ISichibiyelo seshumi nane soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, singenye yemikhakha ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho waseMelika. Ulimi lwaso olubanzi ngokuyisisekelo luye lwalungisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nombuso, luqinisekisa isivikelo esiyisisekelo esivikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ubuqotho bomkhaya, kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Kubantu abavamile, ukuqonda iSichibiyelo semfundo seshumi nane ayiwona umsebenzi wemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yesikole − kuthinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kusuka endleleni izikole eziphatha ngayo izingane zakho ngendlela izinkantolo eziphatha ngayo impahla yakho nenkululeko. Lesi sihloko siphula isivikelo esiyisisekelo sinikeza futhi sichaza indlela ezisebenza ngayo kuwe nomkhaya wakho.

Umlando Nenjongo Ye - core

Iqaliswe ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sakhiwa ukuvikela amalungelo abantu base-Afrika abasanda kukhululeka ngokumelene nemithetho kahulumeni efuna ukubancisha ubuzwe nesivikelo esifanayo. Nokho, umbhalo waso awulinganiselwe kunoma yiliphi iqembu elilodwa. Simemezela kakhulu ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwe noma abadalwe e-United States bayizakhamuzi, futhi sivimbela ukunqandwa kwamalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwezakhamuzi, ekuncisheni noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenayo inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, futhi singafuni noma yimuphi umuntu olinganayo nemithetho. Lesi sakhiwo sohambo se-Frivigege noma i-Immunion, i-Unitective Procetion, i-Unity provilet , i-'umgadedeactal progrees. INkakhulu leNkadensile yenze igwegwegwegwe yizenzo zeze inqubo yeze inqubo yezentengo efana neyo.

Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

I-Umeal Protection Claus, esengxenyeni 1, iyala ukuthi akukho mbuso “ongakholeka kunoma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwegunya lawo ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho.” Uma i-"kulula, lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo. Kodwa amandla alesi sigqebhezana akhona ekuchazeni kwawo okuvumelana nezimo: izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kuye ngohlelo olukhona.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile Kwendlela Yokuhlelwa Kwezinombolo Ezingahlelekile

Uma umthetho ukhetha ngokusekelwe ohlazweni, ezweni, noma ekuphambukeni (kwezinye izimo), izinkantolo ziyasebenzisa ukucubungula , indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yokubukeza. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe nokuthi umthetho uhloselwe ukufinyelela leyosithakazelo. Lendinganiso isetshenziselwa ukuqeda isithakazelo. , iNkantolo yenkolo ehlukanisa imishado nobandlululo lwezinhlanga. [[FLT:] [[FLT:][FLT][3][FLT][5], inkantolo yeze i-voluntial elingana neziko ezikoleni.[FLT][5][5]

Ukusebenzisana Nesisekelo Sokuhlola

Ukuze kuhlelwe izinhlelo ezisekelwe ebulilini noma ekwakheni, izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula [[FLT:]: umthetho kumelwe usebenzise isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni futhi uhlobene kakhulu nalesosithakazelo. Kuzo zonke ezinye izigaba (imali, ingcebo, ukukhubazeka, isimo sobulili (kweminye imibandela) (_izindawo) kusetshenziswa [[FLT:] isisekelo sokuhlola [: umthetho udinga isithakazelo esinengqondo kuphela. [FLT] [FF:] [5] [6] [6] [5] [3]

Indlela Ukuvikelwa Okulingana Ngayo Okukuthinta Ngayo

Isivikelo esilinganayo sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila: imfundo, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nokuvunyelwa komsebenzi womphakathi. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni noma umthetho wendawo ukuphatha ngendlela ehlukile ngenxa yohlanga lwakho, ubulili, noma esinye isici esivikelwe, ungaletha icala ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Futhi kuvikela ekusebenziseni imithetho engathathi-hlangothi ebusweni, ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa ephoqelela umthetho oxokozelayo kuphela kubantu bebala elithile lesikhumba.

