Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Ekubeni Yisithakazelo Kuya Esiya Emithethweni

Ukwakhiwa komthetho kuqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba noma yimuphi umvoti ongokomthetho. Umqondo womthetho omusha ungasuka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: ilungu leSishaya-mthetho, umkhandlu, iqembu lobushiqela, inxusa likahulumeni, noma ngisho isakhamuzi esizimele. Nokho, inqubo engokomthetho iqala lapho ummisi wemithetho exhasa umthetho futhi awuthule kwelinye lamagumbi amabili egatsha lomthetho. E-United States ngokwezinga elingokomthetho, lo mthetho usho iNdlu Yabaphathi be-Arevestra okanye iSishayamthetho. Isivumelwano sinikezwa inani, sinyatheliswe, futhi sabelwe ekomitini eliphethe umthetho.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti: Ukugunyazwa Kwemithetho

Isigaba sekomiti silapho iningi lezimali zicwengisiwe noma zife khona. AmaKomiti angamaqembu akhethekile ezishaya umthetho agxila ezindaweni ezithile ezikhethekile, njengokulima, izimali, noma ukuhlangana kwezizwe. Ikomiti iyoba nokuzwa lapho ochwepheshe, abameleli, nezikhulu zikahulumeni zifakazela khona ukuthi ithonya lemali lingaba khona. Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti ihileleka e "isimiso se-cropup", lapho amalungu ehlongoza khona izinguquko, izinguquko zenkulumo, futhi ekugcineni ivote ukuthi izothumela yini isikhwama segumbi eligcwele. Lesi sisigaba sibucayi ngoba silunguza umthetho osusiwe futhi silungisa ulimi lokugcina lomthetho. Ngokusho kwe [FLT: 0]. Ngokusho kwe-Crevern.[FFFF:1]

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma kubikwa isikweleti somthetho esingaphandle kwekomiti, singena phansi egumbini eliqanjwayo ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano. Endlini, impikiswano ilawulwa kakhulu yiKomiti yeMithetho, emisa imingcele yesikhathi futhi inqume ukuthi iziphi iziphetho ezinganikezwa. ESigeqeni, impikiswano ivame ukuba ivulekile kakhulu, futhi abasizi ngabanye bangahlehlisa imicimbi ngegumbi lokuqubuka kwe-Ndoublebuster ngaphandle kokuba inqubo enkulu yamavoti angu-60 ifaka i-gastude. Ngemva kwenkulumo-mpikiswano iphetha, izivoti zegumbi eligcwele. Uma isibalo sidlula, i-mfadi ekhotheni iyadingeka ukuze idluliswe kwezinye izimo. Uma isimende sidlula, idluliselwa kwenye igumbi, lapho yonke inqubo iqala khona futhi.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani: AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Kuyinto engavamile ukuba iNdlu neSigele kudlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo zesivumelwano esifanayo. Uma kuphakama ukungezwani, isaziso siya ekomitini yengqungquthela eyakhiwe amalungu asemagumbini womabili. Lekomiti yenza inguquko eyekethisayo okumelwe ivunyelwe yiyo kokubili indlu neSigele ekuvoteni okusemuva, ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa. Lesi siteji sidinga ukuxoxisana okucophelelayo, njengoba abenzi bomthetho kumelwe balinganisele izinto eziphikisanayo ukuze bakhiqize umbhalo wokugcina ongase uqinise ukusekela kweningi kuwo womabili amakamu.

Isenzo esiphethe: Ukusayina noma ukubhala

Uma amagumbi amabili esevumelana ngezesihubo sokugcina, imvume inikezwa uMongameli (noma, esingeni likahulumeni, umbusi). Umphathi-sisebenzi unezindlela eziningana: ukusayina umthetho kuwo womabili amagumbi, noma angathathi nyathelo. Uma uMongameli ewuphawula, umthetho uba umthetho. Uma uMongameli uphindela eSivumelwaneni, isikweletu esibuyela eSivumelwaneni, esingase-ingxenyeni ye-32 yevoti ezindaweni ezimbili zombili. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo zinsuku eziyishumi ngesikhathi i-Congress Courress, umlomo uvele ube ngaphandle komthetho. Nokho, uma ikhefutheku kuleyo nkathi yeshumi yosuku, isimemezelo sifa ngendlela eyaziwayo njenge-"pvetvetto." Lenqubo ihlelwe ngeSiphakathi seSiphakathi se-Gajinga lika-U. ingu-U.

