Uhlelo lukahulumeni waseNdiya lungenye yezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezinamandla zokubusa emhlabeni. I-Enshrine ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni we-Union nezifunda-zwe, idala uhlelo olunemipheme oluthonya kakhulu indlela izimiso zomphakathi ezisungulwa ngayo, zixhaswe, futhi ziqedwe ngayo. Ukuhlukanisa kwemithetho, ukubusa, negunya elinamandla ngokwezimali kusho ukuthi injongo eyodwa yesizwe ("ikhona) ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwempilo, ukuthuthukisa imfundo yendawo yonke, noma ukuphumelela kwezakhiwo zobukhomba-mfa,(inqabela imingcele ebanzi, i-oalamu yezombangazwe, nokulawula kwezwe. Ukuqonda indlela le nqubo yombuso ethinta ngayo ukumiswa kwesimiso sombuso, izikhulu zezenhlalakahle, izakhamuzi, kanye, ngenxa yempumelelo noma ukuhluleka kwempumelelo cishe kunoma isiphi isikhululo esikhulu sesifundazwe phakathi kwesifundazwe nesifundazwe.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo KobuFederal BaseNdiya

I-Indiya ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi “uHlahlu lwe-Union, [ubandlululo] olunobandlululo”. Umthetho umisa ukuhanjiswa okunezimo ezintathu ngeSeventh Shedynal, equkethe UHhlu lwe-Uniontion [[, , [uluhlu lweSizwe], [[FLT] Uhla lwezinombolo [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [uhlu olunezinto eziyinhloko zesizwe, izindaba zangaphandle, izikompompompo, amandla enuzi, imali, imali, imali, imali, futhi okungahlanganisa izindaba zezindawo nezindawo zendawo, izwe, izwe, indawo yomphakathi, i-Genegoverticean, i-ocean Union, i-Uniontion, i-Union, yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho, womthetho, womthetho, womthetho, womthetho, womthetho, womthetho, womthetho, womthetho,

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibuso elawulayo (i-Antiduary) ayiphathwanga kunoma yiluphi uhlu (ihlela ku-Union ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 248. Lokhu kuthambekela kokuma kwezakhiwo eziphakathi kuqiniswa amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo anjengamandla kaMongameli okuxosha ohulumeni bezwe (Aticle 356) kanye nemfuneko yokuthi ababusi bahulumeni bamiswe nguMongameli (ngokuzenzakalelayo uhulumeni we-Union). Amazwe aneminyango akhethekile − angaphansi kweSiphakathi 371 kanye nezindlela zawo ezihlukahlukene ezingaphansi kwe-ocesterasss, njengaseNagaland, Mizoram, ne-Assam-en engeziweyokwene engoko nakwezomnotho. Ukuhlelwa kweSiphakathi seSiphakathi se-37070 kuhlangene kuhlangene kanye ne-2019 kuhlangene kwe-Uniuniuniuniuniuniuniuniuniuthoba isakhiwo.

Indlela Ukwehlukana Kwezigaba Ezizimele Okuthinta Ngayo Umthetho

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni sinemiphumela emibili ekufezekeni kwezimiso. Kwesinye isandla, sivumela izinhlelo zesizwe ukuba zivumelane namaqiniso azo angokwenani labantu, ezomnotho, namasiko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungadala ukulibala, ukuxabana, nokwehlukahluka lapho i-ompetho e-ohulumeni ne-Union incipha noma lapho amandla angaphakathi kukahulumeni ebuthakathaka. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo kuhlanganisa umthetho oyinhloko noma umklamo weqhinga, kulandelwa ukuthatha isilinganiso semali, ukubulawa ngeminyango yombuso, nokubekwa kwazo zombili izinhlu. Isinyathelo ngasinye siletha amabhodlela.

