Isingeniso

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States singenye yamalungiselelo alandelayo naguqula kakhulu emlandweni wezomthetho waseMelika. I-Ratived ngoJuly 9, 1868, phakathi nenkathi yesiphithiphithi sokuvuselelwa kweNkathi, lokhu kulungisa ngokuyisisekelo ukuma kwesizwe kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Izigaba zayo ezinamandla . . .i-Claus yeSizwe, i-STED Procement Clause, kanye ne-Act Protection Clauslet Provice prote prote cishe i-avet yomthetho wonke amalungelo ayinhloko omphakathi athuthukiswa eminyakeni engu- 150 edlule. Ukususa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga zesizwe ukuze kuvimbele ukulingana, iSimende se-1455 yeSimende sokulungisa isimo esingokomthetho sokulingana nobulungisa kubo bonke abantu base-Melika.

Le nqubo yayiklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukugumbuqela uDred Scott v. Sandford [1857] isinqumo, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela khona ukuthi ama-Afrika ayengeyena futhi ayengenakuba izakhamuzi zase-U.S. ngokumisa ubuzibulo kanye nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, iSiphendu se 145 seSiphendulo sakha uhlelo olusha lomthetho - sisekelo olwandisa isivikelo sikaBill of Rights kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhlanga, futhi sabeka isisekelo somphakathi ophelele nongasodwa.

Umlando Wesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimo ezingokomlando ezaholela ekusungulweni kwayo. IMpi Yombango yaseMelika (1861-1861-1865) yayiqedile ukumiswa kobugqila ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu, kodwa isimo samaMelika aseAfrika ayizigidi ezine ayesanda kukhululwa sahlala singaqinisekile. Amazwe aseNingizimu amisa imithetho ecindezelayo eyaziwa ngokuthi amaBlack Code, eyayivimbela kakhulu inkululeko yabantu abamnyama, kuhlanganise nelungelo labo lokungena ezivumelwaneni, afaka ubufakazi enkantolo, futhi ahamba ngokukhululekile.

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1866 yayiwumzamo wokuqala kaKhongolose wokulwisana nalezi zinyathelo ezicindezelayo ngokumemezela ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwe e-United States babeyizakhamuzi futhi benelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngomthetho womthetho nokwesaba ukuthi iSishaya-Mkhandlu sesikhathi esizayo singaphinde sishintshele esinqumweni sokufaka lezimiso eMthethweni ngokwawo. ISiphendulo seshumi elinesine savela njengekhambiso elibanzi lomthetho, siqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo sokuba yizakhamuzi zakhona singapheliswa kalula ngesenzo somthetho.

Inkathi Yokuvuselelwa Nezimpi Zezombangazwe

Inguquko yabuthelwa i-Joint Committee on Reconstructionon, ikomiti ekhethekile yenhlangano esungulwe ukusingatha izinselele zokuhlanganisa amazwe aseNingizimu e-Union. Lenqubo yayingowezombangazwe kakhulu, inezimpikiswano ngobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni, amalungelo emibuso, kanye nencazelo yokulingana. AmaRepublic asekela ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile kwesizwe, kuyilapho amaRepublic namaDemocrates ayenobungane ayefuna ukulondoloza izinga elithile lombuso.

Umbhalo wokugcina walolushintsho wamelela ukuhlehliswa, kodwa noma kunjalo wamisa izimiso ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukubekwa kwayo kwadinga ukuvunyelwa abantu abathathu abane bamazwe, inqubo ngokwayo eyayigcwele impikiswano. Kwadingeka ukuba izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zilungise ukubuyiselwa njengesimo sokuthunyelwa kwe-Union, zikhe amandla ezombangazwe aguqula indlela yokuncitshiswa kwe-conson iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Ukusabela Emibhalweni Emnyama

I-Black Code ka-1865-1866 yaba yisici esiqondile seSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Le mithetho yayihlukahluka kusuka kumbuso kuya kuhulumeni kodwa ngokuvamile yayihlanganisa amalungiselelo athi:

