubika izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, zifaka imibiko enikezwa njalo ngemisebenzi yazo, izindleko, nemisebenzi yazo.

ISishaya - mthetho singathola ukwaziswa okuvela kubantu abahleliwe, izikhulu zezinhlangano (ongase noma ungabi yizo abashaya ikhwelo), abahloli jikelele, ama-GAO, amaqembu enzalo, noma abezindaba. Ulwazi lungavela nangezinye izindlela, kuhlanganise nemibiko egunyazwe yinhlangano nezinye izincwadi zikahulumeni, ukusabela kwezezimali phakathi noma ngaphandle kwezindaba zamakomiti, noma ukuqashelwa komuntu siqu kwemisebenzi yegatsha.

Indima Yezinhlangano Ezisekela Izinhlangano Zobumbano

Ihhovisi Lokulandisa Kukahulumeni

I-Hulumeni Accounting Office isebenza njengelungu eliyinhloko lophenya nolimi lwe-Congress. Yaziwa nangokuthi "i-"ganoutedog". I-GAO inikeza i-Congress, izinhloko zezinhlangano eziphethe, nomphakathi onokwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi, okusekelwe, okungasekelwe eqinisweni, okungesiyo ingxenye engasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa uhulumeni futhi kusindise abakhokhi bentela izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi.

Umsebenzi we-GAO wenziwe ngesicelo samakomiti omphakathi noma amakomiti angaphansi noma ugunyazwe imithetho yomphakathi noma imibiko yamakomiti. Uthatha futhi ukucwaninga ngaphansi kwegunya le-Comptorroller General. Isekela ukuqondisa kwenhlangano ngo-: ukuhlola izinhlangano zezimali zikahulumeni ukunquma ukuthi zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo yini futhi ngokuphumelelayo; ukuhlola ukumangalelwa kwemisebenzi engekho emthethweni nengafanelekile; ukubika ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni nezimiso zihlangabezana kanjani nezinhloso zazo; ukwenza izinqubo zokuhlela nokuhlela izinqumo ze-athonsiwe ze-buthorion.

Ukukhululeka kweGAO kuvikelwe ngenqubo ekhethekile yokumisa umholi wayo. Umongameli umisa umongameli, ngeseluleko nangemvume yeSigele, iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, igama elingavuselelwayo. Umongameli ukhetha umnyunyana ohlwini lwabantu abathathu abatuswa yilungu le-birtisan, i-biobaral commagellal communitors. Lesi sakhiwo sivikela i-Comptorler General ezingcindezini zezombangazwe futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abathathu batusa i-birtinan, i-bigallery yabaholi abaholi.

Inkonzo Yokucwaninga Yobumbano Nezinye Izimo Ezisekelayo

IKhomishane inikeza ukucubungula nokucwaninga okungokomthetho ukuze kusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwekomiti nemisebenzi yezokwengamela. ICongregational Bullet Office ihlaziya izindaba zemali nezomnotho, isiza iKhomishane ukuba iqonde imiphumela emisha yemisebenzi yezinhlangano nezimiso ezihlongozwayo.

Lezi zinkampani ezisekelayo zinikeza iSishaya-mthetho ulwazi oluzimele nekhono lokuqondisa, okwenza ukuba sibe nolwazi olungcono futhi siphumelele. Zisebenza njengezinto eziphikisana nezinzuzo zegatsha eliphethe, zisiza ekulinganiseleni inkundla yokudlala ezimpikiswaneni zobubonisi.