Ukubambisana Nokuzisola Ngokweqile

Ngoba amasu amaningi ahamba phambili esizwe ahlanganisa izihloko ze-Connul List − njengezempilo, imfundo, kanye nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo (kokubili i-Union ne-ovements ingumniniyo. ngokwesibonelo, i-National Health Mission ixhaswe kakhulu kodwa incike kakhulu eminyangweni yezempilo kahulumeni ekudluliseleni. Uma uhulumeni unquma ukulungisa inqubo yeqhinga lokuhlela (e.g., ukubeka phambili impilo kamama ngenxa yezifo zokuhlola /imiphumela engabangelwa yizwe. Ngokufana, i-RTreg of Free and Cotifly Educt Act Act (RTS), 2009, ingumthetho oyinhloko, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuxhomeke emithethweni kahulumeni, ukuqeqesha uthisha, nokusebenzisa imali ezindaweni eziqinile, ngaphandle kokuhlela ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zesizwe.

I - Fiscal Federalism Ne - Resource Altaving

I-Indiya iphawulwe ngesilinganiso esiphakeme sokuqoqwa kwemali kanye nesimiso sokukhokha izindleko ezisesilinganisweni. Uhulumeni we-Union uqoqa cishe amaphesenti angu-60 emali engqikithi yentela kodwa uchitha kuphela amaphesenti angu-40 ezindleko zomphakathi, kuyilapho isho yonke ichitha okuseleyo. Lokhu kungalingani okungalingani kubhekiswe kubhekiswe ku-[FLD:0] i-Fanance Coms [[ [[FLT]] [1] [1] [1] [okutusa ukuhlanganyela intela] kanye ne-Mongongosi ephakathi) kanye ne-NTronto (manje isetshenziswa yi-NTSPNT (eyrouay Aywognogn), enikeza amasuntrass , ebiza inzuzo ye-CPNT [[3] esetshenziswayoglot] ngokwezimolezezente ye-Sam] [NF], njengoba injalo:[5] i-Flavet , kusho ukuthi i-oglove i-o

Umthamo wokuboleka kahulumeni ucindezelwa futhi [1] amazwe kumelwe athole imvume ephakathi yokuboleka uma izimali zawo zidlula isilinganiso esimisiwe. Lokhu kwakha isimo lapho izifundazwe zemali-zengcebo (umzk., Gujarat, Maharashtra) zingasebenzisa izinhlelo ezinamandla kakhulu, kuyilapho izifunda zemali-poor (umz., Bahar, Utar Pradesh) ezama ukuhambisana nezimfuneko eziyinhloko zokuxhasa imali, kuholele emiphumeleni engafani. Imiphumela engekho ngokomthetho emoyeni ye-GDP ngo-Monitor kunye ne-crowackethiwe nqsssss ziguqulela ukuhambisa okungalinganiyo [

UbuProtistia Bezombangazwe: Ukubusa Kweqembu Okuhlukile

Ukuhleleka kwezombangazwe phakathi kwe-Union nohulumeni kahulumeni kungasheshisa kakhulu noma kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Uma iqembu elifanayo lezombangazwe noma umfelandawonye ukhona emazingeni womabili .-so-obizwa “umbuso we-compativement" osebenza ngakho, ama-bureaucrates ahamba ngokushelela, ama-bureaucrat adwebela emazingeni avumelanayo, futhi ohulumeni abangenwa kakhulu ukubekela iziqondiso eziyinhloko. Nokho, uma amaqembu ahlukene ahlukene, kungaphakama izingxabano ezibekwa phambili, impikiswano engqubuzaneni, noma ngisho namafayili enkantolo eNkanto ephakeme. [[FLT:] Amandla nama- COMFLT (GLD) ancip) angenza intelliguense kanye nentengo yezentengo yebhizinisi ngalinye. I-GOcenset.[FLD:1] Intellinethi yezensiti yezente, izinkulumo ezihoxisiwe ezihoxisiwe ezihoxisiwe eziholwayo eziholwayo ezihoxiwe ka-

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ithonya Lezempi: Ngaphesheya Kwamahlelo Ayinhloko

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Ukunakekela impilo ngokuyinhloko kuyinto enikezwa yizwe, kodwa i-Union ihlela izindinganiso zesizwe, yenza izinhlelo eziyinhloko ezifana ne- u-Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Yajada (PM-JAY), futhi izimali zihlela izinhlelo zezempilo eziyinhloko (umk. National AIDS, National TBEDIP, National Conficiation Program). Amazwe asebenzisa lezinhlelo ngempilo yawo, kodwa ayazilawula kakhulu ukuthi iziphi izibhedlela ezisetshenziswa, yiziphi izivumelwano zokwelapha zendawo, nokuthi zisebenzisani iziphi izindleko zokwelapha ezikhona, futhi zifaka kanjani ezikhungweni zempilo ezikhona. I-fusendleni kanye nezindlela ezikhona. I-Empephelo ye-CFU. Impofu ye-CFU. I-EX. Impondo yembulwe futhi i-E.