  • AmaMelika aseAfrika athola indawo yokuhlala noma ukuqasha indawo ngaphandle kwezindawo ezimisiwe
  • Abantu abansundu abaphoqelelwe ukuba benze izivumelwano zemisebenzi ezaphinde zabangela izimo zobugqila ngokuphumelelayo
  • AbaseMelika abaNsundu abanqatshelwa ilungelo lokufakaza enkantolo, lokusebenza enkantolo, noma lokuvota okhethweni
  • Izijeziso ezinzima zokungalawuleki, ezazisetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela abantu abaNsundu ukuba basebenze kanzima

Abadwebi beSichibiyelo seshumi nane babehloselwe ukunikeza lemithetho ngokungavumelani nemithetho. i-Umeal Protection Clause, ikakhulukazi, yayiklanyelwe ukuvimbela imibuso ukuba imise umthetho wokukhipha ubandlululo owawukhetha amaqembu athile ukuze athole ukuphathwa okuhlukile.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko ESichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sakhiwa izingxenye ezinhlanu, kodwa ingxenye yokuqala iqukethe izigaba ezintathu ezinethonya elikhulu eziye zalolonga umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukuba UClaus Uyisakhamuzi

I-Citity ye-Clausse, etholakala engxenyeni 1, ithi: "Bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abangokwemvelo e-United States, futhi abangaphansi kwezwe layo, bayizakhamuzi zase-United States naseHulumeni lapho behlala khona. Lelilungiselelo layigumbuqela ngokuqondile i- red Scott[ isinqumo futhi basungula ubuzibulo njengesimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Lo mbhalo uhunyushwe ukuze unikeze cishe bonke abantu abazalwe e-U.S. izakhamuzi ezizalwa ezweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinjani izimo zokufuduka zabazali bazo. Icala lengqoko yengqokoso United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898]) uqinisekisa ukuthi umntwana ozalelwe eUnited States kubazali bamaShayina abavela kwamanye amazwe wayeyi-U.S., nakuba umthetho kazwelonke ngesikhathi ubekelwe ukufuduka nokungena eChina. Lesimiso sobuzibulo, saziwaziwa ngokuthi [[FLT:]] unjalo , uhlala uyisici esivelele somthetho wesizwe waseMelika futhi ube uyisicishicilo senkulumo yenkulumo yezombangazwe eqhubekayo.

Izinhlelo ezilindelekile

I-Active Process Claus inikeza ukuthi akukho simo esizothi "sithathe noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Lombhalo unezindlela ezimbili ezingafani: inqubo efanelekile elandelwayo nenqubo efanelekile.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile engokwenqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye zifezwe ngezinqubo ezilungile nezimisiwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuqaphela, ukuzwa, umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi, nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi. Inqubo efanelekile yokuveza inqubo isebenza emongweni ohlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwezenzo zokuphatha, nokubekwa kwemithetho yomphakathi.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo edingayo enzima kakhulu neyandisa kakhulu incazelo evikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho noma uhulumeni elandela izinqubo ezilungile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa inqubo efunekayo ukuze ivikele amalungelo anjengelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana, ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo, nelungelo lokuzilawula komzimba. Lo mkhakha we-CANDR Proces Claus ube senkabeni yemithetho engokomthetho wezwe ehlanganisa Roe v. Wade[FLD: 1] (1973]) kanye [FL:2] ne[FL:2]

Ukuvikela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

I-Umeal Protection Claus inikeza umthetho wokuthi akukho zwe eliyothi "livume kunoma ubani ophakathi kwegunya layo livikeleke ngokufanayo kwemithetho." lesi sigqebhezana siyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho omelene nobandlululo futhi ezimweni eziningi siye sacelwa ukuba sibeke inselele yokungalingani ngenxa yohlanga, ubulili, i-screen, nezimpawu.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakha uhlelo olunemigqa lokuhlaziya izinkulumo ezithi Isivikelo Esilinganayo:

  • Ukuhlola kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelwe ngokohlanga, umsuka wesizwe, namalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esishukumisayo futhi abonise ukuthi izindlela zakhe zifanelana kakhulu ukuze afinyelele lesosithakazelo.
  • Ukuhlola okuphakathi [ kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelwe ebulilini nasebuntwaneni. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwezindawo kufeza isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni futhi kuhlobene kakhulu nalesosithakazelo.
  • [ isisekelo se-Ratiation threst [ isebenza kuzo zonke ezinye izigaba. Uhulumeni udinga ukubonisa kuphela ukuthi ukuhlelwa kohlelo kuhlobene ngokunengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni.

