Table of Contents

ISimemezelo seSivumelwano se-Independent singenye yezincwadi ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wesintu, simisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezisaqhubeka zibumba ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke. Sathathwa ngoJuly 4, 1776, lombhalo wenguquko wenza okungaphezu kokumemezela ukuhlukaniswa kweMelika neGreat Britain () [1] ukuveza umbono wesibindi wamalungelo abantu, ubugunya bohulumeni, nomthwalo wemfanelo wesizwe osalokhu usebenza kakhulu namuhla.

ISimemezelo sisho izimiso uhulumeni wethu, kanye nokwaziwa kwethu njengamaMelika, okusekelwe kuzo. Ukuqonda indlela lencwadi yesisekelo eqondisa ngayo isakhamuzi sokuhlanganyela nokuvikela amalungelo aso kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukungenela ngokunenjongo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlola okunzulu kuhlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zeSimemezelo, umongo waso ongokomlando, kanye nethonya laso eliqhubekayo ekubopheni umphakathi wanamuhla.

Imvelaphi Yomlando Neyokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

ISimemezelo Sokuzibusa savela esikhathini esithile esingokomlando lapho ababusi baseMelika bebhekana nalokho abakubheka njengokwephulwa kwamalungelo abo okuhleliwe nguHulumeni waseBrithani.Lencwadi imelela umvuthwandaba weminyaka yefilosofi yezombangazwe, izikhalo zamakoloni, nokushisekela ukuvukela okwaguqula amakoloni ahlukene angu - 13 aba isizwe esinobunye esisekelwe ezimisweni ezifanayo.

UThomas Jefferson wayengumphathi oyinhloko weSimemezelo noJames Madison weSimemezelo samalungelo abantu; uMadison, kanye noGouverneur Morris noJames Wilson, babengomunye wabaklami abayinhloko boMthetho-sisekelo. UJefferson wadweba ifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi izincwadi zikaJohn Locke, kanye nezincwadi zangaphambili zamakoloni ukuze enze inkulumo eyayizozwakala ezizukulwaneni.

Ngokwavuma kukaJefferson ngokwakhe, lesiSimemezelo sasingenayo imiqondo yokuqala, kodwa esikhundleni salokho sasiyinkulumo yemizwa ehlanganyelwa kakhulu abasekeli beNguquko yaseMelika. Lokhu kukhetha ngamabomu kwenza lencwadi yaba namandla kakhulu,(isho imiqondo eyayilokhu ivela emicabangweni yezombangazwe yaseMelika amashumi amaningi eminyaka, inikeza izwi ezimisweni amakhosikazi ayesezibheka njengeziyigugu kakade.

Isisekelo Esiwubuhlakani

Isisekelo sefilosofi seSimemezelo sibuyela emuva emfundisweni yomthetho wemvelo nasekhonweni lefilosofi yezenhlalo. Inkulumo ethi 'imvume yababuswayo' ingalandelelwa emuva emfundisweni yezombangazwe yesazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi uJohn Locke, owaqala ukuveza lomqondo encwadini yakhe yonyaka ka-1689 'Iziqu Ezibili zikaHulumeni'. Impikiswano yayithi igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe lisuka ekuvumeni kwababuswayo, isivumelwano sezenhlalo esiphathisa ababusi ngegunya esibambisene nesikhundla sokuba bavikele amalungelo angokwemvelo okuphila, inkululeko, nempahla.

Imithombo eshesha kakhulu kaJefferson kwakuyizincwadi ezimbili ezabhalwa ngoJune 1776: ukubhalwa kwakhe siqu kwesandulela soMthetho-sisekelo waseVirginia, kanye nokuhlelwa kukaGeorge Mason kweSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu eVirginia. Ideas kanye nezinkulumo ezivela kuyo yomibili lemibhalo kuvela eSivumelwaneni Senkululeko. Le synthesis yomcaba wezombangazwe owawukhona yadala incwadi eyayijwayelekile neyayiguqula isimo.

