Ukuhlangana Okubucayi: Lapho Izinqumo Zikahulumeni Zicindezela Izinkonzo Zezokwelapha Zendawo Ephuthumayo

I-Emergency Medical Services (EMS) imelela iqoqo elibucayi lezesivikelo emiphakathini e-United States, kodwa isisekelo sezimali esisekela lelinetha sintekenteke futhi asilingani. Ngokungafani namaphoyisa noma izinkonzo zomlilo, eziye zajabulela ukunikezelwa, ukusekela komphakathi okuqinile, i-EMS ngokuvamile isebenza enqubeni eqinile nenobumpunga. Ukukwazi kwenkonzo ye-ambulense ye-ambulensi (* iyakwazi ukuthenga futhi igcine imishini yamanje edinga usizo olusemzingeni eliphezulu, ikwazi ukuhlanganisa futhi igcine impumelelo elungiselelweni lezindawo zezenhlalakahle, futhi ihlangabezane nesikhathi esikhona somphakathi esinqunywe yimizamo yemizamo yendawo yomphakathi kuphela. Kunalokho, isici esinethonya esinethonya kakhulu semithetho esemthethweni, izikhulu zikahulumenini ezithembekile, i-EMS, ihlola izinhlelo zezentengo ye-odvostion, izikhulu ze-Ultnertived , futhi isekela esiwusizo somphakathi somphakathi.

Iqiniso Lezezimali Elihlukahlukene Le - EMS Yanamuhla

Ukuze uqonde indlela isimiso sikahulumeni esithonya ngayo ukuxhaswa kwemali ye-EMS yendawo, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde ukuhlukana kwezivumelwano ze-EMS futhi akhokhelwe e-United States. Akukho mthetho owodwa kahulumeni ofuna i-modeli evamile. Kunalokho, kukhona umsebenzi ombaxambili wezisebenzi ezisekela imali, ngamunye onezithombe ezihlukene zezebhizinisi: izimiso ezisekelwe kumasipala, izinkampani zama-ambulense ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezivumelwano ezizimele, izinkonzo ezisekelwe esibhedlela, izinkonzo ezizimele ezingekho inzuzo, kanye namaqembu okuzithandela azinikele kakhulu ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.

Inzuzo esebenzayo yalezi zinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ngokuvamile iphuma enxanxathelani yemithombo:

  • [[IMTL:0] Intengiselwano ephakathi: ibhatala elivela kuMedicare, iMedicaid, kanye nezinshuwalense zezokuthutha.
  • Ama-Subsite asendaweni ezungezile: Izilinganiso eziqondile ezivela edolobheni noma ezihlelwayo zesifundazwe, ngokuvamile ezincintisana nezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi.
  • Izinhlelo zokwaziswa zaminyaka yonke: Inkokhelo yaminyaka yonke ekhokhwa imikhaya ngenxa yenkonzo elinganiselwe noma encishisiwe.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ngaphandle kwemibhakasho ye-Procet: ukunikeza iziguli isibhaxa esiqondile, ngokuvamile esiphumela esikweletini esibi.

Inkinga enkulu evezwa yikhokho lokuthola imali ehleliwe. Izindleko zangempela zokulondoloza imishini yokusekela ukuphila yama-ambulense ngo-24/7, ukuthenga imishini ethuthukile yokusekela ukuphila, ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, kuqashwa ngenkokhelo yesiguli kuphela. IMedicare ne-Medicaid, abakhokhi abakhulu kakhulu ezinkonzo eziphuthumayo, intengo engaphansi kwezindleko zemoto. Lokhu kushiya izinhlangano zendawo zithembele ezinkokhelisweni zendawo noma ezisesilinganisweni zikahulumeni ukuze zigcwalise igebemkha. Uma inqubo yombuso ihluleka ukuvuma noma ukusingatha le nkinga, umthwalo uwela ngokulinganayo emiholweni yentela naseminyango yendawo, kuholela ekuntengantengisweni kwezimali, kwezinye izimo, isimiso sokuwa.