Lesici siye sasetshenziswa ezimweni ezisukela ekuhlukaneni ngokohlanga kuya ekukhetheni ubulili kuya ekulawuleni kwezomnotho, senza i - Exlumeal Protection Claus ibe elinye lamalungiselelo avame ukuhlatshwa eMthethweni.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana

Enye yeminikelo yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane yezentengiselwano ezifinyelela kude kakhulu kumthetho waseMelika imfundiso ehlanganisayo. Nge-CURENT Process Clause, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane iye yasebenzisa amalungiselelo amaningi eSivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu ezifundazweni, ngokuyisisekelo iguqula ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni.

Phambi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iSichibiyelo samalungelo abantu saqondwa njengomngcele kahulumeni kuphela. Icala lesikhashana Barron v. Baltimore (133) lalikusho ngokucacile ukuthi iBill of Rights yayingasebenzi ezinyatheloni zikahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sashintsha lokhu kunamandla ngokunqabela noma yimuphi umuntu "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.""

Emacala amaningi aqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuchaza i-Caltive Process Claus njengehlanganisa amalungiselelo akhethekile e-Bill of Rights ngokumelene nezifundazwe. Le nqubo yayihamba kancane futhi ilandelana ngecala, iNkantolo ihlanganisa:

  • ISichibiyelo sokuqala samalungelo okukhuluma, amaphephandaba, inkolo, umhlangano, kanye nesicelo [ku- Gitlow v. New York (125]) kanye namacala alandelayo
  • ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nasekuqulekeni [[FL:0] Mapp v. Ohio (1961)]
  • Ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu lokumelana nokuziphikisa Malloy v. Hogan (1964)
  • ISichibiyelo sesithupha sinelungelo lokululeka [ku- Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)]
  • ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivikela ekujezisweni konya nokungavamile [ku Robinson v. California (1962)

Namuhla, cishe zonke izivikelo eziseBill of Rights ziye zafakwa ezingeni elimelene nezifundazwe, okwenza iSichibiyelo Se - 14 sibe imoto eyinhloko amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo aphoqelelwa ngayo embusweni nasezindaweni ezithile.

Ithonya Ezinhlanganweni Zamalungelo Omphakathi

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane siye saba isikhali esiyinhloko esingokomthetho cishe kuwo wonke amaqembu amakhulu alwela amalungelo omphakathi emlandweni waseMelika. Amalungiselelo aso aye acashunwa emacaleni avelele eNkantolo Ephakeme aye achitha imithetho yobugebengu futhi andisa izinga lokulingana.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa okudume kakhulu kwe-Uncime Protection Claus yeza Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yavuma khona ngazwi linye ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakungavumelani nemithetho esemthethweni. INkantolo yalahla "ukuhlukanisa kodwa" imfundiso emiswe Preby v. Ferguson[ [186], iphethe leyo zakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene yayingenamgangatho futhi yaphula i-mgamfanzile i-mvice Isivikelo esilinganayo sika-Claus. Lesinqumo sasebenza njenge-ast kumalungelo abanzi enhlangano yesizwe futhi saholela ekuncipheni kwezindawo zomphakathi phakathi kwe-United States.