Ubuciko Bokuphoqelela: Ukuletha Imithetho Ekuphileni

Ukuthatha umthetho kuyingxenye yempi. Umthetho umane nje ungamagama ekhasi kuze kube yilapho igatsha eliphethe liwasebenzisa futhi liwaphoqelela. UMongameli, njengesikhulu esiphethe, ubekwa umthetho ngokunakekela ukuba imithetho ifezeke ngokwethembeka. Lomthwalo wemfanelo uphathiswe izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni, iminyango, neziqu zomthetho eziguqula inhloso yokushaya umthetho ibe isenzo esiqinile.

Izinhlangano Nezokubusa

Imithetho eminingi ibhalwe ngolimi olubanzi, ishiya imininingwane eqondile izakwenezelwa yizinhlangano eziqondisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceather Air Act ayidwebi wonke amazinga okukhishwa okuvumelekile; kunalokho, igunyaza i-Nzalo Yokuvikela Imvelo (EPA) ukumisa nokumisa izindinganiso eziqondile. Lenqubo, eyaziwa njengokushaya imithetho ehlongozwayo, ihlanganisa ukuhlela imithetho ehlongozwayo, ukuyinyathelisa kuyiFederal Register, ukucela ukukhulumela komphakathi, nokukhipha umthetho wokugcina. Lemithetho inegunya eligcwele lomthetho futhi ibukezwa. Regalm.[[FLD:1]]

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokuphepha Komphakathi

Ezinhlanganweni eziphambili zokuqapha umthetho kunezinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho njenge-FBI, i-Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), iBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemars and Explosives (ATF), futhi, embusweni nasemazingeni endawo, iminyango yamaphoyisa namahhovisi omphathi wezemthetho. Lezi zikhungo zihlola ukuphamba okusolwa, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, futhi zibambe abantu abephula umthetho. Amaphoyisa asebenzisa ukwahlulela okukhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi angayikhipha yini isixwayiso, abophe, noma abhekise icala lomthetho.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyicala Nezinkantolo

Uma umuntu esebekwe icala lobugebengu, inqubo yokuphoqelela iqhubekela phambili enkundleni yokwahlulela. Abashushisi, abayingxenye yegatsha eliphethe, banquma ukuthi yiziphi izikhalo ezibekwayo, ukuthi kufanele yini ifake isikhalazo esidilivayo, nokuthi kufanele inike izimali ezilinganiselwe kanjani. Lokhu kuqapha komshushisi kuyithuluzi elinamandla elilawula indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umshushisi angakhetha ukubeka phambili ubugebengu obunobudlova emacaleni amancane ezidakamizwa, ngokuphumelela ukunquma izinto eziza kuqala ngisho nalapho umthetho ngokwawo ungakwenzi ukuhlukanisa okunjalo. Ngemva kokuba kubekwe iziphakamiso, izinkantolo zithatha icala lokuzingela icala noma ukuba necala, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokuvikela komthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokubukeza Imithetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomsizi wokugcina welokho umthetho okushoyo nokuthi uvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, asungulwe ecaleni leNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu Marbury v. Madison (1803] [183]), avumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho ephula umthetho oyisisekelo wezwe. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuhlola, amagatsha omthetho womthetho wesivumelwano nowesikhulu angadlula imingcele yazo ngokujeziswa.