Izifanekiso Zokugada: Izenzo Zamaphoyisa Nezinhlaba - mkhosi Zomlilo

Ebhala ngo-1984, ososayensi bezombangazwe uMatew McCubins noThomas Schwartz bahlongoza isibonelo sokuhlela imisebenzi yokuqondisa ye-communication ehlala iyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqonda njengenqubo. Esihlokweni sabo, abalobi bachaza izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi zobubonisi be-countalial: "amaphoyisa" kanye "nemihlabazo yomlilo". Amaphoyisa aqasha lapho amaKhomishane, ngokuthatha kwawo, "ahlola isibonelo semisebenzi yokulawula, ngenjongo yokubona nokulungisa noma yimiphi imigomo ye-acconosticism, nangokuhlola kwayo, ukugqekeza kwayo, ukugxambulela okunjalo.

Isixwayiso somlilo, ngokuphambene, kwenzeka lapho uMkhandlu usabela ezikhalo noma izixwayiso ezivela kubantu abanezigigaba, emaqenjini enzalo, abashaya ikhwela, noma eminye imithombo ngezinkinga ezingase zivele ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano. Lendlela yenza ukuba amaKhomishane agxile ezindaweni lapho izimali zawo zokuqondisa ezilinganiselwe lapho izinkinga zikhona, kunokuba ahlole khona zonke izenzakalo ezihleliwe, ezihlelekile.

Zombili lezi zinqubo zifeza izindima ezibalulekile esimisweni sobungameli. amaphoyisa aqondisa amaphoyisa ahlela ukuqapha futhi angabona izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibe yizinkinga. umqondisi wenhlabamkhosi yokucisha umlilo wenza ukuba uMkhandlu ukwazi ukusabela ngokushesha ezimpikiswaneni ezivelayo nasekuhlolweni okungaphandle kwezakhamuzi namaqembu anesithakazelo.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungokomthetho Kokuqondisa Izindlwana

Nakuba amandla okwengamela amaKhongolose ebanzi, alinganiselwe. Umsebenzi wokwengamela koMkhandlu ungaphansi kwemingcele ehlukene engokomthetho. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kusiza ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela komthetho-sisekelo kwemibuso futhi kuvikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Imfuneko Yenjongo Engokomthetho

"Nakuba amandla okuhlola enziwa anziwa angabi namkhawulo . . . . Siye sakwenza kwacaca ukuthi uMkhandlu awufakwanga amandla 'ohlobo' okubuza ezindabeni zangasese.' Isihloko sanoma yimuphi uphenyo kumelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi sibe yisiso 'umthetho ongase ube khona ngaso'." Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya komthetho kufeza izinjongo ezingokomthetho kunokuba kusebenze njengezenzo ezivamile zokuqulwa komthetho ekuziphatheni kwangasese.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ukuthi igunya lobubonisi lithathwe emagunyeni omthetho omthetho weSishaya-mthetho weSishaya-mthetho, okusho ukuthi uphenyo kumelwe luhlobana nomthetho ongase wenziwe noma ukulawulwa kwemithetho ekhona. Ngokungagwegwesi noma ngokuhlola okungahlangene nemisebenzi yemithetho lidlula igunya lomthetho-mthetho woMkhandlu.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Ngamunye

Uphenyo lweCongress kumelwe luhloniphe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngamanye, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, iziNguqulo zesihlanu ezivikela ekuzichaseni, namalungelo eSichibiyelo sesine somuntu siqu. Izinkantolo ziye zangenela lapho uphenyo lwenhlangano lusongela lezi sivikelo eziyisisekelo, zimisa imingcele ebalulekile ngemisebenzi yobubonisi.

Ukulingana phakathi kwegunya lobuphathi namalungelo abantu kuye kwavela ngomthetho wecala, njengoba izinkantolo ngokuvamile zibhekisela ezidingweni zophenya zeSishaya - mthetho kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esiyisisekelo sihlala siqinile.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Kahle Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ilungelo lokuqondisa limelela esinye sesithiyo esiphikisana kakhulu ekuqondiseni kwenhlangano. Nakuba lingashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, ilungelo lokuphatha livumela uMongameli ukuba agodle ukwaziswa okuthile kuKhongolose ukuze avikele ukucubungula ngezindaba zegatsha eziphethe.