Izimiso Eziqinile: Amaqiniso Aziphethe Namalungelo Angenakuthatheka

Inhliziyo yalesimemezelo isesigabeni sayo sesibili, esiqukethe amanye amagama adumile kakhulu olimini lwesiNgisi. Sibheka la maqiniso njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuthi banikwe uMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakuthatheka, ukuthi phakathi kwalawa ukuphila, iNkululeko nokuphishekela iNhlanhla.-----Ohulumeni bamisa lamalungelo phakathi kwamadoda, banikeza amandla abo alungile ngokuvumelana nokubusa, ---ke uma noma isiphi isiphi iSimo sikahulumeni sibhubhisa le njongo, kuyilungelo labantu lokuguqula noma ukuqeda injabulo, futhi bamise uHulumeni omusha.

Isimiso Sokulingana

Ukugomela ukuthi "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" kwakumelela ukusuka okukhulu ezimisweni zezenhlalo ezibusayo ezazibusa ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba ngo-1776. Isimemezelo sigomela ngokuthi "maqiniso siwabheka njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana." Ukubusa kokulingana kuhlangene nokudalwa kwesintu nguNkulunkulu.

ISimemezelo se-Independent sathi bonke abantu badalwa belingana njengeqiniso elisobala. Banikwa "ngokulinganayo uMdali wabo ngamalungelo athile angaphucuzeki, phakathi kwalawa kukhona Ukuphila, iNkululeko nokuphishekela Injabulo". Ekujuleni kwayo, iSimemezelo senkululeko simi ukuthi bonke abantu balingana ngokuba namalungelo athile emvelo.

Lesi simiso sokulingana siye sasebenza njengendinganiso yokuziphatha kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ngisho nalapho umkhuba uhluleka. U - Abraham Lincoln wayewubheka njengendinganiso yokuziphatha okufanele iUnited States ilwele ukuyenza, futhi wayibheka njengenkulumo yezimiso okufanele uMthetho - sisekelo uchazwe ngayo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Angenakwephulwa

Umqondo "ongenakuthuthwa" (ngezinye izikhathi ubhalwe ngokuthi "awumude") usekeli wefilosofi yesimemezelo. Okungenakumukelwa noma okungenakumukelwa kubhekisela kulelo elingenakunikezwa noma lisuswe. Lamalungelo azuzwe ngokwemvelo yomuntu ngokwakhe, hhayi ngemvume kahulumeni noma emphakathini.

Amalungelo angenakumukwa yimalungelo esingenakuwayeka, ngisho noma sithanda ukuwayeka. Ngokomqondo wamalungelo okungenakwethulwa atholakala eSimemezelweni Senkululeko, inkululeko inelungelo elinjalo. Lokho kusho ukuthi uma sisayina isivumelwano sokuba isigqila, ngeke sibe nesibopho sokusigcina; futhi naphezu kwesivumelwano, akekho oyoba nelungelo lezinkonzo zethu.

UBufakazi buveza ngokuqondile amalungelo amathathu angaphunyuki, ukuphila, inkululeko, kanye nokuphishekela injabulo, kodwa inkulumo ethi "phakathi kwalawa" ibonisa ukuthi awanalo ilungelo eliphelele. Bahlanganisa ilungelo lokukhulekela uNkulunkulu "ngokweziyalezo zikanembeza," ilungelo "lokujabula nokuphila nenkululeko," "indlela yokuthola, yokuba nempahla, nokuphishekela nokuthola injabulo nokuphepha," futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke, ilungelo labantu abaningi ukuba "kuhlelelwa nokuqedwa"kubusa kwabo" noma nini lapho kusongela ukuhlasela amalungelo emvelo kunokuba kuwavikele.

Injongo Kahulumeni

UBufakazi bumisa injongo ecacile nelinganiselwe kahulumeni: ukulondoloza amalungelo abantu angenakuthathwa. Lokhu kusho ushintsho oluyisisekelo ekucabangeni kwangaphambili ngohulumeni njengowokukhazimulisa inkosi noma amandla kahulumeni. Kunalokho, uhulumeni uba yithuluzi, kunoma isiphetho ngokwaso.