Imfundo

Imfundo isoHlwini lwe-Connuor, kodwa ukumiswa kwe-RTE Act akulingani. Nakuba uhulumeni ophakathi utusa isilinganiso esiphansi (isilinganiso se-papul-thisha, izakhiwo) zinquma izimfuneko eziphakathi kwemfundo, ukuhlelwa kwezifundo, iziteshi zezifundo ze-Clares 9-12, nothisha. [[FLT:]] [[FLT:] [FLT]] i-BFOT[3: [FLT] ne-FD:1] inikeza izimali eziyinhloko, kodwa ishoshosho ukuthi kumelwe inikele ingxenye efanayo. Izingathathi zivame ukukhipha isabelo sazo, eziholela ekutholeni imali ngaphansi kwenaniselwanomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusho ukuthi [[FLT:][5][FT] futhi i-FT][FT][FFOLT] kanye nomphumela wezenyunyunyu ngezansi][FFON.[10]

Izakhiwo Nemisebenzi Yomphakathi

I-Pradhan Gram Sadak Yonoya (PFLMGY)[[FT:1] yemigwaqo yasemaphandleni kanye ne ihlela izigodi zezifundakazi [[[FLT:]] zombili zihilela ukuxhaswa kwezimali kanye nokubulawa kwezwe. Amazwe anamacala okuyinhloko okuhlukanisa imigwaqo, ukuhlelwa kwezivumelwano, nokugcinwa kwempahla. Izikhathi eziningi zenzeka ngenxa yokuthola izimpikiswano zezwe (izwe liyindaba kahulumeni), ukuphikisana ngamanzi (imisebenzi yokunandisa i-methane), noma amandla eMnyango yombuso oMumum-Inithelika noma ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi eMpumalanga (indawo evame) ehlela izinhloso zezindawo ezingokombuso (i-VVSPNFFFFod) ezika kakhulu kwezelelwe izikhulu zezwe elivamile. [ikhulu elinguhulumeni kanye nezama ukuphuma kwezindawo eziphambili ze-Mon.]

Izinselele Emsebenzini Wokusebenza Ngosizo

Ukuhluka Ezindaweni ZoMbuso

Akuzona zonke izifundazwe eziphethe, ezobuchwepheshe, noma ezingokwezimali ezifanayo ezikwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezixhaswe kakhulu. Izwe elinengxenye enkulu yemali eyabelwe phakathi nemali ehlobene nemali yazo (umz., izifundazwe zaseNyakatho-mpumalanga, i-Uttankankhand, Bihar) ngokuvamile zincike kakhulu ku-New Delhi ngenxa yezindleko zokuthuthuka kwazo. Lokhu kudala ukuncika okungavimba ukumelana nokusungula kwendawo. Okwamanje, ukuma kwesigaba okukhethekile [[ [manje] (ukuyekwa i-Umnyango we-Finthi Yemali)) wanikeza amazwe athile athanda ukunakekelwa ekuxhaseni imali emalini nasekwethuleni, kuholela kwezinye izizwe ezifuna ukuphathwa okufanayo nokubangela ukuxabana kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe. Okwamanje, ukuswela kwesimiso sesizwe se-Cintalin.[Frignotences]

Amagebe Okuhlangana Kwesifunda Sezwe

Izimiso eziningi zidinga ukuxhumanisa izigaba eziningi: ukuhlangana kwamanzi omfula (umz., i-Cauvery yamanzi phakathi kwe-Karnataka ne-Tamil Nadu), ukulawula ukungcola (NCR-Gangetic car), kanye nokuphathwa kwenhlekelele. I-Inter-Fold Council, esungulwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 263], ikhona ukuze ilungise ingxoxo, kodwa imihlangano yayo ayibophi futhi ukutusa kwayo akubophi. I-GST Council iyindawo ephumelelayo engaphandle: isebenza njenge-Cquasi-federalder lapho isholo khona nezinganiso zokukhokhwasa nokulalela, nakuba izinqumo zayo zidinga ithonya le-miningi. Ngaphandle kwethonya elinamandla lezimiso eziqinile, ihlala iphansi.