Bavumelana ngemithetho yokudalula eyakha isisekelo sasekuqaleni salokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi "ilungelo lokubulala," noma ilungelo likaMongameli lokusebenzisa amaphepha ayimfihlo neseluleko esinganciphilenga ekumiseni izinqumo zezimiso. Ukungahloniphi esikhundleni selungelo lokuphatha ngokuvamile kudinga ukuxoxisana phakathi kwamagatsha futhi, kwezinye izimo, isinqumo sokwahlulela.

Imingcele Eyindida

Ukwengamela kwe-Congregational Congregational kumele kuhloniphe imingcele yemithetho yemithetho yekomiti emiswe yimithetho yendlu ne-Gaze. Uphenyo lwamakomiti kumelwe: lube phakathi kwegunya lekomiti njengoba lichazwe emithethweni yendlu noma yeSigele, futhi ... uma lemiyalo ifezeka, ukuphenya kwekomiti i-purviognog iqinile futhi ihlelwe ngokubanzi. Lezi zimfuneko ezilawulayo zivimbela amakomiti ukuba angaphuli igunya lawo futhi aqinisekise izinqubo zobungameli ezihlelekile.

Imishini Ekhethekile Yokulawula

Izazi ezihlolayo

I-Inspector General Act yamisa amahhovisi azimele phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba aqhube ama-phicophini nokuphenya imisebenzi yezinhlangano. Abahloli babika kokubili ubuholi bezinhlangano ne-Congress, benikeza inqubo yangaphakathi yokuqondisa ephelezela imisebenzi yokuqondisa ingqungquthela. La mahhovisi asebenza njengezimiso zokuxwayisa zakudala, ahlukanisa izinkinga futhi atuse izenzo zokulungisa ngaphambi kokuba kuqhubeke izimpikiswano.

Abahloli jikelele baye baba abasizi ababalulekile ekuqondiseni ama-commilia, benikeza ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe nemithombo yophengululo ethuthukisa ikhono loMkhandlu lokuhlola imisebenzi yezinhlangano. Izakhiwo zabo ezimbili zokubika ziqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili abaphathi bezinhlangano kanye noMkhandlu bathola ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhaphaza, nokuphatha kabi.

Isinyathelo Sokubukeza Kwenhlangano

I-Congressional Review Act inikeza i-Congress indlela yokubukeza futhi ikhiphe imithetho yezinhlangano. Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho, izinhlangano kumelwe zinikeze imithetho emikhulu kuKhongolo, futhi i-Congress ingakhipha isinqumo esihlangene sokungavumelani nokufezeka. Le nqubo yenza ukuba uKhongolo-mthetho uqondise ngokuqondile inqubo yokubuyisela umthetho, iqinisekise ukuthi ukumiswa kwenhlangano kuvumelana nenhloso yokuhlanganisa.

I-Congressional Review Act imelela ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqondisa, ivumela iziKhomishane ukuba zilawule ukumiswa kwezimiso zezezinkonzo ngaphandle kokufuna umthetho omusha. Nokho, ukuphumelela koMthetho kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kobuhlanga ukuwusebenzisa, futhi izinqumo zokungavumelani kuhlale kuyinto engavamile.

Ukwengamela Ukuhlakanipha

Amakomiti aqondisa i-Congress-Seact Committee on Intelligence in the Camper ne-Searver Khetha Committee on Intelligence in the House of Deaders-overects ahlela okuwukuphela kwemisebenzi yokuhlakanipha engenziwa ngaphandle kwegatsha Eliphethe. Ukwengamela kobuhlakani kuveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele ngenxa yemisebenzi ebucayi yokuhlakanipha nesidingo sokuvikela ukwaziswa okuhlelwa ngokwezigaba.