Uthando Virginia (1967)

Ku ebhalwe u-v. Virginia, iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukuganana kwezinhlanga, iphethe ukuthi imithetho enjalo yayiphula kokubili imithetho ye-Univice Experimence Clausle ne-Gueting Proce Clausle. IJaji elinguMahluleli uWarren wabhala ukuthi "inkululeko yokushada, noma ukungashadi, umuntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nothile futhi akanakugxambulwa nguHulumeni." Lesinqumo salahla imithetho emelene nomthetho ye-Minicegensgeose ezindaweni eziyi 16 futhi saqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo se-14 sivikela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Okokuqala, e-V. Reed, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa i-Livice Elinganayo Clause ukuze ithathe umthetho owawuhlukanisa ngesisekelo sobulili. Icala lalihilela umthetho owenzela amadoda ukuba akhethe abesifazane ekuqondiseni izakhiwo. INkantolo yayithi ukukhetha komthetho okungagunyazi amadoda kwakuphula isivikelo esilinganayo sika Clause, ibeke isisekelo sobandlululo lwanamuhla lwezinhlalo.

Ukunconywa Kwamanje KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane siyaqhubeka siwumthombo onamandla nophikiswayo womthetho - sisekelo ekhulwini lama - 21.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

[INkantolo] yathola ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe yi-Sect Programme Claus , iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine sidinga izivumelwano ezifanayo zobulili nezokuhlobanisa imishado efanayo. INkantolo yathola ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe yi-Sed Proced Claus engenelwe i-e ekwamukeleni i-Actal Profeclace. Lesinqumo saphawula ukwanda okungoko kwamalungelo omphakathi eLGBTQ+ amaMelikany futhi sabonisa amandla ahlala njalo e-145th Amendmentality ukuba akhulume ngezindlela ezintsha zokucwa kwemibono.

Ukuhalalisa Ngamalungelo NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo siye saba isisekelo esiqhubekayo sokulwa namalungelo okuvota. Isiqephu 2 sokulungisa sinikeza ukuthi uma uhulumeni enqaba ilungelo lokuvota noma isiphi isakhamuzi esiyindoda esineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-21, kuzakuncitshiswa ngokwesilinganiso. Nakuba leli lungiselelo lingakaqiniswa, i-Flimate Protection Clauslee liye lasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele imithetho ye-ID yokuvota, ukuvota kwezinhlanga, ukuvota okuvimbela ukuvota okuthi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kuthinte isigaba esincane. Amacala anjenge- County [FL:] v. Raverer[FLT:] (2013]), elulaza ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Ocrectives Act ka-1965, iye yavusa impikiswano nge-RGrectoract ka-196565, iye yaqala kabusha ngelungelo lomthetho wobuhlanga lokuvosimest.

Amalungelo Okuzala Nama - odily Autonommy

IMsebenzi yeNkathi ka-Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sezezimali isekelwe ekwakheni okungokomthetho okuhlobene namalungelo okuzala. Rooe v. Wade [177]], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo, elisekelwe eMthethweni Wesigungu ka-Centu, livikela isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. Muva nje, [[FLT:] [FLT]]] [2] ku-Dobbs v. Jackson Owempilo Yabesifazane [[FLT:] [202] [202], iNkathi yeNkathi yesinqumo [[FLT:]] [FLT] [5]] nendima eyisisekelo yemithetho egciniwe.[FLT]