Amaphakathi Okuthola Imali Kakhulu Nenkinga Ye - “Sick”

Izazi eziningi ze-constancil ziphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni we-Indiya usebenzise uHlalaniso lweNxusa ekwenzeni uhlelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-National Education Policy 2020 yaklanywa isikhungo futhi yanxuswa ukuba isebenzise uhlelo olusha lwemfundo yesikole, naphezu kokuba imfundo iyinto ehlangene. [YYUshman Bharat[ icebo elicishe liklanywe ngokuyisisekelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Artic 356 (Umthetho wombuso) kuye kwehla ngekhulu lama-21 (ngezimo ezimbalwa kuphela, ngokuphawulekayo ezimweni zomoya ezingu-2019196) kodwa ngokukakhulu, inikeza izinhlelo ezisemfay'enkulu ze-Union. Izinhlelo ezisemfay'uni ezisemfayo.[5] eziwundleni ezisekela kakhulu izinhleloni ze-Frainsmoduld.[4]

Amathuba: Ukubuyiselwa Ngomzamo Wokuhlola

Ukuhlukahluka okubambezelayo kwenza i-Indiya i- isebenza ngokusebenza kwe-constation . Ama- States azama izinqubo (kusukela ku-] i-Derhi'impela ukunikezelwa komnyango kwezinkonzo zomphakathi[[[[FFFFF:]]] 3] [FLT]] ku ] SYMM [umsebenzi wokulima [[FLT:] i-fut:] ne[FLT][FLT] ne-[FLT] inzuzo ye-'ult:[FT] ne-'ANTY] inzuzo ye-oggggstion' ye-''''''enye i-fy''''.[10] Izindlela ze-FFFomston', izilinganiso ze-ibhulogo.[izimome, izimo eziphansi zezindawo zezweyokuhlulogo:[10][10][izisekekelelwayohlu

Ukusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe Nokwaziswa Okuhlukahlukene

Ubuchwepheshe bungavula izikhala zokuxhumanisa. Isimiso sokuphatha Imali (PFMS) [[FLT]] ivumela ukulandelelana kwangempela kwemikhondo yezimali ukusuka eNew Delhi ukuya kuma-akhawunti wedolobha, inciphisa ukuvuza. [ i-National Information Center [NC][FLT][FLT] [FFF] inikeza isisekelo esihlukene sikahulumeni. Uma amadolobha evumelana ngezindinganiso zedata ezihlangene ze-Dioktheyibhiliti [[FLT:] i-AFLT] incic [[5] [[FLT] [5] [i] [i-ADAR, i-UPUP], i-Phouerper] futhi iveza impumelelo. I-Dicioffalot [encern, i-Foctive promosesssssss, ngokuvumelana kwezenteneyokubili, i-od, i-Fod, i-F

Izinqubo Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Esithuthukisiwe

Ngenxa yezimo ezingokoqobo zokwakha zesimiso sombuso waseNdiya, amasu amaningana angaqinisa ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ngaphandle kokululaza ukuzibusa kombuso.

1. Ukuqinisa Izidumbu Ezizungezayo

Yenza i-Institutions i-Inter-State Council enemihlangano eyingxenye yesine kanye nonobhala onikwe amandla okulungisa izimpikiswano. Zonal Councils (Nyakatho, i-Mpuma, iNtshona, Ntshona , Central]) kufanele ivuselelwe engxabanweni yesifunda ngaphambi kokuba ikhule. [[FLT:] Finance Commission [ kufanele icabangele ukunikeza imivuzo esekelwe ekutheni imivuzo isho yemiphumela, hhayi nje ukufakwa, nakuba ibala nemisebenzi eyahlukene.