UMongameli futhi ubophekile ngokomthetho ukuba azise amakomiti okuhlakanipha (noma, ezimweni ezikhethekile, umholi wenhlangano) waso sonke isenzo esiyimfihlo "ekutholeni" uma nje evunyelwe nguMongameli. Amakomiti akanagunya lokungavumelani nalokhu okutholakele, kodwa angavimbela ukuchithwa kwemali yemisebenzi enjalo eminyakeni eyalandela. Ngakho, njengendaba esebenzayo, imibono yawo ngezinhlelo zezenzo zomshoshaphansi inikezwa isilinganiso esikhulu.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuqondiswa Njengethuluzi

Amandla esikhwama semali amelela enye yezindlela zobungameli eziphumelela kakhulu zoMkhandlu. Zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni zixhaswe ngezicelo zonyaka zaminyaka yonke. Ukuxhasa kwenhlangano ngayinye kuhlanganisiwe kwemali yecala engu-12 i-Congress eyicabangela unyaka ngamunye. Le nqubo yaminyaka yonke inikeza amathuba avamile okuhlola ukusebenza kwezinhlangano nokulungisa amazinga okuxhasa asekelwe ekuhloleni.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuvumela amakomiti ukuba abuze izikhulu zezinhlangano ngokusetshenziswa kwazo kwezimali zokukhokha intela, uhlelo oluphumelelayo, nokuvumelana neziqondiso zomphakathi. ISishaya-mthetho singasebenzisa imingcele yezimali, izimo, nokulinganiselwa ekuthonyeni ukuziphatha kwezinhlangano futhi siqinisekise ukulandisa. Usongo lokuncishiswa kwezimali lunikeza amandla amakhulu ekunqandeni izingxabano.

Ngalé kokuhlelwa kwaminyaka yonke, i-Congress isebenzisa izinqubo zemvume ukuze iqondise. Amakomiti agunyazayo ahlola izinhlelo zezinhlangano nemisebenzi lapho ecabangela ukuthi izophinde ibhale izinhlelo nokuthi zingaba namalini. Lesi sakhiwo sokuqondisa esibili .(ngokugunyaza nokuhlola izinqubo ze-appropries) kuhlola ukusebenza kwezinhlangano.

Ukubambisana Nokubambisana Ekuqondiseni

AmaKomiti athatha imisebenzi yokuqondisa ngokwawo kuqala ekomitini egcwele noma kwelinye ikomiti noma emakomitini amaningi angaphansi. Kwezinye izimo angahlanganisa imisebenzi yawo namanye amakomiti (ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlanganisa ukuzwana ngendaba yokukhathalelana). Okunye, ukuze afakele isimiso sekomiti esikhona, indlu noma iSigele lingamisa amakomiti akhethekile okuhlola noma ukusungula iziqu, ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda komphakathi izibopho zesizwe, noma ukuqondisa izindaba ezihlanganisa imingcele eminingi.

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwamakomiti amaningi kanye nama-ocestrate ahlukene. Ukuzwana kwamalungu nokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela kokuqondisa kuyilapho kunciphisa ukukhiqiza imizamo. Khetha amakomiti anikeza ukuvumelana nezindaba ezingafanelani kahle phakathi kwezindawo zekomiti ezikhona noma ezidinga ukugxiliswa, ukucwaninga okulinganiselwe kwesikhathi.

Okunye okusakazwa kakhulu ukuhlola okungavamile ngokukhetha amakomiti angene emahlazweni amakhulu noma emikhankasweni yegatsha elikhulu ahamba. Izindaba ziwumbuzo wesikhashana okhethwe amakomiti: Ukuthola kwezikhali zenuzi eChina ngo-1999; i-Iran-Contate, ngo- 1987; ukuxhaphaza kwenhlangano yokuhlakanipha, ngo-1975-1976, kanye nehlazo le-Watergate. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulu kubonisa ikhono le-Congress lokuphatha kakhulu lapho izimo zifuna.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kokuqondisa Kwezindlwana

Ezinye izazi ziye zangabaza ukuphumelela kobuculi bomphakathi ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kweziphathimandla nokuvumelana nomthetho. Abagxeki baveza izinselele eziningana ezingalulaza ukuphumelela kobubonisi, kuhlanganise nokuncishiswa kwezindawo ezihlukene, imithombo elinganiselwe, izikhungo zokwaziswa phakathi kwamaKhomishane nezinkampani, kanye nezimfuno eziphikisanayo zesikhathi nokunakekelwa kwenhlangano.