Izindawo Eziqondile Ezikolelisa Imali: Indlela Imithombo Yengcebo Esetshenziswa Ngayo EMS Yasendaweni

Izwe lifaka imali ezimisweni zendawo ze-EMS ngezindlela eziningana eziyinhloko. Ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwale mifudlana exhasayo kudinga ngokuqondile amandla nezimiso zesimiso.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali YoMbuso Ekuthuthweni Kwezindawo Nezimali Ezizinikezele

Indlela eqondile kakhulu i-EMS ethonya ngayo i-EMS yendawo ingeyokuhlelwa ngqo kwemigqa-i-metamporant yohlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge TEXAS, iye yadala imifula enikezelwe ukuxhasa izindleko zokulimala nezokukhubazeka kwezimoto, ngokuvamile ikhokhelwa ngemali ekhokhelwayo noma izimali ezithile. I-Texas EMS & Traumas Systems Fund inikeza izimali zezifunda zemikhandlu yemikhakha yezemishini, ukuqeqesha, nezimiso zendawo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLTLD:2] Calinias forod trans intela kagwayi ngezimali ze-Maddy Emedy Medicial Sy Fund ukusekela izinhlangano zendawo, ukuqondisa kwe-EMS, ukuqondisa kwezimiso zezokusebenza kwezimiso zomphakathi.

Lezimali ezinikezelwe zinikeza izinga elithile lokusekela kusukela ngonyaka kuya ngonyaka kwe-EMS yezombangazwe. Uma i-EMS iboshelwa emthonjeni othile wenzuzo, izinhlangano zendawo zingahlela ukuthengwa kwempuphu kanye nokutshala izimali isikhathi eside. Ngokuphambene, uma izimali zixhomeke kuphela ezingxoxweni zemali zaminyaka yonke ezikhona engxoxweni yemali, izimiso ze-EMS zisengozini enkulu yokunqanyulwa kakhulu phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho.

Umnikazi Wemali Ne - Medicaid UPL (Imingcele Yokubhapathiza Ephakeme)

Ezinye zezimiso zikahulumeni ezinamandla kakhulu zihilela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimali ukuze kwandiswe iMedicaid efana namaRandi kazwelonke. UMenzi Fee (owaziwa nangokuthi i-Coverdiated Lives Fee) ingumphumela owengeziwe wemali kahulumeni kubanikazi bama-ambulense. Umbuso usebenzisa lenkokheli eqoqiweyo ukuze ukhokhele inani elikhudlekayo lemali ekhokhelwayo le-Médicaid ezinkonzweni ze-EMS. Ngenxa yokuthi lelinani eliphakeme lihambisana nemali kazwelonke, inzuzo enele ehlawulwa yimali egciniweyo yendawo ngaphandle kokukhishwa ngokuqondile kwenkongongo yombuso.

Nokho, lomfanekiso udinga umthetho othile wezwe ukuze ukwazi. I-United States kumelwe idlulise imithetho egunyaza isakhiwo senkokhelo nokwamukela i-meant. Lapho kukhona khona uMnikazi Fees, izinhlangano zendawo ziye zabona intuthuko ephawulekayo ekhonweni lazo lokuhlanganisa izindleko. Lapho zingakho, umthombo obalulekile wemali engakhokhwa ihlala ingekho, ibeka izinhlangano zendawo ekuncipheni ngokwezimali.

Izinhlelo eziqondiswe u-Grant

I-State EMS Offices ivame ukusebenza njengendlela yezipho zikahulumeni, njengalezo ezivela kwi-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) noma i-Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA). Ngaphaya kwezindawo zikahulumeni, izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa izinhlelo zazo zokunikeza izinzuzo ezizifunayo:

  • [[UMTH: 0] Ukubuyiselwa kokuthatha indawo: Ukuxhasa izinyathilo zikagesi, izihlola inhliziyo, nechassis ye-ambulensi.
  • Intuthuko yezisebenzi:[ Imikhumbi yezifundo, izinhlelo zokukhokha imali ebolekiswayo, kanye nezisusa zokuqasha izisebenzi eziphuthumayo.
  • Ukuqeqesha Ukusekela okuqeqeshayo: Ukubuyiselwa kwe-parency ye-National Registry crective, ukuqhubekela phambili imfundo, kanye nemishini yokulingisa.
  • Intuthuko yohlelo: iGrants yokusebenzisa izinkonzo zokunakekela isiguli ezisebenza ngogesi ukubika (ePCR) kanye nemininingwane e-analytics.