Inqubo KaClaus Elindelekile

I-Gast Process Claus yenqabela isimo ekuncisheni “noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lomusho unezici ezimbili ezihlukene: inqubo efanelekile engokwemvelo nenqubo efanelekile. Zombili zibalulekile ekuvikeleni abantu nemikhaya.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwezinto idinga izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe ukuphila kwakho, inkululeko, noma impahla. Okunye, lokhu ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa isaziso ngesenzo esihlongozwayo kanye nethuba lokuzwakala phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Izinqubo eziqondile ziyahluka kuye ngokubaluleka kwenzalo esesigxotsheni nangengozi yokuncishwa iphutha. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Ezicabeni zobugebengu: Unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ukubhekana nofakazi, ukuba nommeli, nokuthula. Lamalungelo aphoqelelwa nge-Century Programme ye-145th Amendment (efunwa yimibuso) neSichibiyelo sesihlanu (esibhekiswe kuhulumeni wombuso).
  • Ezicaleni zomphakathi: Ngaphambi kokuba inkantolo ithole umklomelo noma ithathe impahla yakho, kumelwe uthole umsebenzi ofanele wenqubo nokuzwa kahle. Ngokufanayo, ngaphambi kokuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziqede izinzuzo zenhlalakahle noma zinciphe ilayisense yomshayeli, kumelwe zinikeze isaziso nohlobo oluthile lokuzwa.
  • ezindabeni zomkhaya:[ Isimo asinakukhipha umntwana ewineni lomzali ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala, futhi asinakuwasusa amalungelo obuzali ngaphandle kobufakazi obucacile nobugculisayo nethuba lokuba umzali azwe.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho noma izinqubo zilungile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza inkululeko eyisisekelo ehlanganisa umshado, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, ukuzala, ukukhulisa abantwana, nobuqotho bomzimba. Lamalungelo abhekwa njengabaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba noma imuphi umthetho owavimbelayo kumelwe wanelise ukuhlolisisa okuqinile noma, kwezinye izimo, indinganiso ephakeme ngisho nangaphezulu. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

Ukuvikelwa Kwemikhaya Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sivikela khona wena nomkhaya wakho kusemkhakheni womthetho womkhaya. iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokungaguquki iye yakholelwa ukuthi umkhaya uyingxenye eyisisekelo yomphakathi nokuthi abazali banelungelo eliyisisekelo lokukhulisa abantwana babo ngendlela ababona ifanelekile. Nokho, lelilungelo aliphelele; kumelwe lilinganiswe nesithakazelo sombuso ekuvikeleni izingane engozini.

Ukulingana Komshado

Phambi Obergefell v. Hodges, izifunda eziningi ziphika amalayisense omshado emibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuphika ukuthi ilungelo le-Century Procession Claus (ngokuphula inkululeko eyisisekelo) neSivikelo esilinganayo (ngokususa ngokusekelwe ekuthandekeni kobulili), inqumo yaqaphela ukuthi “ilungelo lokushada” lihlanganisa ilungelo lokukhetha umngane womshado, nokuthi umbuso awunakususa imibhangqwana ehlukene neyo kulelo lungelo. Namuhla, ngokufanayo nemibhangqwana eshadile eshadile ijabulela isivikelo esingokomthetho esifanayo, izinzuzo, nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, kuhlanganise nokuthola ifa, kanye nokusekelana.

Amalungelo Abazali Nelungelo Lokuthola Ilungelo Lomntwana

Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, abazali banesithakazelo esiyisisekelo sokunakekela, sokunakekela, nokulawula abantwana babo. Ngaphambi kokuba umbuso ususe umntwana ekhaya, kumelwe ubonise ukungafaneleki kwabazali ngobufakazi obucacile nobuqinisekisayo. Lendinganiso ephakeme ivimbela uhulumeni ekubhidlizeni imikhaya ngaphandle kokuthethelela okuphoqelelekayo. Ezimpikiswaneni zelungelo lokuwinwa kwabantwana phakathi kwabazali, izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa “izithakazelo ezingcono zengane”, kodwa azinakukhetha ngesisekelo sohlanga, inkolo, noma indlela yobulili. Imikhaya engahleli lé, ihlanganisa nogogo nomkhulu, ukuphakamisa abazali, ukuzala, kanye nemibhangqwana engokwabaxhunyiweyo empikiswaneni yombuso.

Ukutholwa Nokunakekelwa Kwabantwana Abatholwa

I-Century Programme and Auncime Protection Clauss isebenza ekutholeni izingane zokutholwa nokunakekelwa. Abazali abanethemba lokutholwa abanakunganqinwa ngenxa yesikhundla sabo somshado, uhlanga, noma indlela yobulili, nakuba ezinye izizwe zilondoloza ukukhululeka okungokwenkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane ezisesimisweni sokunakekela izingane ezikhuliswayo zinelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokubekwa emakhaya alondekile, alondekile, futhi amazwe kumelwe abe nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yazo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho Zanamuhla

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zichaza iSichibiyelo seshumi nane esisha. Nazi izindawo ezintathu lapho ukulungisa kuhlala kusebenza khona ngokukhethekile:

