Isingeniso

Imithetho yaseNdiya emelene nobuphekula imelela enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu nemithetho yezwe. Ihlose ukulwa nezinsongo eziyinkimbinkimbi zangaphakathi nezinganqamuki, lemithetho inikeza amandla aphelele okuboshwa, ukuboshwa, nokuqashwa. Nakuba uhulumeni ewavikela njalo njengokubalulekile ekulondekeni kwesizwe, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi bawalulaza ngokuhlelekile amalungelo ayisisekelo njengenqubo efanelekile, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, nayimfihlo. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, le mpikiswano iye yaqina kuphela njengoba imithetho iye yalungiswa futhi yasetshenziswa ngokumelene nomthetho owezishisekeli zamaphekula, izintatheli, nabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemithetho yezentethelelo, ukulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, nokulwa kwenkululeko yentando yeningi.

Umlando Wemithetho Elwa Nobuphekula ENdiya

Indaba yobuphekula yaseNdiya ihlehlela emuva ezimisweni zobuphekula ePunjab, eKashmir, naseNyakatho - mpumalanga ngawo - 1980 nawo - 1990. Uhulumeni wasabela ngemithetho yesikhashana, ekhethekile kamuva eyaba amaprotein emithetho ehlala njalo.

Izenzo Zobuphekula Nezentengiselwano (Ukubhuntsha) Act (TADA), 1987

UTADA wamiswa ngo-1995 njengesilinganiso sesikhashana sokubhekana nokukhuphuka kwenkululeko ePunjab nakwezinye izindawo. Yavumela ukuboshwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwebheyili, ubufakazi obungaziwa, kanye nezindinganiso ezincishisiwe zobufakazi. Ngesikhathi sehla ngo-1995, i-TADA yayisisetshenziswa kabanzi, ngokuvamile ngokumelene nezigebengu ezivamile nabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Umbiko ka 1994 weNational Human Rights Commission waphawula ukuthi amacala e-TADA aphela ngokuvinjelwa, okubonisa ukusetshenziswa kabi komthetho. Ukushona kwalomthetho kwabonisa izingozi zamandla empangohulumeni angapheli.

Ukuvimbela Ubuphekula, 2002

Ngemva kokuphelelwa, igebe lamathuluzi angokomthetho lazwakala ngemva kokuhlasela kwePhalamende lika-2001. Uhulumeni wamisa i-POTA ngo-2002, wafaka i-TADA kodwa wavikela izikhulu ezincane. I-POTA yagunyaza iziphathimandla ukuba zikhethe izinhlangano njengephekula, isola izinsuku ezingu-90 ngaphandle kokukhokha, futhi ifaka umthwalo wobufakazi kwabamangalelwa. Izikhalo ezisakazekile zokusetshenziswa kabi kweqembu elincane nezithasi zezombangazwe zaholela ekubeni zithathe umqalisi wayo ngo-20044. Nokho, ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-POTA lafakwa ngokushesha eMithelisweni ewuGuquzelini (Preementations) Act (UA) ku-A) Act (UPA) kusuka empeleni) ku-mfazwelo.

Imisebenzi Engafanele (Izibopho), Act (UAPA), 1967 – The Current Backbone

Ekuqaleni umthetho wokuvimbela izinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukuncishiswa kwe-secession, i-UAPA yanwetshwa kakhulu phakathi nonyaka ka-2004, ka-2001, ka-2020, no-2019. Ukulungiswa kukahulumeni kwanika uhulumeni amandla okubiza abantu njengamaphekula, hhayi nje izinhlangano. Manje uhlanganisa amalungiselelo okuhlola ubuphekula, ukuvalelwa kwemali ngaphambi kwezinsuku ezingu-800, futhi ukuvumela ukuvuma izono okwenziwa kumaphoyisa ukuba kusetshenziswe njengobufakazi. Isimiso sika-UAPAI sezinhlangano ezivinjelwe sikhule kusukela eqeshini elimbalwa kuya emaqenjini angamashumi amane asodwa. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuhlola ubuphekula, namuhla nge-National Revestigation Agency (NIA) njengengalo yayo.