Ukuphumelela kwalezi zimali kuxhomeke ngokuphelele ekubekeni izimali ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelelwe. Umbuso othile uthi ihhovisi le-EMS lingasebenzisa imali encane kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso ukuze likhiphe imali elinganayo nemali kahulumeni kanye nesitimela samakhulu abaphathi. Umbuso oshiya ihhovisi le-EMS lawo ukuze lizivikele ekulondolozeni imishini ebizayo nokuqeqeshwa.

Imisebenzi Yokuhlela Nokuqondisa: I - Policy Ripple Effect

Ngaphandle kokunikeza izinkulumo eziqondile, umthetho wezwe uthinta kakhulu izimali zendawo, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezingaveli ephepheni elilinganiselayo.

Izindleko Zokubambisana Ezingahlotshisiwe

Mhlawumbe indawo ephikisana kakhulu yesimiso sikahulumeni ukumiswa kwemithetho engagunyaziwe. Lena imithetho kazwelonke edinga izinhlangano zendawo ukuba zihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile ngaphandle kokunikeza ukusekela okudingekile. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Izindinganiso ezithuthukisiwe zosizo: Imayela okuthi i-ambulensi ngayinye iphathe uhlobo oluthile lwe-mosferer yenhliziyo, isinwebo samandla, noma isisetshenziswa se-capnography.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izimfuneko ezikhokhela: Ukufuna izimo zosizo ezimbili ngeqembu ngalinye noma amazinga athile esiqinisekiso emshinini womlilo.
  • [[[NT:0] Izindinganiso zeVehicle:[[FL:1] iveza imijikelezo ye-chassis ethile noma yokulungisa ama-ambulensi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uqeqeshe amahora: Ithatha amahora emfundo aqhubekayo aminyaka yonke adlula izinga lezwe.

Nakuba lemiyalo ivame ukugcinwa kahle, ihloselwe ukuphakamisa izinga lokunakekela, ingabeka imithwalo enzima yemali ezinhlanganweni zendawo, ikakhulukazi emaphandleni. Wonke amandla amasha adinga iqoqo lemali, futhi ngaphandle kwesimiso sikahulumeni esihambelanayo, izinhlangano zendawo kumelwe ziphakamise izintela, amahora enkonzo, noma ukungahlangani nezingozi. Ukucindezela kwezombangazwe phakathi kwezifiso zomgangatho wezinga eliphezulu nobukhulu bendawo kuyisici esichaza isimiso se-EMS yanamuhla.

Igunya Lokukhiqiza Inzuzo Endaweni

Isimiso sikahulumeni futhi sinquma ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo inamathuluzi okuzixhasa. Ezifundazweni eziningi, i-EMS ayichazwa njengenkonzo yomphakathi ebalulekile ngendlela amaphoyisa nomlilo okuyiyo. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwezindawo ngoba kunquma ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezikhona ngokwezimali.

  • Izifunda-hlukene:[ Ezinye izizwe zivumela imiphakathi ukuba yakhe izigodi ezikhokha intela ye-EMS ngokuqondeneyo ezinamandla okukhokha izintela zempahla noma izintela zokuthengisela.
  • Referenda ne-Bond milinganiso:[ umthetho woMbuso uchaza ukuthi i-EMS ingavela yini ephepheni le-evy enikezelwe.
  • [[[NTP:0] Fance Fees: kumathelisa azimele, umthetho kahulumeni ulawula indlela omasipala abangaqoqa ngayo izindleko zokuhlanganisa noma izivumelwano ezisebenzayo kuphela.

Izinhlangano ezinika ohulumeni bendawo amandla ngamathuluzi emali avumelana nezimo zakha indawo ezungezile elondolozwa kakhulu ye - EMS. evimbela lezinhlangano zendawo ukuba zincintisane neqoqo elinciphayo lama - dollar, ngokuvamile zilahlekelwa ukunikeza izinkonzo ezigunyaziwe njengemfundo nokulungisa.

Izinga Lomkhuba Nokusetshenziswa Kwamandla

Umbuso ulawula ngokuqondile izindleko nempumelelo yezisebenzi ze-EMS. Umbuso ovumela izisebenzi ezisiza abaphuthumayo ukuba ziprakthize phezulu kwelayisensi yazo(__inqubo ephambili, inqubo esungulwe, nokuphatha indawo (i-protocol), ukunciphisa izindleko ezingadingekile, ukuthuthukisa imiphumela yeziguli, nokusebenzisa imithombo yemali ngendlela engcono kakhulu. Lokhu kudala isimiso esingcono kakhulu ngokwezimali.