Ukuhlukana kwezindawo kungaphumelela lapho amalungu eqembu elincane nabaningi bephishekela izinhloso ezingafani noma lapho ukuqondisa kuba ithuluzi lokuhlasela kwezombangazwe kunokuba kube ukulandisa okuqotho. Ukuvinjelwa kwemithombo yezincwadi kulinganisela ukujula nobubanzi bemisebenzi yobubonisi, kuphoqelele amakomiti ukuba enze ukukhetha okunzima kokuhlola izindaba.

Izinhlangano zinenzuzo enkulu yokwaziswa ngaphezu kweSishaya - mthetho, ukulawula ukutholakala kwezincwadi, imininingwane nobuchwepheshe. Nakuba izinhlangano ezisekelayo zisiza ekusingatheni lokhu kungalingani, izinhlangano zisengakwazi ukulawula ngokuhlelekile ukwaziswa okudluliselwa ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze zikwazi ukuveza imibono ehleliwe futhi zinciphise ukuphumelela kokuqondisa.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nemizamo Yanamuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva, amalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlu aye ahlola izindlela zokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqondisa ukubusa kukahulumeni. Inqubo esetshenziswa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukusungula umthetho, ukuguqula noma ukukhipha umthetho. Le mizamo yesimanje ibonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi izinqubo zobubonisi kumelwe zivele zivele ukuze zixazulule izinselele zamanje.

I-Congress kungadingeka ilinganise izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene uma bekungathatha noma yiziphi zalezi zinketho. Nakuba zonke izindlela zingathuthukisa ukuqondisa kwe-commistration, ukumisa isikhundla esisha sokuhlola imithetho ehlotshaniswayo, ngokwesibonelo, kungahlanganisa izindleko ezengeziwe zezisebenzi ezengeziwe futhi kungaphinda-phinde izinkonzo ze-commistrations ezikhona. Ukulinganisela izinzuzo zekhono elikhulisiwe lokuqondisa ezindlekweni nakulokhu kungenza kube yinselele eqhubekayo.

Ubuchwepheshe buye badala amathuba nezinselele zokwengamela ingqungquthela. Amarekhodi emishini nokwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini kwenza ukuba kuhlolwe kabanzi imisebenzi yezinhlangano, kodwa kuphakamisa nemibuzo ephathelene nokufihla izindaba zomuntu siqu, ukulondeka, nekhono lobuchwepheshe lezisebenzi zobukhomanisi lokuhlaziya imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuphumelela Ebuthweni

Nakuba kungase kube nokungavumelani ngokuthi yini ebizwa ngokuthi “ukulingana" kwesikhundla, kunezakhi eziningi ezibonakala zikhuthaza ukwengamela okuphumelelayo, kuhlanganise: isihlalo sekomiti esibophelwe ukuba sengamele ngesisekelo esiqinile, ukuhileleka kwamalungu amakomiti naphezu kokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwesikhathi nemithombo, ukubhapartishi (ukusebenza) cishe kuyofinyelelwa lapho bobabili abantu besebenza ndawonye kunokuba basebenzelane, izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe ezinamakhono okuhlola, ikhono lokubona nokuthola ukwaziswa okudingekile ezinhlanganweni nakwezinye imithombo.