Ukuzijwayeza Izenzo Ezingalungi (Ukuzitika)

U - UAPA uhlukile emthethweni ovamile wobugebengu ngoba ushintsha isimiso sokuzimelela kakhulu kuhulumeni.

Izimo Eziqinile Zokuhamba Kwezintambo

Ingxenye 43D (5) ye-UAPA ithi ibheyili ayizukunikezwa uma inkantolo, uma ithatha i-day yecala noma umbiko wenhlangano ehlolayo, yanelisiwe ukuthi kunezizathu ezinengqondo zokukholelwa ukuthi icala umuntu abekwe lona liyi-primafacie eyiqiniso. Lokhu kuguqula ukubekwa kwecala okuvamile kobumsulwa; obekwe icala kumelwe abonise ukuthi cishe akanacala lokuphepha. Uma kusebenza, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho namacala angenamdlandlalele angaholela ekuboshweni isikhathi eside. Inkantolo ephakeme emacalani anjenge- Unionon of Indias. K. A. NAeb [201] ucacingle ukuthi ibhayiselo linganikezwa ezimweni ezingavamile uma ukuqulwa kungaphenywa phakathi nesikhathi esiphansi, kodwa igwegwegwegwele igwegwele.

Ukuzigcina Okude Ngaphandle Kokuzilawula

Ngaphansi kwe-Fractal 43D(2) umuntu oboshwe ngaphansi kwe-UAPA angaboshwa izinsuku ezingaba ngu-30 ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe phambi kwemajistala, futhi ingqikithi yenkathi yokuvalelwa ngaphambi kokuba kudluliselwe isigwebo inganwe ngezinsuku ezingu-90 kuya ku-180. Lokhu kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu kunesilinganiso samahora angu-24 ngaphansi kwe-Codence of Criminal Procedure. Inhlangano ehlolayo idinga kuphela ukusho ukuthi kudinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokuqoqa ubufakazi. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zibika ukuthi ababoshiwe beboshelwe ejele izinyanga eziningi ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe icala, ngokuvamile bavalelwe bodwa ngaphansi kwe-Prodeticededs.

Ukuklama Abantu Njengamaphekula

I-2019 yenezelwe i-Cate 35A, ivumela uhulumeni omkhulu ukuba uchaze abantu njengamaphekula ngesaziso se-Offalisa Gazette. Lesi sigqebhezana sisekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuhlakanipha futhi singaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela okuncane. Uma sekunqunyiwe, impahla yomuntu ingavalwa iqhwa, futhi ibhekene nemingcele enzima yokuhamba nokuxhumana. Abagxeki baphikisa lenqubo ukuba ingabi sobala; uhulumeni ungenza ngokuqondisisa ngaphandle kokunikeza umuntu ithuba lokuzwakala. Njengango-2024, abantu abangaphezu kuka-50 baye bahlelwa, kuhlanganise nabaningi ababengalahlwangabo icala lobuphekulahliwe.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezivumo Zokuvuma Nokusho Izinkulumo Eziboshiwe

UAPA uvumela izinkulumo ezibhalwe iphoyisa elisesikhundleni sesikhulu samaphoyisa noma ngaphezulu ukuba zivunywe njengobufakazi, ngisho noma zingaqashelwanga ngokuzithandela. Leli lungiselelo liye lagxekwa kakhulu ngoba ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa eNdiya kuvame ukuhilela ukuphoqelelwa, njengoba kufakazelwa yimibiko eminingi evela ku-Amnesty International ne-Commonwealth Human Rights Initive. Umthwalo ushintsha ufike kwabamangalelwe ukuze ufakazele ukuthi ukuvuma izono akukwenziwanga ngokuzithandela, umsebenzi ocishe wadingeka lapho besejele.