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Nakuba ekuqaleni iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sasihlanganisa isijeziso sezifundazwe ezazingavumelani nokuvota kwezakhamuzi zabesilisa, i-Flimate Protection Claus iye yasetshenziselwa ukubekela imingcele yokuvota imingcele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota liyilungelo eliyisisekelo, futhi noma yimuphi umthetho owenqaba ukuthi okusekelwe ngokohlanga noma kwezinye izigaba ezisolekayo kumelwe ziqhubeke zihlolwa ngokuqinile. Izehlakanisiwe [FLT] [FLT]] County v. Umbar[FLT][12] [25:3] [20]], iNkathi yecala lokukhomba okusolwayo kumelwe iqhubeke nokuhlola i-Lowment Act, kodwa i-Comedificle ihlala iyithuluzi elinamandla lokubekela i-etholini ye-geververververver, i-overtivene, i-overtivene yenye i-ovoct, i-ovoluethi, i-d prov

Isenzo Esiqinisayo

Izinhlelo eziqinisayo zezifundo, umsebenzi, nokutholana ziye zabhekana nezinselele eziphindaphindiwe zomthetho-mthetho ngaphansi kwe-Olincial Protection Claus. INkantolo iye yathi ukuhlelwa kwezinhlanga ezingeni elisekelwe emakholijini kumelwe kwanelise ukucubungula ngokuqinile. [FLT]] iziqu zamaFair Adgicts v. [FLT][[FLT] [2023]], iNkathi ngokuphumelelayo i-'ikhonto ekwaziyo ukuvuma izinhlanga ezifundwe ngemfundo ephakeme, kodwa yaphawula ukuthi abafundi basengaxoxa ngezinhlanga ezingxoxweni zabo siqu. Lendawo ihlala iguquguqukile, futhi izimo zesikhathi esizayo zingacalula kanjani ukungalingani komlando ngaphandle kokuvikela isivikelo.

Ukufuduka Nobunye Bomkhaya

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo se 144 se- “[noma imuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwegunya lakhe” sidlulela nakubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakhona ngokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi izingane ezingabhaliwe zinelungelo lemfundo yomphakathi ngaphansi . Plyler v. Doe[FLD:2][FLT][192] [[192], futhi lezo zifunda zingawaphiki amalungelo ayisisekelo enqubweni yokudingiswa. I-mendementment ivikela ubunye bomkhaya: U.S. Izakhamuzi nezakhamuzi ezisemthethweni esemthethweni zinesithakazelo somthetho ngokuphila namalungu omkhaya, nezimiso zikahulumeni okumelwe zihlangane nezindinganiso zomthetho.

Indlela Yokuqinisekisa Ngayo Amalungelo Akho E - 14

Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo,

  1. Akha uphuzo: Gcina amarekhodi anoma yikuphi ukuphathwa kabi komthetho noma ukungalungi okungokwesiko, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, amagama, ofakazi, nanoma ikuphi ukuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni.
  2. Funa iseluleko somthetho:[ Iziphakamiso zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zidinga ukuqonda okujulile komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Xhumana nommeli wamalungelo omphakathi noma inhlangano yosizo olungokomthetho uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli.
  3. Ikhodi lesikhalo: Ukuphambanisa okuningi kungabhekiswa ku-'izinhlangano zokuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, ubandlululo lwemisebenzi lungabikwa ku-Unime Accounting Opportountion Commission (EOC), kanye nokucwaswa kwemfundo eMnyango Wezemfundo we-Ofisi ye-Civil Rights.
  4. Ukucabangela ukuthatha amasuntswana: Uma amakhambi okulawula ehluleka, ungafaka icala ngaphansi kwesihloko 42 U.S.C. . . 1983, elivumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe uhulumeni nezikhulu zendawo ngenxa yokwephula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ama-pattiff aphumelelayo angathola umonakalo, impumuzo engcono, nenkokhelo yabameli.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Uhlale wazisiwe:[ Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yeSichibiyelo seshumi Nane ishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Landela imithombo ethembekile enjenge- Legal Information Institute [ yokuhlaziya umthetho wecala.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siyisivikelo esivikela umkhaya wakho ekuthatheni uhulumeni ozimele nasekucwaseni. I-Unicible Protection Claus iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho elinganayo isebenza kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki isizinda. I-Acts Procession Clause iqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga futhi ivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo eyenza ukuphila komkhaya kube nokwenzeka (umshado, ubuzali, ukuzibusa, nokusondelana. Nakuba ukuphumelela ngokugcwele kokuphumelela kuqhubeke kumiswa izinkantolo − futhi ngezinye izikhathi impikiswano ephikisana ephikisayo ihlala ikhona: uhulumeni ngeke akuphathe njengomuntu ophelele onelungelo lokuhlonipheka, nokulingana. Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo kukunika amandla okuzivikela, hhayi nje kuphela kodwa ngenxa yezingane zakho nomphakathi wakho.