ISimemezelo, uMthetho - sisekelo, neSivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo athile ayisisekelo ohulumeni abawasungulela ukuvikela. Lawo malungelo ahlanganisa amalungelo omthetho avamile, avela emithonjeni yaseBrithani enjengeMagna Carta, noma amalungelo emvelo, abasunguli ababekholelwa ukuthi avela kuNkulunkulu.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwababusi: Isisekelo Segunya Elingokomthetho

Mhlawumbe akukho simiso esiseSivumelwaneni esisebenza ngokuqonde kakhulu ekwakheni izakhamuzi kunokucabanga ukuthi "ukuvumela ababuswayo" lomqondo uguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwababusi futhi ubusa, umisa ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lisuka kubantu kunokuba linyuke lisuka emakhosini noma kubantu abaphezulu.

Lokho Okuvunyelwa Izindlela Ezibuswayo

Kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe, ukuvuma kwababuswayo umqondo wokuthi ilungelo likahulumeni lokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni lilungile futhi livunyelwe kuphela uma livunyelwa abantu noma umphakathi lowo mbuso wezombangazwe osetshenziswa phezu kwawo. Lesi simiso sihluke kakhulu ezimfundisweni zokubusa kwaphezulu ngokunqoba.

Ngokuvuma kwababuswayo, amaMelika ngo - 1776 ayesho ukuthi abantu babenikeza imvume yabo ezenzweni zikahulumeni ngenqubo yokumelela, njengoba ngaphandle kwemihlangano emincane yedolobha laseNew England, kungekho muntu owayekholelwa ukuthi abantu babengazibusa. Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwalesimiso kwakudinga izimiso ezisathuthuka zokumelela ezazingaguqula intando eyisakhiweni sikahulumeni.

Indlela Ukuvumelana Okuboniswa Ngayo

Ukuvuma ukubuswa kwezakhamuzi kubhekisela esimisweni sokuthi uhulumeni uzuza ngokomthetho ngesivumelwano sokuzithandela sezakhamuzi zakhe. Le mvume iboniswa ngokhetho, ngokuhlanganyela komphakathi, ngokubusa umthetho, nangokwamukela izinqumo ezihlanganyelwe.

Intando yeningi yanamuhla iqaphela izindlela eziningana izakhamuzi ezibonisa ngazo imvume yazo:

  • [ Ukuthatha iqhaza: njalo, ngokukhululekile, futhi ngokungakhethi kunikeza izakhamuzi indlela eqondile yokugunyaza ukuhola kukahulumeni neziqondiso zesimiso.
  • I-'umthetho':[ Imithetho nezinkantolo zinqanda amandla ezombangazwe, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kunamathela ezimisweni ezivumelanayo.
  • Ukucubungula: Ukuvala ama-fourmons, ukukhulumela komphakathi, no-NGO umsebenzi kuthonya izinqumo zesimiso futhi kubonisa imvume ngomphakathi.
  • Izinguquko ezinokuthula zamandla: Ukufaneleka kwezimiso zezombangazwe kuyaqiniswa lapho amandla eshintsha izandla ngaphandle kokuphoqelela noma ubudlova.

Isimo Sokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Sobukhosi Obuthandwayo

Ukuvuma kwababuswayo kwakusekujuleni kweSimemezelo Sokuzimela. UThomas Jefferson wabhala kulencwadi yesisekelo, "Izimemezelo zemibuso zisungulwe phakathi kwabantu, zithola amandla abo alungile ngokuvumelana nababuswayo." Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu kumandla owengamele ngalesosikhathi, umqhele waseBrithani.

Izikhalo zamakoloni amelene neBrithani zazigxile kakhulu ekuphuleni lesi simiso. Inkulumo ecishe ibe ngamaMelika aziyo namuhla izelwe phakathi nalesikhathi, "Ayikho intela ngaphandle kokumelelwa." IPhalamende laseBrithani laliyintela enkulu ezindaweni zaseMelika ngaphandle kokuba nabameleli ePhalamende. Lokhu kwephulwa kwesimiso sokuvuma kwaba yisikhalo esikhuthaza ukuvukela.

Ilungelo Lokufuna I - Alter Noma Uhulumeni Wase - United States

Esinye sezimiso eziqine kakhulu kuloluMemezelo ukugomela ngokuthi abantu abanalo ilungelo nje kuphela kodwa nomthwalo wemfanelo wokushintsha noma wokuqeda ohulumeni abahlulekayo ukuvikela amalungelo abo.