Umphumela Wokukhululeka Kwezakhamuzi

Ukumiswa kwe - UAPA nemithetho ehlobene nayo kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu ezicini eziningana zenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Icala Nokutholakala Kwabantu Abangenacala

Ukuguqulwa kwemiphakamo yebheyili kululaza ukuthathwa kwe-UAP kobumsulwa. Izimo eziningi eziphezulu zibonisa lokhu. E [Bishima' Koregaon – Elgar Paris] icala , izishoshoshozeli nezifundiswa zaboshwa ngo-201818 ngaphansi kwe-UAPAS ngenxa yokuhlobana namaqembu amaMaopist. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-2025, amaningana achithe iminyaka engaphezu kwesithupha ejele ngaphandle kwesinqumo sokugcina. Izinkantolo ziye zalokhu ziphika ngisho nalapho ubufakazi becala bubonakala bubuthakathaka. Iziqondiso zeNkantolo Ephakeme zikhona phambi kwezinyanga ezithiwayo.[FLT] A.[FLT] A.[FLT] A.[FOLT] A.[23 U Phulk]

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokungavumelani Nobugebengu

Incazelo ebanzi yethi “umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni” ngaphansi kwe-Candelo 15 le-UAPA ihlanganisa noma isiphi isenzo esihlongoza noma esisekela ukubusa kwe-Indiya, ukungabaza ubukhosi, noma ukukhuthaza ubutha phakathi kwamaqembu. Lolu limi luye lwasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela izintatheli, abafundi, nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu. Izibonelo ezisobala zihlanganisa ukuboshwa konoRDA] Rayna Ayub (kamuva ibhawadi eligunyaziwe), [[FLT:]] umbangoluyawuthi oluno lwezisulungo, [[Foct:2] ulwenze lwezehluleko luka-Devanita Kala neNasha Nar' umbiko obalulekile weminyuswayo ezindaweni zezindawo ze-Accompsssssssssss, ngokusekela i-AFodviception, ngokufaka umbiko wemist.

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nezici Eziningi

UAPA ivumela ukuqapha ngamalungiselelo afana nokunqanda ukuxhumana (i-SAC 47A) nokuhlola ngaphandle kwemvume. Uhulumeni uNationalIntelligence Grip (NATGRID) ne Central Moniting System (CMS) iqoqa nokuhlela izinkonzo zezokuxhumana. Ukungabikho komthetho wemininingwane wezokwaziswa obanzi kuze kube i-Indiya [FLT:] Umthetho owe-National Memoteal Temment Protection, 2023, isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuqapha sahlala sikhanyisiwe. Inkantolo ePhakamele [FOLD:].S. Putwamyy vs. Union ye-Indiyan[FLT3] [207]) yamemezela imfihloko yomthetho obalulekile, kodwa ayizange ikhiphe imibiko yomphakathi ekhona.[FFoct:[5]

Ithonya Emizalweni Engokwenkolo

Izinhlangano zamalungelo kuye kwabhalwa isikhathi eside ukusebenza okungalingani nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho emelene nama-trigrip kuma-Muslim. Ukuhlolwa ko-2020 [FLT:] I-Commonwealth Rights Human Intiative[ kwathola ukuthi ama-UApatheeea angamaphesenti angu-ASulumane, naphezu kokuba amaSulumane enza i-14% kuphela yabantu base-Ndiya abalwayo. Izindlela eziphawulwe phakathi no-TDA no-POTA zibonakala ziphindaphindwa. Izenzo ezingaphansi kwe-UAPAI ngokuvamile zilandela ubudlova obala noma ubugebengu lapho abasolwayo ngokuyinhloko bevela emiphakathini emincane, kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokucwasa. Ezindabeni eziningi, ubufakazi obuvezweyo — njengobungcono noma njengezincwadi noma i-odansi — azina ubugebengu obuvamile, kodwa zingenwa ngaphansi komthetho ophansi, kodwa zibekwe phansi kwe-UAtary.