Ngokuphambene, imithetho evimbelayo ingaqhubekisela phambili izindleko ngokufuna iziteshi eziningi noma ukungenela okungaphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene nezimfuneko zedegree likanothi, ukuvuselelwa kwemali, nokuqhubekela phambili kwemfundo ethinta izisebenzi ngokuqondile. Umbuso onezinqubo ezisindayo noma izindleko eziphakeme zokuthola izisebenzi eziphuthumayo ezivela kwamanye amazwe uyozama ukuthola izimo eziphuthumayo, ukuqhubela phambili iholo lenani elizisebenzelayo kanye nezindleko zokuthola umsebenzi.

"Impilo yezimali ye-EMS yendawo ngokuyinhloko iwuphawu lwesimiso sezokusebenza kwemvelo esenziwe uhulumeni wezwe. Izimiso ezingaphumeleli zidala ukuwohloka kwezimali. Izentengiselwano, izimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi zidala ukuqina."

Imiphumela Yokukhetha Izimiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwezindawo

Isimiso sikahulumeni sokulungisa isimo sezimali sinemiphumela engokoqobo, engenakubekezeleleka ekunakekeleni kwesineke nasekulondekeni komphakathi.

Ukuphakama Kogwadule Olune - ambulali Nokusabela Kwesikhathi Esikhalayo

"Izingwadule ezihlalayo" ziyinto eyandayo ekhathazayo, echazwa njengezindawo lapho inani labantu lingakwazi khona ukungena e-ambulensi phakathi nesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Lokhu kuhlangene ngokuqondile nokuxhasa ngemali. Uma i-EMS yendawo ingakwazi ukusebenza ngeyunithi yamahora angama-24 ngosuku, ingabuyela ekusebenzeni, noma iqiniswe ngenhlangano eseduze. Lokhu kwandisa izikhathi zokusabela, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi ephakeme. Izimiso zikahulumeni ezifaka intela, imingcele yenkokhelo yokukhokha, noma ukuhluleka ukukhokhisa i-EMS ekusekeleni izimali ezisekelweni ngokuqondile ekukhungweni kwalezi zingwadule.

Kumaqembu ezisebenzi zokuzithandela asemaphandleni, inhlekelele inkulu. Umbuso unikeza izimvume eziphambili zokubhalisa izimali nemishini ebizayo engenisa izindleko. Ngaphandle kwemali eyanele yokubuyisela lezindleko, izisebenzi zokuzithandela ziyasha, futhi amaqembu ancibilika. Umbiko ka-2020 ovela kwi-National Colourification Fire Council waphawula ukuthi amaqembu asemaphandleni amaqembu e-EMS asengozini enkulu ngokwezimali, ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwezimiso zikahulumeni ezilawula imisebenzi yawo.

Umphumela Wokusebenza Kwamandla E - EMS

Isimiso se-EMS singcono kuphela uma abantu bekhona, futhi isimiso sikahulumeni sithonya ngokuqondile ukuhleleka kwezisebenzi. Iholo elikhokhelwayo liye lasekela phambili phambili kweminye imisebenzi yokuphepha yomphakathi, futhi amazinga okutubeka aphakeme. Izinqumo zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene neholo elilinganiselwe, imithetho yezisebenzi, kanye namalungelo ahlangene abeke imingcele yenkokhelo yendawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zikahulumeni zokusekela impilo yengqondo kwabaphendula kuqala, ukulawula okubucayi kwezehlakalo, nenkokhelo yezisebenzi ze-PTSD ziya ngokuya ziba baluleke kakhulu. Izwe eliziqongelelela ngokuzikhandla empilweni nasenhlalakahleni yezisebenzi zalo ze-EMS ngomthetho nangezimali ezinikezelwe ngezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zezokuthuthukisa isilinganiso sezehlayo nokwaneliseka kwezisebenzi okuphezulu. Amazwe angazinaki lezi zici abangela umjikelezo wokutubeka, ubunzima, nokungahleleki kwesimiso.