Ukufuduka Nokuzalwa Ngokufanelekile

ISisazekwane sika Claus seSichibiyelo seshumi nane sisalokhu siwumngcele ocacile ezimpikiswaneni zokufuduka. Abanye abantu bezombangazwe baye bayala ukuba kuqedwe ubuzibulo bezingane ezingabhaliwe, bephikisa ngokuthi igama elithi "zithobela igunya laso" lishiya abantwana abanjalo. Nokho, ukuchazwa okusemthethweni okukhona, okusekelwa United States v. Wong Kim Ark[ futhi umkhuba omisiwe, uveza ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu ozalelwe e-U.S. inhlabathi iyisakhamuzi. Noma imuphi umzamo wokulinganisela ubuzibulo cishe ungayibhekana nezinselele ezinkulu zomthetho ngaphansi kwe-Gradition.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyisisekelo emthethweni - sisekelo waseMelika, iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane siye saba indaba yempikiswano ephikelelayo.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Okuphikisanayo NoMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Umehluko oyisisekelo ukhona phakathi komsunguli wobuProgramme nowama-Gractics aphilayo ufinyelela kwezinye izinhlobo zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Abaqondisi besonto baphikisa ngokuthi ukulungiswa kufanele kuchazwe ngokwencazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi yencazelo yombhalo wayo ngesikhathi sokukhuthuzwa. Ngaphansi kwalombono, i-Uncimelt Protection Clauslet yayihloselwe ukusingatha ukucwasana kobuhlanga nama-Afrika kodwa ayinwebi kwezinye izinhlobo zobandlululo, njengalezo ezisekelwe ebulilini noma ebulilini. Ngokungafani, abasekeli bemithetho-mthetho-siseko, baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezibanzi kufanele zikhulume ngezindlela ezintsha zokungalingani nobulungisa. Lenkulumo - mpikiswano inezicingo eziphawulekayo zokuthisisa izinkantolo.

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Uncime E Protection Claus ekuvumeni izinhlelo kuye kwaba nokuphikisana okukhulu. Kuyi-Regents yase University of California v. Bakke [1988], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi imingcele yobuhlanga ezindaweni ezisemthethweni zaseyunivesithi yayingavumelani kodwa ukuthi uhlanga lungabhekwa njengengxenye eyodwa phakathi kwabaningi. Muva nje, izici ze-Fair Adgicts v.[[FLT:] [20]] [20]), iNkantolo yashaya izinhlelo zezinhlelo zaseyunivesithi zokungena eHarvard naseYunivesithi yaseCarolina, iphethe ukuthi ukufakwa kwezinhlanga kumelene nezimiso ezihlangeneyo. Le mpikiswano ishoshoshosho ukulingana okukhulu ngokokwahlulo olungoko ngokomlando.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwezomnotho NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa i-Access Process ukuze ishaye imithetho yezezomnotho, kuhlanganise nemithetho yeholo elinganiselwe nemithetho yamahora, esikhathini esaziwa ngokuthi i-Lochner. INkantolo kamuva yayeka le ndlela yonyaka kuma1930 nangawo-1940, ithatha ukuma okuhloniphekayo kakhulu mayelana nomthetho wezomnotho. Nokho, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo zivikela amalungelo empahla nenkululeko yezomnotho ngaphansi kweSimiso sika-Clauslaus zingabonisa ukuvuselelwa kwe [[FLT]] ] isimo se-julpriquence. Le mpikiswano iqokomisa ukuxabana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwenkululeko nemithetho yohulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Genearne.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siseyithonya elibalulekile nelinamandla ekulweleni okuqhubekayo ukulingana nobulungisa eUnited States. Amalungiselelo aso avikela amalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi futhi asebenza njengesisekelo sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo emalungelo omphakathi. Kusukela ekuqalekeni kwayo ngemva kweMpi Yombango kuya ekusebenzeni kwayo ezimpini zanamuhla eziphathelene namalungelo okuvota, ukulingana komshado, nenkululeko yokuzala, iSichibiyelo se - 14 seSimemezelo siye sazibonakalisa singesinye samathuluzi avumelanayo nenamandla kakhulu esimisweni somthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika.

Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka sibhekana nezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo, ngokungangabazeki iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siyofeza indima enkulu ekulungiseni isimo somthetho. Noma ngesiqinisekiso se-Uncime Protection Claus se-alting ye-Claus elinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, i-The Tree Procement Claus’s Procement Claus, noma iSivumelo sobuzwe sika Claus siyaqhubeka sichaza ukuthi unelungelo lokuba yisizwe sabantwana, ukuguqulwa kunikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lokusingatha izinselele ezintsha kuyilapho kusekela isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi bonke abantu banelungelo lokuvikelwa isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho. ISiphendumiso se-Hanneth asiyona nje i-mfandalth factor; incwadi ephilayo eqhubeka ichaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba yi-Melika nento esho ukuthi kumele ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho.