Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sobulungisa

Inqubo efanelekile yi-licklock yesimiso somthetho waseMelika, isithembiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenazimiso ezilungile nezihlelekile. Ibhalwe ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane, lesisimiso simelene nesenzo sikahulumeni sokuzinqumela futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukuphathwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Inqubo efanelekile, inqubo edingayo eguqula amandla amakhulu kahulumeni abe yinqubo ehleliwe, engenacala. Idinga ukuba imithetho isetshenziswe njalo, ukuba abamangalelwa banikezwe ithuba elinengqondo lokuzivikela, futhi imiphumela isekelwe ebufakazini kunokuba kuthathe ijubane. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile, isimiso sobulungisa singenza ithuluzi lokucindezela; sisebenzise isimiso sokukhipha ubulungisa esisemthethweni futhi sithembeke.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Umqondo wenqubo efanelekile ulandela umsuka wawo kuMagna Carta 39 yeMagna Carta (1215), eyamemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile obengaboshwa noma aphucwe amalungelo ngaphandle “kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma ngomthetho wezwe.” Lesiqinisekiso sakuqala savela ngomthetho ovamile wamaNgisi, sithonya amakhemisi angokomthetho kanye nezincwadi zesisekelo ze-intelekelelo ye-United States. ISiphendulo seSikhundla sesihlanu, sagunyazwa ngokuqondile ngo1791, savimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba ancine noma yimuphi umuntu “ukuphila, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Ngemva kweMpi yomphakathi, iSiphendulo se-Gajimende se-1455 se-oms sinwele isivikelo sezenzo ezifanayo nesohulumeni, siqinisa inqubo engokomthetho yesizwe.

Izenzakalo eziphawula isango ezinjengathi Hurtado v. California (1884] no- Ukubhikisha v. New Jersey [[FLT] [196]] kancane kancane yabumba lemfundiso, kodwa yaba yikhulu lama-20 leminyaka elabona ukuqhakaza kwayo okugcwele. INkantolo yeNkantolo [FLT:] [4] Gedeon v. Wainright[ [196]] [indlela eguqulwayo] [196]) — iqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza izigebezo ezisebenzayo kubantu abakhohliswayo. — [FLT:] ne-FLT] v.[196] [196] — Ukutshelwa kwezelelwa kwezindlela ezisebenzayo zokukhomba izigezo zobugebengu ezinikezwa abantu.

I-Cornell School’s Legal Information inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kokuziphendukela okungokomlando kanye nohlelo lwemfundiso yenqubo efanele.

Inqubo Engokwesayensi Elindelekile: Indlela Yobulungisa

Inqubo efanelekile yenqubo engokomthetho ibusa ama-motegons [ uhulumeni okumelwe enze ngawo lapho efuna ukulinganisela amalungelo omuntu. Ekwenzeni ubugebengu, lokhu kuguqulela ochungechungeni lwezinyathelo eziphoqelelwe eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, ukuthi umphandle ukhona, futhi uyanemba.

Ukuqaphela Nethuba Lokuzwiwa

Phakathi nenqubo efanelekile, inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba ummangalelwa amukele isaziso esanele samacala kanye nethuba eliqotho lokuwancintisana nawo. Uqaphela kumelwe kube okuqondile ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukulungiselelwa kwesivikelo, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kube nengqondo — hhayi nje umkhuba ovamile. INkantolo Ephakeme yagcizelela lokhu uMule v. Central Hanover Bank & Co Trust. [1950], iphethe leso saziso kumelwe “sibalwe, ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo, ukuze ibonise isithakazelo sokusebenza kwesenzo."

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Isinqumo esivelele ku Gideon v. Wainwright saqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo leSiphazamiso seSithandathu lokunikeza iseluleko lisebenza ekuqulweni kwecala ngeSichibiyelo se 147. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma imuphi ummangalelwa obhekene nesigwebo sejele unelungelo lommeli, futhi uma engakwazi ukuthenga, umbuso kumelwe unikeze eyodwa. Ilungelo linwebe ngaphezu kokulingwa kwecala eligxekayo, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwecala nokukhonzwa kwecala nokukhonzwa.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi Nobufakazi Obukhona

ISiphakamiso sika-Claus weSithandathu SesiHlulelo sinikeza abamangalelwa ilungelo lokubonana nabo. Lokhu akulona nje icebo elinamandla lokudalula ubandlululo, ukungaguquguquki, noma amanga aqondile. Ukufaka leli lungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, obuhlanganisa ukubiza ofakazi, ukuveza imibhalo, nokufakazela uma ummangalelwa ekhetha. Lamalungelo aqiniswa [crawford v. Washington] [2004], okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi ngaphandle “kophawu lokuthatha i-mqakaliso” ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa ekhona ngenxa yesiphambano.