Lapho Uhulumeni Uba Obhubhisayo

ISimemezelo siyavuma izimfuneko ezingokomthetho: Ukuthi noma isiphi iSimo sikaHulumeni esibhubhisa lezizinjongo, kuyilungelo labantu ukuguqula noma ukusiqeda, futhi ukumisa uHulumeni omusha, ukubeka isisekelo sakhe ezimisweni ezinjalo, nokuhlela amandla akhe ngendlela enjalo, futhi kuzobonakala sengathi kungenza ukulondeka nenjabulo yabo. Amazwi athi "ukufundisa lezi Ziphepho" abhekisela ekubhujisweni kwamalungelo angenakuthathelwa indawo uhulumeni womphakathi asungulwe ukuwagcina.

Lelilungelo akumelwe lisetshenziswe kalula. ISimemezelo ngokwaso siyavuma ukuthi "Iqiniso, impela, siyonquma ukuthi ohulumeni abamisiwe isikhathi eside akumelwe bashintshwe ukuze bathole izimbangela ezilula nezidlulayo." Nokho, uma indlela yokuxhaphaza ibonisa umklamo wokunciphisa abantu ngaphansi kobushiqela obuphelele, akulona nje ilungelo kodwa umsebenzi wokulahla lohulumeni.

Izithobo zamanje

Naphezu kwemvelaphi eguqukile ye-United States, ukuvukela ngobudlova ngokumelene nobushiqela namuhla ngokuvamile akubhekwa njengesibonelo noma ngisho njengendlela engokomthetho yokuguqula ohulumeni abacindezelayo. Ezimweni eziningi zanamuhla zokugumbuqelwa kobushiqela, ukubhikisha okunokuthula nokumelana nomphakathi okuhlelwe kahle kuye kwaba yizindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokunqoba ubushiqela nokumisa ukuzilawula.

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elimisiwe, ilungelo lokuguqula uhulumeni lisetshenziswa ngokwezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo: ukhetho, izinguquko, ukulwa, nokubhikisha okunokuthula. Isimiso sisalokhu sibalulekile njengokuhlola amandla kahulumeni nesikhumbuzo sokuthi igunya eliphelele lisezandleni zabantu.

Ithonya Lesimemezelo Ngezinhlangano Zamalungelo Abantu

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, amaqembu afuna ukwandisa amalungelo nokuhlanganyela aye aphendukela kuSimemezelo njengomthombo wegunya lokuziphatha nokulunga kwefilosofi. Ulimi lwalombhalo lwembulunga yonke ngokulingana kwabantu namalungelo baye basenza ithuluzi elinamandla loshintsho lwezenhlalo.

Ukuvinjelwa Namalungelo Omphakathi

Isazi sokuvikelwa kwesizwe uFrederick Douglass wacabanga ukuthi izimiso ezikulencwadi zazithi "izimiso zokusindisa" ekudalweni kwesizwe. UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln washo ukuthi lezozimiso zaziyi-"divosi ne-amom yomphakathi okhululekile" laba baholi baqaphela ukuthi izimiso zeSimemezelo, eziqondwa kahle, zilahla ubugqila nobandlululo lobuhlanga.

Phakathi nenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi ngawo - 1960, uDkt. Martin Luther King, Jr. wathi ekhelini lakhe elidumile eLincoln Sikhumbuzo sezwe lethu: “Lapho abaklami bezwe lethu bebhala amazwi amahle kakhulu oMthetho - sisekelo neSimemezelo Senkululeko, babesayina incwadi yokuzibopha okwakuzowa kuyo indlalifa yabo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Amalungelo abesifazane

ESivumelwaneni Seneca Falls, ngo - 1848, lapho abasekeli bokuzuza amalungelo engeziwe abesifazane behlangana, nabo, basebenzisa iSimemezelo Sokuzibusa njengesiqondiso sokuhlela iSimemezelo Sabo Sama - Sentiments. (Imizamo yabo yokufinyelela isilinganiso esifanayo yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo - 1920 ekuncishisweni kweSichibiyelo Se - 19, esanikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota.)