Isibopho esiqinile sobuholi bamakomiti sibalulekile ukuze kuqashelwe kahle. Isihlalo esibeka izakhiwo eziphambili futhi sihlele imithombo yamakomiti ngokufanele singathatha izinyathelo zokuhlola ngokucophelela nangokunethonya. Isivumelwano samalungu siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqashelwa kwabengamele kuthola ukunakwa okwanele futhi okutholakele kushintshela ekuthatheni isinyathelo somthetho uma kudingeka.

Ukubambisana kwe-Bpartisan kuthuthukisa ukuthembeka nokuphumelela. Uma bobabili besebenza ndawonye, ukutholwa kwabaphathi kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kuthambekele kakhulu ekuvuseleleni izimpendulo nenguquko. Uma kunjalo, ukuqondisa i-partarian kungathathwa njengokushukumiseleka kwezombangazwe futhi kuhluleke ukufinyelela umthwalo wemfanelo onenjongo.

Izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe zisiza amakomiti ukuba aqonde imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlangano, athole izinkinga futhi athuthukise amakhambi aphumelelayo.

Ikusasa Lokubuswa Yizindlwana

Ukuphathwa kweKhomishane kuyaqhubeka kushintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinselele ezivelayo. Ukwanda kwesimiso sokuphatha kuye kwakhulisa ukubaluleka kokuqondisa kuyilapho kwenza kube yinselele kakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yezinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nemininingwane ethuthukisiwe, buveza amathuba nezinselele zobubonisi. La mathuluzi angathuthukisa ikhono loMkhandlu lokuqondisa imisebenzi ye-operalthiwe nokubona izinkinga, kodwa futhi kudinga ubuchwepheshe obusha nombuzo wemibuzo engokomthetho nokuziphatha.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweKhongolo negatsha eliphethe busalokhu bunamandla, kunezingxabano eziqhubekayo ngokuthola ukwaziswa, ilungelo lokuphatha, kanye nesikhundla segunya lokwengamela. Izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo kulobu buhlobo ziyolololonga ukuphumelela kokwengamela ukuhlangana nesimiso esibanzi sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuwohloka kwe - Internet, ukuvuvukala kobubha, nezinye izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, kudinga ukuqondisa izindlela ezingaxazulula izinkinga ezihlanganisa izinhlangano nezindawo eziningi. Ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuqondisa lezi zinselele kuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yenza ukuba iSishaya-mthetho sengamele izinhlangano zomphakathi ngohlelo olubanzi olwasungulwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka enqubo neyandulelayo. kusukela ezisekelweni zomthetho - sisekelo zegunya lokwengamela elihloselwe kuya ezinqubweni ezithile njenge-Inspect General Act and Congregational Review Act, lesi sici esingokomthetho sinikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu amathuluzi anamandla okuqinisekisa ukulandisa nokusebenza kwezinhlangano.

Isimiso sobungameli silinganisa izindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukwenza ukuqapha okunamandla kweqembu lapho kuhlolwa ukuzimela kwegatsha eliphethe, ukuvikela amalungelo omuntu siqu kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukubonakala kukahulumeni, futhi kugcina ukuvumelana nokuvumelana nemingcele ecacile engokomthetho. Lokhu kulinganisela kubonisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esibanzi semibuso ehlukene kanye nezihlolo nezilinganiso.

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga isibopho esiqinile, imithombo eyanele, ubuchwepheshe, futhi ngokuvamile ukubambisana kwemibhoshongo. Uma lezici zivumelana, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kungabona futhi kulungise izinkinga, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kukahulumeni, kuvikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi kulondoloze ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi.

Njengoba imisebenzi kahulumeni iqhubeka iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ibekela izinselele eziningi, ukubaluleka kokuqondisa okuphumelelayo kwenhlangano kumane kukhula. Uhlelo olungokomthetho olunikeza lokhu kuqondisa kumelwe luqhubeke luguqula, luvumelane nobuchwepheshe obusha, usongo oluvelayo, nokushintsha izimiso zikahulumeni kuyilapho kulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulandisa, ukubona, nokulawula kwentando yeningi.

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