Ukususa Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehlelweni Lezinto Ezikhona

Ngezimo zonke zecebo elixhaswe kakhulu, ohulumeni abaphakathi nombuso kufanele basayine Umdwebo wokuqonda ochaza izindima, izilinganiso zesikhathi, neminikelo yezimali. Lokhu kunciphisa ukungaqondakali futhi kuvimbele ukubekwa icala. Ikhompathiso yokuzibandakanya [[FLT:] [FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [indlela yokuqonda] (ngaphambi kokuphelelwa kwayo) ingasebenza njengesibonelo senkokhelo ekhanyayo.

3. Isakhiwo Esiqinile Esisezingeni LoMbuso

Izinhlangano zesizwe ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] i-Administrative Staff College of India noma UNITI Ayayog's Development shorting and Supering Office[ kufanele ziqhube izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuqeqesha izikhulu zezwe nabaqongeleli besifunda ekuqondiseni amaprojekthi, ekuhleleni uhlelo lwemali, nasekutholeni ulwazi. Usizo lobuchwepheshe ngamaqembu asekelayo anikezelweyo [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ka-FLT ka-ond] ngenxa yezimo ezibuthakathaka zingabasiza ukuba bahlangabezane nezimfuneko eziyinhloko ze-okisi.

4. Umkhuba Ongcono Kakhulu Wokuhlukanisa Izitho Zomzimba

Yenza indawo yokugcina yenombolo (ingosi.states accessibles.gov.in) lapho ohulumeni bezwe behlanganyela khona ukungenela okuphumelelayo: ngokwesibonelo, Rajastah Bhoyah[[FOTA:3] [imali] yokudlulisela imali, [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] KERA] iKudumshree[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [i-FLT] [icebo] ukuze abesifazane banike amandla, noma Maharashta’s Jalyt [FLT] [3] [iphawu elichukile] [i-FLT].NT]

5. Imithetho Ewubuwula Neyokuzenza Ube Yize

Vumela ukuvumelana okukhulu kwezimali ezikhona phakathi kwemikhankaso exhaswe kakhulu (kuthi, kuya ku-25%) uma nje zihlangabezana nezinhloso zohlelo lonke. Nciphisa inani lamasu axhaswe ngokuxhaswe ngokuqhubekayo [ [manje]] (ngaphezu kwekhulu) ngokuzifaka ezinhlelweni zesambulela ezimbalwa, ezithambile. Faurententh Monence Commission’s ukutusa ukwandisa ukukhipha kusukela ku 32% kuya ku-4% yentela ephakathi ebhekiswe ngxenyeni, kodwa iboshelwa namanje.

Isiphetho: Ukusekela iSivumelwano Esihlangene

Uhlelo lukahulumeni waseNdiya luyikho kokubili ukulawulwa kwezindawo kanye nempahla yokusetshenziswa kwesimiso. Luletha ubunkimbinkimbi obungenakugwenywa. Isihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ukumiswa kwemithetho yezobukhompuyutha, ukungalingani kwemithetho ehlangeneyo, ukuphikisana kwezombangazwe, okungabambezela nokuphazamisa ngisho nezinhlelo zesizwe eziphambili. Kodwa futhi kuvumela ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo, ukuhlalisa izakhiwo zezezindawo, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zentando yeningi. Isihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ukumiswa kwemisebenzi yentando yentando yeningi akukho ekuqedeleni ukulawulwa kwezwe noma ukuqhubekisela phambili, kodwa ekuqiniseni izinhlangano ezisiza ukuhlanganisa i-"Inter - Foren Commin Com, i-ogreme, i-ognomentine, ne-omgoverse. Ngokuthuthukisa umoya wangempela wombuso [FLDelson: 0] nokuncintinezelela ukuncintisana kwesizwe ezweni yonke, i-osenziswa yindawo.

Ukufundwa okuqhubekayo, ukuhlola: PRS Legistrative Research ifing on consist , NITI Aayog yemibiko ye-unistism [, noma [[FLT] Commission of thendity of India’s internance propect [].