Kusukela ngawo-1820, kwakhishwa izinhlobonhlobo zeSimemezelo sokumemezela amalungelo ezisebenzi, abalimi, abesifazane, nabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1848, iSivumelwano seMpophoma seNkantolo yamalungelo abesifazane sase Seneca samemezela ukuthi "wonke amadoda nabesifazane adalwa alinganayo".

Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke

ISimemezelo siye safakazela ukuthi sinamandla futhi sithinta amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Izimiso zaso ziye zashukumisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, futhi iSiphakamiso 21 seZizwe Ezihlangene Universal Declaration of Human Rights sango-1949 sithi, “Intando yabantu iyoba isisekelo segunya likahulumeni. ”

Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini: Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Izimiso zoMmemezelo azisunguli amalungelo kuphela kodwa futhi nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi emphakathini ozilawulayo. Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni imvume yababuswayo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ufeza injongo yakhe efanele yokuvikela amalungelo.

Isidingo Sokuhlanganyela Ngolwazi

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokubusa ngentando yeningi siwukuthi ohulumeni bamiswa ngemvume yababuswayo, okubonisa ukuthi amandla abawasebenzisayo avela ezakhamuzini ngokwazo.

Ukukhuthaza ukuthembeka kwezincwadi, ukuveza inqubo kahulumeni, nokukhulumisana okucacile ngezimiso ezihilelekile kuqinisa imvume enikezwayo uma umuntu esazi kahle.

Izinhlobo Zokuhlanganyela

Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi okunenjongo kudlulela ngalé kokuvota, nakuba ukhetho lusalokhu luyindlela ebalulekile yokuveza imvume. Ukuvuma akugcini ekuvoteni kuphela. Kuhlanganisa ukunamathela emithethweni, ukwamukela izinqumo zenkantolo, ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, nokuthembisana ngezindlela zomphakathi.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi ngezindlela eziningi:

  • Ukuvota kuwo wonke amazinga: Indawo, uhulumeni, nokhetho lukahulumeni kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abameleli futhi zinqume ezindinganisweni zokuvota
  • Ukugcina ulwazi ngezindaba zomphakathi: Ufunda izindaba emithonjeni ethembekile, izimpikiswano zezimiso, nokufunda ngezikhundla zabazohlolwa
  • Ihlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi: ukuya emahholo edolobha, emihlanganweni yesikole, nakweminye imibuthano yomphakathi lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo
  • Abaholi ababambe isibopho sokulandisa: Ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zobubonisi, nokufuna ukuba ukukhanya kube khona
  • efuna ukubhikisha ngokuthula nokuphikisa: Ukusebenzisa amalungelo okuQhubela u-Hulumeni wokuqala ukunxusa uhulumeni nokukhuluma ngezindaba
  • Ukukhonza kumajaji: Ukuhlanganyela esimisweni sokwahlulela njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni
  • Ukugijimela ihhovisi: Ukufuna izikhundla zobuholi ekumeni kohlelo oluqondile nokubusa
  • Izinhlangano zomphakathi:[ Ihlanganisa amaqembu asebenzela izindaba zomphakathi

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokulondoloza Inkululeko

Inkululeko ixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezinokuhlakanipha, isibindi, nomuzwa wobulungisa odingekile wokuthatha isinyathelo ekukhetheni abaholi abanobuhle, nasekubopheleleni labo baholi ezibophweni zabo. Izimiso zeSimemezelo zingagcinwa kuphela ngokuba nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele.

Kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi zihileleke ekuvoteleni, ukuhlala zinolwazi, futhi zihileleke emphakathini ezindabeni ezizikhathalelayo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuhileleka, idemokrasi izingozi zokuba yizigebengu ezingekho noma ezibusa ngempoqo.

Ukulinganisela Ukubusa Okukhulu Namalungelo Amancane

Isimiso sokuvuma kwababuswayo siphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela intando yeningi nesivikelo samalungelo amancane. Ukugcizelela kweSimemezelo amalungelo angenakuthathwa kunikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile kulenselele.