Izakhiwo ZeNkantolo Yesizwe

Ijaji likahulumeni lihlelwe laba izitebhisi ezintathu: izinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo zesifunda zecala, neNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo zesifunda ziyizinkantolo zamacala lapho kubekwa khona ubufakazi, izinkantolo zibekwa khona, futhi izinqumo zokuqala zinikezwa. Izigebengu ezihlulekayo ezihlalweni zesifunda zingadlulisa icala ezinkantolo zesifunda, ezibukeza umlando wecala lamacala angokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo yamakhashela okugcina, izwa ingxenye eyodwa kuphela yamacala aqulwayo unyaka ngamunye. INkantolo ikhetha ukuthi kunezimpikiswano ezibalulekile ezikhona ezinkantolo zesifunda, iqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala elingokomthetho womthetho kahulumeni.

Ukuchaza Isimiso Semithetho Neziphazamiso

Uma inkantolo ichaza umthetho, kumelwe inqume injongo yesishaya-mthetho. Abahluleli basebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nencazelo ecacile yombhalo, umlando womthetho, kanye namaqoqo amisiwe omthetho wokwakha. Imfundiso yestare decis[ (ukwenza isinqumo sinqume) sibophe izinkantolo ukuba zilandele izibonelo zangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esiphoqelelayo sokuzigumbuqela. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukuzinza nokuzinza nokwethenjiswa emthethweni, sivumela izakhamuzi namabhizinisi ukuba zithembele emithethweni eqinile. Nokho, izinkantolo futhi zinamandla okuvumela izimo ezishintsha izimo zomthetho, njengoba kuboniswe ezimweni ezifana nezo [FLT:] Brow.[FFF] V.[3]

Amaphekula Amandla Okwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela aligonyiwe kwezinye izinhlolo zamagatsha. UKhomishane angakhipha umthetho omusha ukuze acacise noma adlulise umthetho wenkantolo wokuchaza umthetho, futhi kungasikisela ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho ukuze kushintshwe umthetho wenkantolo. UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, futhi iSigele siwaqinise, ukumiswa kwamajudicaria ezandleni zamagatsha ezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zithembele egatsheni lesikhulu ukuze ziqinisekise imithetho yazo, ukuthembela okulula okuthi ngezikhathi ezithile kuvivinywe njengoMongameli uAndrence Jackson owathi umelana neNkantolo Ephakeme [FL:]. [FOLT:] v. [FOLD 1:1] [FOLD]] [1] [18]). Lokhu kuhlola usizo kugcinwa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu.

Ukubekwa kwemithetho yoMbuso: Isimiso Sezintambo

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni lapho umbuso uhlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe. Lokhu kuhlukana kuhlanganiswe kumthetho-sisekelo, okubala imibuso eqondile kahulumeni, njengokuqondisa ezohwebo, ukuqongelela imali, nokumisa impi. IsiHlanzi seshumi sigcinela wonke amanye amandla ezwe noma kubantu. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe anegunya elikhulu lokuhlanganisa ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wezempahla, umkhaya, kanye nezezwe lendawo.

Amandla Amanje Nezingxabano

Ezindaweni eziningi, kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni nezifundamo banegunya lokuhlanganisa. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi amagunya ahlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, kokubili kungaphonsa intela, kudlulise imithetho yobugebengu, futhi kulawule amabhizinisi. Uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso ingqubuzana, i-Suprematy Claus ye-Constitution igunyaza umthetho kahulumeni ukuba uphume, uma nje ingaphakathi kwegunya likahulumeni. Lesimiso, esaziwa njenge-precurition, siye sasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezisukela ekunyanzelweni kokufuduka ukuya ezindaweni ezizungezile. Izinkantolo zivame ukulwa nokunquma ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uhloselwe ukulahla umthetho wezwe, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni ezifana [[FLT:].[FLT:] Azoka]

Imithetho Kahulumeni Nombusi

Umbuso ngamunye unendikimba yawo yemithetho, eyakhiwa yiSigele neNdlu yabameleli, futhi iholwa umbusi. Inqubo yokwenza umthetho esindlu yombuso ibonakalisa inqubo kahulumeni ngezindlela eziningi: izikweleti ziyasungulwa, zabelwe amakomiti, ziphikiswane, zivotelwe, futhi zithunyelwe kumbusi ukuze zivunyelwe. Nokho, kunezinto eziphawulekayo ezingafani. Ezinye izizwe zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphume ngokuphelele ngenqubo yokuthatha umthetho, lapho imithetho ingabekwa khona phezu kwe-colotte ngesicelo nangokumiswa ngemithetho eqondile yabantu. Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yezokwelapha ekhethekile yeCalifornia engu-13 nenyambanguza ehlukahlukene yizibonelo eziphawulekayo zokwenza umthetho wezakhamuzi.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Enqubweni Engokomthetho