Ukukhululwa Kwezakhamuzi: Umbono Kahulumeni

Uhulumeni waseNdiya uthi imithetho enamandla elwa nobugebengu ibalulekile enikeza usongo. INdiya iye yabhekana nezenzakalo zobuphekula ezingaphezu kuka-1200 ezihlobene nokwesaba phakathi kuka-2010 no-2023, ngokweNkonzo ye-Homea Affairs. Le zihlanganisa ukuhlasela kwe-Mumbai ka 2008, u-2016 Patankantot, kanye nezenzakalo eziningi ezincane eJammu nobudlova bamaMaoist eNdiya ephakathi. Uhulumeni uphikisa ngokuthi unikeza izihlupho ezingokomthetho ukuze ziphazamise izigwebo ngaphambi kokuba zikwazi ukunyakazisa, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlobene nobuphekula obuse emaqenjini asekelwe ePakistan anjengeLashkar-Taiba neJaish-Memad.

Izikhulu zikhomba futhi ikomiti ezimele njengesivikelo. Inkantolo ePhakeme ingagadla iziqu ezizimele futhi inikeze ibheyili emacaleni angekho emthethweni. Ziphawula ukuthi inani lezinkolelo ezingaphansi kwe-UAPA liphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuboshwa, kodwa lithi lokhu kubangelwa ubunzima bokuzibonakalisa uzungu ezicaleni zobuphekula kunokuba usebenzise kabi. Ukuma kukahulumeni ukuthi noma ikuphi ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko kuyindlela yokusabela engokwesikhashana nelinganayo yokusongela.

Nokho, lempikiswano iphikiswa ochwepheshe bezomthetho abaphawula ukuthi amazwe amaningi anabo ubuphekula obuncane kakhulu (umzk., Canada, Australia) aphatha ngezimiso ezinikeza intuthuko eqinile. Imininingwane kahulumeni ngokwakhe evela kuyiNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) ibonisa ukuthi inani lamacala e-UAPA abhaliswayo lanyuka kusukela ku-900 ngo-2016 kuya ku-3 000 ngo-2022, kuyilapho amazinga okukhokhwanywa ahlala ecishe abe 2-5% ngaleyo nkathi. Izibalo ezinjalo zisikisela ukuthi umthetho uvame ukubizwa ngaphandle kobufakazi obanele.

Ukuqondisa Kwezokwahlulela Nezinguquko Zamuva

Izinkantolo zaseNdiya ziye zathatha inyathelo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze zinciphise ezinye zezicelo ezingathi sína zemithetho emelene nomthetho wobuphekula, kodwa uhlaka lusalokhu lungaguquguquki. Union of India vs. K.K.. Najeeb [2021], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ukuboshwa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuqulwa kungaba yindawo yebheyili ngisho nangaphansi kwe-UAPA, ibeke ibheyili yenyanga eyisithupha yebhethracle lokuqulwa. Kuyi-Vennon Golals v. State of Mahtratra[FLT:] , iNkantolo Ephezulu enikezwayo e-Elgarfat ebekwe icala lokuvinjelwa i-mthetho. Ize yalahla iNka iNkathi ye-frupt." i-fruver, i-frueactive.

Ngo-2022, uhulumeni wasungula i- Actives ezingekho emthethweni (Prevention) ISichibiyelo uBill, 2022 ukuze aqinise ilungiselelo eliqhubekayo, kodwa ukugxeka okukhulu kwaphoqelela ukuba aphume. Kunalokho, uhulumeni wakha ikomiti eqinile yokuhlola UA, eyatusa ngo-2024 ukuthi umthetho ugcinwe kodwa ngesivikelo esingcono, njengokubukeza kokwahlulela okunemithetho nemingcele esemthethweni ebekwe ngaphambi kokuboshwa. Lokhu kutusa akukasetshenziswangasetshenziswangasetshenziswa.

[[QT:0] Ukuhlanganisa 1: PRS India-UAPA ukuhlolwa [isibonelo sokugoma:] ibhekisela ku PRS Legislative Research[

[ umxhumanisi 2: Isahlulelo seNkantolo Ephakeme eK.A. Najeeb (Isibonelo esingenamfantu: Inkantolo yeNdiya [[])

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Indlela Imithetho YaseNdiya Eshaqeke Ngayo

Izwe elibuswa ngentando yeningi liyibophele imithetho emelene nomthetho wobuphekula elingana nokulondeka nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Patriot Act yase-United States ka-2001, iqala ukuqapha kodwa ihlanganisa izigaba zokushona kwelanga kanye nokuqondisa kwemithetho eboshelwe i-buthorian. UK’s Terrorism Act idinga izimvume zokwahlulela ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside izinsuku ezingaphezulu kwezingu - 14 (eqiniswe ezisukela ezinsukwini ezingu-28 ngemva kokugxekwa). I-UA yaseNdiya ingenazo izilungiselelo zokushona kwelanga ezibanzi nenqubo yobuqondisipalamende ibuthakathaka, kanye nokubika kwe-NIA kuphela kweNkonzo Yasekhaya.