Indima Yokubusa Okukhulu

Phakathi kwezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zedemokrasi kuwumthetho omningi. Imvume evamile ayifinyelelwa. Ngakho - ke, zonke izimiso zedemokrasi zidinga ukuba idlanzana livume ukuthi iningi limisa uhulumeni futhi linqume izimiso zalo. Ngaphandle kokubusa okuningi, ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi akunakwenzeka.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane

Nokho, umthetho omkhulu awunakusho ubushiqela babantu. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi idlanzana lamukela intando yeningi, lapho lisungulwe inani elibusayo kufanele limelele bonke abezakhamuzi. Alikwazi ukubusa ngokwenzuzo yeqembu elikhulu. Ngakho - ke, isimo sesithathu esibalulekile siwukuthi iningi lihlonipha izimiso eziyisisekelo zamalungelo amancane, kuhlanganise namalungelo omuntu ngamunye ayisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yokuhlangana.

Ukugcizelela kwalesiSimemezelo amalungelo angenakuphulwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo awanakwephulwa ngisho nangevoti eningi. Lamalungelo angokwabantu ngabanye ngenxa yabantu, hhayi ngokunika iningi.

Izinselele Zokuvumelana Okunenjongo Kuhulumeni Wanamuhla

Nakuba izimiso zalesiSimemezelo zisasebenza kunanini ngaphambili, imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi yanamuhla ibhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuvuma okubuswayo kuyiqiniso futhi kunengqondo.

Izithiyo Zokuhlanganyela

Izinselele ziphakama lapho ukunganaki komvoti, ukungavumelani, noma ukungalingani kwezimiso kuvimbela ukuhlanganyela kwangempela.

Izikhulu ezihloselwe ukwandisa ukubhalisa kwevoti, izindawo zokuvota ezifinyelelekayo, nemfundo eqinile yomphakathi, zisiza ekuxazululeni lezimpikiswano. Ukususa imingcele yokuhlanganyela kuqinisa ukufaneleka kokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Indawo Yolwazi

Kulenkathi yokwaziswa okuningi kakhulu nokungaqondi kahle ngamabomu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinganikeza imvume yolwazi kunezinselele eziyingqayizivele. Izimiso zoMmemezelo zicabanga ukuthi abantu bangazenza izinqumo ezinengqondo ngokubusa kwabo, kodwa lokhu kudinga ukufinyelela ulwazi oluqondile nekhono lokuhlola izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo.

Ukulondoloza Ukulandisa

Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kuxhomeke ekwenzeni izinqumo ezibonisayo, ukulandisa, nombono wokuthi ababusi bayawahlonipha amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuthemba kunciphisa izingxabano zezenhlalo futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kokubusa kwezinye izindawo ezinjengentela, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemfundo.

Lapho imvume iphela, izinhlangano zisabela ngezinguquko zevoti noma zemithetho ukuze zibuyisele ukufaneleka.

Isimemezelo Nohulumeni Womthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba iSimemezelo Sokuzibusa ngokwaso singesona isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho esakha izakhiwo zikahulumeni, izimiso zaso zawuthonya kakhulu uMthetho - sisekelo futhi ziyaqhubeka zichaza umthetho - sisekelo.

Ukusuka Ekumemezelweni Kuya Ebuthweni Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ngokungafani nezinye izincwadi zokusungulwa, iSimemezelo Sokuzimela asibopheleleki ngokomthetho, kodwa sinamandla. u-Abraham Lincoln wasibiza ngokuthi "isijeziso nesikhubekiso ekubuseni nasekucindezeleni." Isimemezelo sisho ngokuphambanisa "isizathu" sikahulumeni waseMelika, kuyilapho uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza "indlela."

Esikweni laseMelika, ukuvuma ukubuswa kwalabo ababuswayo kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esisekelwe eSimemezelweni Sokuzimela, eMthethweni woMyalo wase-U.S., naseSivumelwaneni samalungelo abantu. ISimemezelo sigomela ngokuthi ohulumeni bathola "Amagunya Abo Alungile Kusukela Kumthetho Olawulayo." UMthetho-sisekelo usungula izinhlangano zabameleli eziklanyelwe ukubonisa imvume.