Nakuba izinqubo ezingokomthetho zokwenza umthetho nokugcinwa kwemithetho kwenziwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni nasekulondolozeni isimiso somthetho. Umthetho awulona isimiso esingaguquki semithetho ebekwe phezulu; uyisici esiphilayo esisabela ezindinganisweni, ezidingweni, nasezimfunekweni zabantu ezibusayo.

Ukushisekela Izindaba Nethonya Lezombangazwe

Indlela eqondile izakhamuzi ezikuthonya ngayo ukubekwa kwemithetho kungokusetshenziswa kwebhokisi lokuvota. Ngokukhetha izishayamthetho nabaphathi abahlanganyela imibono yabo, abavoti banquma isiqondiso sesimiso sikahulumeni. Ngaphandle kokuvota, abantu bangahlanganyela ekubopheni izikhundla ngokuthintana nabameleli babo, befaka ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwamacala omphakathi, bejoyina amaqembu anesithakazelo, futhi bahlanganyele ekubhikisheni komphakathi. ISimemezelo sokuqala siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo, ithuluzi elinamandla eliye labangela ushintsho lwezenhlalo nomthetho kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kusukela ekumisweni kwamalungelo omphakathi ukuya ekugqugquzeleni ukulingana komshado.

Inkonzo KaJury Nokulandisa Okungokomthetho

Inkonzo kaJury iwukusetshenziswa okuqondile kobuzwe ekuqikelweni kwemithetho. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji elingenacala ezicaleni zobugebengu, sibeka izakhamuzi ezivamile ezingxenyeni zomthumeli weqiniso nomphathi wokuziphatha. Juries unquma icala noma ubumsulwa futhi, kwezinye izimo, situsa izigwebo. Izehlulelo ezinkulu, elinye iqumbhu lezakhamuzi, linquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kunesizathu sokukhipha icala. Lezi zindima ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa kwemithetho kubonakalisa izindinganiso zomphakathi futhi kusebenza njengesehlolo emandleni omthetho omphakathi. [FLT]] INkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi yeze.

Ukuphendula Nokwenza Ingxenye Emphakathini

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, inqubo yokubeka umthetho ihlanganisa inkathi yokukhulumela komphakathi, ukuvumela izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, kanye namaqembu esithakazelo ukuba anikeze ukuzwana ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Lenqubo yokunikeza imvume yenza uhulumeni akwazi ukuqoqa ubuchwepheshe, aphawule imiphumela engalindelekile, futhi ahlole umzwelo womphakathi ngaphambi kokuba umthetho usebenze. Ngokufanayo, imihlangano kahulumeni yendawo, ukuzwa kwezikhulu, futhi izinhlelo zesikole zinikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okuhlela imithetho nezimiso ezithinta ngokuqondile imiphakathi yazo. Ingxenye yesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi esinempilo, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyaqhubeka usabela kubantu abakhonzayo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokwenza nokumisa imithetho isebenza ngamandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, negatsha ngalinye lifeza indima ehlukile kodwa encikeneyo. Igatsha lomthetho lihlela umthetho ngenqubo yamabomu yenkulumo-mpikiswano nokuyekelela, igatsha eliphethe liletha umthetho ekuphileni ngokuqinisekisa nangokuqondisa, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uchazwa ngokungakhethi nangokungaguquki nangezimiso zomthetho. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lithole amandla amakhulu kakhulu, lilondoloze amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu. Esigabeni ngasinye, kusukela ekumiseni isimemezelo sokulalela umthetho sokulalela isikhalo sokugcina, inqubo engokomthetho ibonisa umzamo oqhubekayo wokulinganisela, ubulungisa, nenkululeko eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eshintsha umphakathi.