E-Australia, imithetho emelene nomthetho ivumela ukulawulwa kwemithetho kodwa ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuhlola ummeli kanye nokubukeza ngezikhathi ezithile. I-UAPA yaseNdiya ayinikezi ilungelo lokweluleka phakathi nophenyo lokuqala, futhi ummangalelwa ngokuvamile ubekwa ngaphandle kwe-pastdo. Umbiko ka-2023 [20LT:0] we-International Commission of JURY [ we-Foct] uphethe ukuthi i-India emelene nomthetho wezomthetho wezehlakalo wesizwe wezephula izibo zomthetho zezizwe zonke izibophophopho, kuhlanganise ne-International Paradiom on Civin and Polistical Rights (ICPR) emalunganithiwe ngokuboshelwa ngobulungisa namalungelo okungakhethi.

[ ukuhlanganisa 3: IKhomishane yezizwe zonke ye-Jurists ibika ngobuNdiya[ [isibonelo: ICJ

Umxhumanisi 4: Amnesty International India 2023 umbiko nge UAPA (Isibonelo esivimbela umgogodla: [ Amnesty International[[])

Ukusabela Komphakathi Wasezweni Nokusekela Inguquko

Izinhlangano eziningana zamalungelo abantu zaseNdiya, njenge i-Union’s for Civil Liberty (PUCL) kanye ne-Human Rights Law Network (HRLN)[[FLLN]], isekeli njalo yokubukeza i-UAPA. Baphikisana ngokubuyisela ukuvalwa kwecala, ukunciphisa imingcele yangaphambi kwesigwebo, idinga ukuqashelwa kwezehlulelo, futhi bamise ukuphatha kwendikimba ezimele. I-UAPAPUTructionss , i-cectiverationssssss, i-opera abameli nabashisekelishoshologu, ikhiphe umthetho eMthethweni we-Ndiya. Nokho, isimo sezombangazwe esinikezwayo sesizwe lapho kuvela khona ukuvinjelwa, iNka iNka iNka yeNkanto enzima. kodwa imisha ephuma ngokuzinyela imisha, kodwa iphinde ikhiphela i-o enkulu i-o emhla.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yaseNdiya emelene nobuphekula, ikakhulukazi i-UAPA, imelela ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwesidingo sokulondeka nokulondoloza inkululeko yomphakathi. Nakuba usongo lobuphekula lungokoqobo, uhlelo lwamanje olungokomthetho lubhuntsha inqubo efanelekile: ukuvalelwa okunganqunyiwe, ukunqatshelwa kwebheyili ezisekelweni ezilula, futhi ukuvinjelwa komthetho wobuphekula kuye kwafana. Ngaphandle koshintsho olunjalo, ithonya elibekwe kubantu abambalwa nabashisekeli benkululeko lisikisela ukuthi umthetho ngokuvamile usetshenziswa njengethuluzi lezombangazwe kunethuluzi eliqondile lokuvikela. Izinguquko eziqala inqubo yokwahlulela eqinile, izigwebo ezishaya imingcele, kanye nelungelo eliqotho lokukhokha ukuhlanganisa umthetho nezindinganiso zomthetho womthetho wezizwe zonke. Ngaphandle kokwenza umehluko onjalo, imithetho eklanyelwe ukuvikela izingozini kwesizwe esibuningi ukuba sivimbele isilinganiso sesimiso sokubusa.

[ Umxhumanisi 5: NCRB imniningwane e-UAPA emacala [Isibonelo: Ubugebengu be-NCRB ku-Andiya izibalo[)