Ukuxazulula Ukuqonda

Ngo-1787-1788, amaMelika amaningi ayesekholelwa ukuthi wona kuphela phakathi kwabantu baseNtshonalanga ayeqonda isimiso seqiniso sokuvuma ngokumelelwa. Ukuguqula indlela engokwesiko abantu ababehlanganyela ngayo kuhulumeni kwakungaba nencazelo yobuhulumeni bamaMelika. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho ayengachaza khona umqondo wenguquko wokuthi abantu babemelelwe ngokwezingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu noma amazinga kahulumeni ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Izisebenziso ezisebenzayo kwizakhamuzi zanamuhla

Ukuqonda izimiso zeSimemezelo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela, kodwa inemiphumela eqondile yendlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo nohulumeni nomphakathi wazo namuhla.

Ukushintsha Izenzo Zikahulumeni

Lesi Simemezelo sinikeza uhlaka lokuhlola ukuthi uhulumeni uyayifeza yini indima yawo efanele yini. Izakhamuzi kufanele zibuze:

  • Ingabe amalungelo ami ayisisekelo ayavikelwa noma aphulwe?
  • Ingabe lenqubo ifeza izithakazelo ezifanayo ezinhle noma ezikhethekile?
  • Ingabe izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokuvumelana nababuswayo?
  • Ingabe zikhona izindlela ezanele zokulandisa nokubona?
  • Ngingahlanganyela yini ngokugcwele ezinqumweni ezithinta ukuphila kwami?

Ukuqinisa Ukuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Ukuqinisa imvume kudinga izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela, ukuveza ingaphandle, nokulandisa. Ukuthuthukisa ukukwazi ukuvota nemfundo yomphakathi. Ukuthuthukisa ukugcinwa komlando womphakathi kanye nezindlela zokuthatha ukwaziswa ezivulekile ukuze izakhamuzi zihlole izenzo zikahulumeni. Ukwenza inqubo ehlukene ngokuhlola umphakathi nangokuqondisa umphakathi. Khusela inkululeko yomphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphikisana kuhlala kuyingxenye enempilo yokuphila kwentando yeningi. Ngokukhuthaza ukuthembisana ngolwazi, ohulumeni bangavikela imvume eqinile nenamandla.

Imfundo Nesivumelwano Semfundo Yesibalo

Ukuqonda izimiso zalesiSimemezelo kubalulekile ukuze kube nempumelelo ukuba nezakhamuzi.

Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune amathuba okujulisa ukuqonda kwazo izimiso zentando yeningi:

  • Ufunda imibhalo eyinhloko yomthombo kanye nokuhlaziywa komlando
  • Ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni nasezingxoxweni zomphakathi
  • Ukuhlanganyela emibonweni ehlukahlukene ngemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukufundisa izizukulwane ezisanda kuhlanganyela lezi zimiso
  • Ukusebenzisa lezi zimiso ezingxabanweni zesimiso samanje

Ukuphakama Okuqhubekayo Kwalesimemezelo

Imemo yesibili yeSimemezelo, "Sibheka lamaqiniso njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuthi banikwe uMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakuhlukaniswa, lawo aphakathi kwawo asho Ukuphila, iNkululeko nokuphishekela injabulo, abhekwa njengenye yemigqa ebaluleke kakhulu nedumile emlandweni wezwe. Isazi - mlando esidumile uJoseph Ellis ubhale ukuthi iSimemezelo siqukethe "amazwi anamandla kakhulu nanemiphumela emlandweni waseMelika".

Cishe ngemva kweminyaka engu - 250 yamukeleka, iSimemezelo Sokuzibusa siyaqhubeka siqondisa isakhamuzi ukuba sihlanganyele futhi sivikele amalungelo ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile:

Isilinganiso Sokuphefumula

UBufakazi buveza izinkolelo eziye zafinyelelwa ngokuphelele kodwa ezinikeza indinganiso okufanele ilwele kuyo. Igebe phakathi kwesimiso nomkhuba liye lasusa izinhlangano zenguquko kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kusukela ekuqedweni kuya emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekulweleni okuqhubekayo ukulingana nobulungisa.

Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni

Ngokumisa ukuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze abantu futhi uvikele amalungelo abo — hhayi enye indlela ezungezile — iSimemezelo sinikeza isisekelo sefilosofi sokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi sigcine izikhulu zinecala.

Isicelo Esokuba Izakhamuzi Ezikhuthele

Izimiso zoBufakazi azinakugcinwa ngokuzivumela nje. Zidinga ukushiseka, ukutshelwa, nokugcinwa kwesakhamuzi. Lencwadi isikhumbuza ukuthi asizona izikhonzi nje kodwa siyizakhamuzi ezinamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Isigijimi Sasemhlabeni Wonke

Iyaqhubeka ishukumisela abantu emhlabeni wonke ukuba balwele inkululeko nokulingana. Nakuba ibhalwe ngokomongo ongokomlando oqondile, izimiso eziyisisekelo zeSimemezelo mayelana nesithunzi somuntu, amalungelo, kanye nokuzilawula kusebenza emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho: Ukusebenzisa izimiso zeSimemezelo

ISimemezelo se - Independence sinikeza isithakazelo esingaphezu kwesomlando − inikeza uhlelo oluphilayo lokuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni. Izimiso zaso zokulingana, amalungelo angenakuthathwa, ukuvunyelwa kwababuswayo, nelungelo lokuguqula noma lokuqeda uhulumeni obhubhisayo kusebalulekile namuhla njengalapho uJefferson ezibhala ngo - 1776.

Lezi zimiso ziqondisa isakhamuzi ngokumisa lokho:

  • Bonke abantu banamalungelo ayisisekelo uhulumeni okumelwe abahloniphe
  • Igunya likahulumeni litholakala ekuvumelaneni kwababuswayo
  • Izakhamuzi zinelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanganyela ekubuseni
  • Uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze abantu, hhayi okuphambene
  • Lapho uhulumeni ehluleka ukuvikela amalungelo, abantu banelungelo lokuwashintsha

Ukuvikela lamalungelo nokulondoloza uhulumeni ongokomthetho kudinga ukuzikhandla, ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, hhayi nje kuphela ukuvota kodwa ukuhlala unolwazi, ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi, ukwenza abaholi babe nesibopho sokulandisa, nokufundisa izizukulwane ezizayo lezizimiso.

ISimemezelo sibekela isizukulwane ngasinye inselele yokuvuselela ukuzimisela kwaso kulezizimiso eziyisisekelo nokusebenzela ekuziqondeni ngokugcwele. Sisikhumbuza ukuthi inkululeko ayisona isipho esinikezwa uhulumeni kodwa inelungelo elizuzwe njengefa esintwini sethu, okuyisibopho okumelwe sivikelwe futhi sisetshenziswe ngenkuthalo.

Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zamanje zokubusa kwentando yeningi, ukuhlakanipha kwalesiSimemezelo kuhlala kusebenza ngokuphawulekayo. Ukugcizelela kwaso amalungelo angenakuthathwa kunikeza isivikelo ekubuseni abaningi. Ukugcizelela kwaso imvume yonogada ababuswayo ngokumelene nempoqo. Ukuqaphela kwaso ilungelo lokuguqula uhulumeni kunikeza ithemba lenguquko enokuthula.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda indima yabo njengezakhamuzi emphakathini wentando yeningi, iSimemezelo Sokuzibusa sinikeza isiqondiso esicacile: yazi amalungelo akho efa, ihlanganyele ngenkuthalo ekubuseni, yenza abaholi balandise kubantu, futhi ingalokothi ikhohlwe ukuthi uhulumeni uthola amandla awo okulunga emvumeni yakho. Lezizimiso, eziqondwa kahle futhi ezisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo, zihlala ziyisisekelo esiqinisekile sokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulondoloza umphakathi okhululekile.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngoDeclaration of Independent kanye nethonya layo eliqhubekayo, vakashela i- National Archives [, uhlola imithombo yezezimali eMpathisweni wesizwe [, noma uhileleke ezinhlelweni zemfundo yomphakathi wakini. Izimiso zango-1776 azilindele nje ukuqonda kwethu kodwa zilindele ukuzimisela kwethu kokuzenza zibe ngokoqobo esikhathini sethu.