Ukuvunyelwa Ukuba Ube Ilungu Elingakhethi Nobujuba

Inqubo efanelekile ifuna umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Abahluleli kumelwe bazibeke icala uma benobandlululo lomuntu siqu noma benesithakazelo esingokwezimali emphumeleni. Ezimweni zobugebengu, iSichibiyeli sesithupha siqinisekisa ijaji lontanga, elithathwe eqenjini lomphakathi elinobulungisa, futhi abahluleli kumelwe bafundiswe ngokubona ukuthi abamsulwa kanye nomthwalo wobufakazi ongenakungatshazwa.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uthule Futhi Uvikelekile Ekuzichayeni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinelungelo lokuzinqanda ngokuzibeka ubala luyisivikelo esiyinhloko. Miranda izixwayiso — ilungelo lokuthula, isixwayiso sokuthi noma yini eshiwoyo ingasetshenziswa enkantolo, ilungelo kummeli, nelungelo lokumiswa ummeli — manje lisesilinganisweni ekuphenyweni kwemvume. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvuma izono kungokokuzithandela futhi abamangalelwa bayaqaphela isivikelo sabo somthetho-mthetho ngaphambi kokuba bakhulumele ukugcinwa komthetho.

Inqubo Eyisihluthulelo: Okuphathelene Nobulungisa

Nakuba inqubo yokuveza inqubo efanelekile igxila endleleni, inqubo encane edingayo ihlola ukungeneliswa [ komthetho ngokwawo. Ibuza ukuthi umthetho ulungile ngokwezinga eliyinhloko nokuthi uweqa yini amalungelo agxile kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika kangangokuthi uhulumeni akanakuwavala ngaphandle kokuwalunga okuphoqelelayo.

Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Aqashelwa Ngaphansi Kwenqubo Elindelekile

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza inani lamalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe inqubo efanele engaphansi kwesigaba, kuhlanganise nalokhu:

  • Ilungelo lokushada
  • Ilungelo lokuba nezingane nokuzikhulisa ngendlela abazali ababona kufaneleka ngayo
  • Ilungelo lobuqotho bomzimba nokwenqaba ukwelashwa
  • Ilungelo lokuthola isikhathi sokuba wedwa, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo nokukhipha isisu (imingcele ebekwe umthetho wamanje)
  • Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekile e - United States

Ezenzweni zobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile evimbela lokho uhulumeni angakwephula umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho ethatha isikhundla sobugebengu nje — njengokuluthwa yizidakamizwa — iye yashaywa njengokwephula iSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili neseshumi Nesine. Robinson v. California [1962], iNkantolo yathi umthetho owenza ukuluthwa yizidakamizwa kube ubugebengu obungavumelani nomthetho ngoba ujezisa isimo kunokuba ujezise isenzo.

Imingcele Yenqubo Engaqondakali

Izinkantolo zisondela enqubeni edingayo ephoqelelwe ngokuqapha, ziqaphela ukuthi amajaji angakhethwe akumelwe athathe indiva izinqumo zezishaya-mthetho. Indinganiso yokubukeza imithetho ethinta amalungelo ayisisekelo ingu [ ukuhlolwa okucubungulayo [: umthetho kumelwe usebenzise isithakazelo sikahulumeni futhi uhlolwe kancane ukuze ufeze leso sithakazelo. Lemithetho engacaciwe akumelwe ivikele inkululeko eyisisekelo, indinga indinganiso ephansi kakhulu — isisekelo sokuhlola [, okufuna kuphela ukuba umthetho uhloselwe injongo engokomthetho. Le midala emibili iqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo eyisisekelo ivikela inkululeko ngaphandle kokuvumela abahluleli bayo abahleli bayo.

['s i-shopper amacala aseNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezinqumo eziyinhloko zenqubo edingekayo, kuhlanganise nokuziphendukela kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Inqubo Efanele Kuzo Zonke Iziteshi Zesigebengu Eziqhubekayo

Isivikelo senqubo efanele asigcini ekuqulweni kwecala ngokwalo. Zisebenza kuyo yonke inqubo yobulungisa bobugebengu, kusukela ngesikhathi sokuboshwa kuya ekudlulisweni kwezicelo.

Ukuboshwa Nokuqala Ukubonakala

Ukuboshwa kumelwe kusekelwe entweni okungenzeka — izizathu ezinengqondo zokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu benzekile nokuthi umsoli ubenzile. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa, umcabango kumelwe ulethwe phambi kwemantshi ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka. Lokhu kuyisizathu Gerstein [ ukuzwa (okuthiwa ngemuva Gerstein v. Pugh], okuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ababanjwangaboshelwa ejele ngokungenalusizo.

Ngaphambi Kwenkathi: Ukuzilibazisa, Ukuzilibazisa, Nokuthola

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, kodwa futhi inqubo efanele idinga ukuba izinqumo eziphathelene nokuboshwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala zisekelwe ekuhlolweni komuntu ngamunye kwengozi yokundiza nengozi emphakathini. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, abamangalelwa banelungelo lokuzwa kuqala ukuze bahlole ubufakazi obuphelele, futhi banelungelo lokuthola ubufakazi balokhu kuqulwa komthetho — inqubo elawulwa Brady v. Mary [1963], okudinga uhulumeni ukuba uphendule noma yibuphi ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi umbango.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nesigwebo

Ecaleni, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha nomphakathi, ilungelo lokuqulwa icala lejaji, nelungelo lokuquliswa icala ngesigwebo secala ngezinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha. Ukumangalelwa kumelwe kubonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ngemva kokuqiniseka, inqubo efanelekile iyaqhubeka isebenza ekugwetshweni: ummangalelwa kumelwe athole isaziso sanoma imaphi amaqiniso umahluleli ayowacabangela, ithuba lokuphikisana nawo, nencazelo ecatshangelwayo yesigwebo. Inkantolo Ephakeme kumelwe ibonise ukuthi inecala ngezinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha [FLT: 0] Appndi v. New Jersey ithola isaziso sanoma iliphi ithuba elizocatshangelwayo, kanye ne-Blayv [FLT] Washington[FLT] (204]) ukuqulwa kwecala elibanzi.[FLT]

Ukudlulisa Izicelo Nokubukeza Kwangemva Kwekhonsathi

Ilungelo lokudlulisa icala aliqinisekisiwe nguMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, kodwa lapho nje umbuso usukhethe ukwakha isimiso sokudlulisa, inqubo efanele idinga ukuba sinikezwe ngokufanelekile. Abamangalelwa abangathembekile kumelwe banikezwe amarekhodi okudlulisa icala nabameli ekudluliseleni icala. i-Habeas corpus ihlala iyisivikelo sokugcina, ivumela iziboshwa ukuba zibeke inselele ukuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni enkantolo kahulumeni.

Imiphumela Yokuwohloka Kwenqubo Elindelekile

Lapho uhulumeni ehluleka ukusekela inqubo efanele, imiphumela ingaba mibi kakhulu — kokubili kubamangalelwa ngabanye nakubantu abathembela esimisweni sobulungisa.

Izinkolelo Ezingalungile

Umphumela odabukisa kakhulu ukukholelwa komuntu ongenacala. Kusukela ngo - 1989, abantu abangaphezu kuka - 3 600 baye banqunywa icala eUnited States, abaningi ngenxa yokuphulwa kwenqubo efanele: ukuvuma izono ngokuphoqelelwa, ukugodlela ubufakazi bokuqashwa, ukuhluleka kosizo lweseluleko, noma izinqubo zokubona abantu abanephutha. I - Innocence Project ibika ukuthi ubufakazi beDNA buye bakhulula ngokomthetho amakhulu abantu ababekwe icala ngokungafanele, abanye babo abachitha amashumi eminyaka begwetshwa ohlwini lokufa.

Izimpikiswano Nezinguquko

Uma ijaji noma umshushisi ephula amalungelo afanele ommangalelwa phakathi nenkantolo, umphumela ungase ube yiphutha. Ekudluliseni icala, izinkolelo ziyaguqulwa uma iphutha lingalimazi — okungukuthi, uma kunokwenzeka ukuthi lithinte isinqumo. Nakuba ukuguqulwa kungabonwa njengenqubo yokulandisa, futhi bafaka izindleko ezisulwini, kofakazi, nomphakathi, futhi bangahlehlisa ubulungisa iminyaka eminingi.

Ukuncipha Kokwethenjwa Umphakathi

Mhlawumbe ingozi eyingozi kakhulu ewumshoshaphansi ukuncishiswa kwezimiso zomthetho. Lapho imiphakathi iqaphela ukuthi inqubo efanele isetshenziswa ngokungafani — ngokwesibonelo, lapho abantu abambalwa bencishwa njalo ibheyili noma begwetshwa ngokhahlo — ukubambisana nokugcinwa komthetho kuyancipha, futhi ukufaneleka kwezinkantolo kuyangatshazwa. Amacala aphakeme angokomthetho wokuziphatha okubi kwabashushisi, njengokugodlela ubufakazi Brady[ umongo owe-mongo owesibekelele, ukulondeka okwengeziwe. Ukukhomba okuqhubekayo kudinga ukugcinwa okuqhubekayo kwenqubo efanelekile nokulandisa okunenzuzo kulabo abawephulayo.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona eyedlulayo; kumelwe ijwayelane nobuchwepheshe obusha, izinguquko zezenhlalo, nokuqonda okuthuthukisa ubulungisa.

Imishini Nezindaba Eziyimfihlo

Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kobuchwepheshe bokuhlola — ukulandelelana kwezingcingo ngomakhalekhukhwini, ukuqashelwa kobuso, amanani anqumayo amaphoyisa — kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile mayelana neSichibiyelo sesine nenqubo efanelekile. Carpeent v. United States [2018], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokufinyelela imininingwane engokomlando esendaweni esendaweni ezungezile, iqaphela ukuthi ukuhlola kwemishini kungadalula imininingwane ejulile yokuphila komuntu. Njengoba ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kokwenziwa komthetho kuhileleke kakhulu ekubanjweni kwe-popublic futhi ngisho nasezinqumweni zokugweba, izinkantolo ziyokunquma ukuthi inqubo edinga ukuba sobala nethuba lokubekela inselele iziphetho zomthetho.

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Nezimiso

Ukucwaninga okungaguquki kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abaNsundu nabaseSpain babhekana nokuphathwa ngokhahlo kuzo zonke izigaba zesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu — kusukela emazingeni aphakeme okuboshwa nokuvalelwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kuya emaqeleni amade. Nakuba ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga okucacile kuyivela kancane, ubandlululo olucacile nokungalingani kokwakha kungaveza imiphumela ephula inqubo efanayo yokuvikela. INkantolo Ephakeme ibimadolonzima ukuqaphela “ithonya elihlukanisayo” kuphela njengokuphula umthetho, kodwa abasekeli nezazi ngokuqhubekayo baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanele idinga ukuhlolwa kwezimiso eziveza ukuhlukana okungokohlanga.

Izigebengu Zemithombo Yezinto Nezokuvikela Komphakathi

Naphezu kwesinqumo Gedeon Isinqumo, izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela ezizweni eziningi zihlala zingenamandla. Ukugawulwa kwemingxube kuyacoboza, ukuphenya kuncane, futhi abamangalelwa bavame ukubona abameli babo imizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokuba kuvivinywe. Lokhu kungalulaza usizo olunenjongo lweseluleko esifunwa inqubo efanele. Izigebengu eziningi ziye zazama ukuphoqelela amazwe ukuba anikeze imithombo eyanele, ngempumelelo exubile. Kuze kube yilapho igebe eliphakathi kwenhloso yenqubo efanele neqiniso lokuxhasa imali livaliwe, isithembiso sobulungisa siyohlala singagcwaliseki kubantu abaningi.

Isiphetho: Ukudingeka Okuhlala Njalo Kwenqubo Efanele

Inqubo ayiyona inqubo esemthethweni noma enzima ekubekeni umthetho ngokusemthethweni. Yisici esingokomthetho nesokufakwa kwemithetho okwenza amandla ngokomthetho afanele futhi abe nokulunga. Kusukela esiqinisekisweni sasendulo seMagna Carta ukuya kuvikelwa kwanamuhla okuqinisekisiwe echweba leNkantolo Ephakeme, inqubo efanelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ojeziswa ngaphandle kwethuba elibalulekile lokuzivikela, ukuthi imithetho ayibonakali noma iyacindezela, futhi isimiso sobulungisa siyayala ukuba ihlonishwe njalo yileyo ekhonzwayo. Ukugcinwa kwalezimiso kudinga imithombo eyanele, futhi ukuzimisela kokungagwegwegwegwesi noma yiliphi icala noma impikiswano. Njengoba umphakathi uzenza zibonakale, kanjalo kumelwe ukuba njalo ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo efanele — umgomo wokunikeza inqubo yeqiniso yobulungisa kubantu bonke abayikhonza ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe.

incazelo ye-American Bar Association yenqubo efanele enkantolo inikeza umongo owusizo walezizimiso ezisebenzayo.