Ikhono Elisebenzayo Nokuhlela Okuhlelekile

Uma ukuhlelwa kwemali kungalindelekile, cishe akunakwenzeka. Inkosi yendawo ye-EMS ayikwazi ukunikezela icebo lokubuyisela imoto elithatha iminyaka emihlanu uma isifundazwe sinikeza imali unyaka wonke. Lokhu kuholela emjikelezweni wokulungisa okungalindelekile, imikhumbi egugayo, futhi kuthathelwe indawo esikhundleni sokulawula. Izimiso zoMbuso ezimisa icebo eliqinisekile, imijikelezo yemali ethatha iminyaka eminingi zivumela izinhlangano zendawo ukuba zisebenze ngokuphumelela, zithenge imishini enzima, futhi zifake imali ekulondolozeni izindleko, konke okugcina imali kuqhubeke.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Emthethweni We-EMS Ephansi Kahulumeni

Izifundazwe eziningana zinikeza izibonelo ezisebenzayo zendlela isimiso se - EMS esingaqinisa ngayo izimiso zendawo.

I-Colorado: Intuthuko yesimiso sedata-Driven

I-Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment’s EMS Division ibilokhu ingumholi weqoqo lokwaziswa nezimiso. Ngokufaka ukuzithoba okuqinile kokwaziswa ngesimiso se-PCR sikahulumeni, iColorado inikeza izinhlangano zendawo imishini edingekayo ukuze zibonise ukubaluleka kwazo kubenzi bemithetho. Lo kwaziswa kuye kwasiza ekulondolozeni ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwezwe ukuqeqeshwa, imishini, nokusungulwa kwezinhlelo zomphakathi zezenhlalakahle. Umbuso ugxile emithethweni yobufakazi esekelwe kumthetho unika abasekeli bendawo abanezinombolo ezinzima ezinikeza izimpendulo ezinzima ngezikhathi zemiphumela nemiphumela ebekezela.

ITexas: Isibonelo Sokusekela Okuzinikele

I-EMS & Trauma Systems Fund yaseTexas ivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo sesizwe. Imali ehlawulwa amafaktire ezimoto futhi inikezelwa yisishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni, lenkongozelo inikeza inzuzo engapheli yezimiso zezenhlekelele zendawo kanye nabanikezeli be-EMS. Ukuba khona kwalemali kuye kwavumela iTexas ukuba isekele isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokukhubazeka esisebenza kokubili izindawo zayo ezinkulu zasedolobheni elikhulu nasemaphandleni. Isifundo sesimiso esivela eTexas siwukuthi umthombo wezimali onikezelwe, ovikelweyo unganikeza ukuzinza okudingeka kakhulu kwezimiso zendawo.

Indlela Yokulawula Ithonya Lombuso: Amathuluzi Okuhweba Ngezindawo

Uma bebona ithonya elikhulu lesimiso sikahulumeni, abameleli bendawo abanakukwazi ukungazinaki i-capitol yabo yombuso. Ukuphumelela kokuqapha kudinga indlela esebenzayo esekelwe ekwazisweni nasekukheni ubuhlobo.

Yakha Izwi Elinobunye

Ayikho i-EMS ekhomba inqubo kahulumeni iyodwa. Ukuphumelela kwezezimali kudinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nezinhlangano zenkonzo yomlilo, isibhedlela, namaqembu ezohwebo kubaphathi bomthetho, kunganikeza abenzi bomthetho umkhondo onobunye. Isigijimi esihlangene esiphathelene nesidingo sezimali ezilondolozwayo kunzima ukuba izigebengu zingazinaki kunezicelo zezinhlangano ngazinye.

Umthofu Ohambisana Nemininingwane, Hhayi Imizwelo

Nakuba izindaba zomuntu siqu zinamandla, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zisabela emniningweni. Izinhlangano zendawo kufanele zilandele futhi zidlulisele izilinganiso zazo eziyinhloko: izikhathi zempendulo, zishaye uvolo, amaphesenti ezothutho nge-pareter (Medicaid/Indicance), futhi izindleko zeqiniso ngesithuthi ngasinye. Lokhu ukucaca okungokwezimali kuyisisekelo sempikiswano yenkambiso ephoqelelayo. Bonisa abenzi bemithetho igebe elidala igebe elibonisa ukuthi kungani ukungenela kwezwe kudingekile. [FT:]]

Gxila Ezinhlotsheni Ezimisiwe

Abasekeli abaphumelelayo abagcini ngokuveza inkinga; banikeza ikhambi.

  • UMenzi Fee Legislation: Ukulungisa izindleko ukuze kwakhiwe noma kuvuselelwe izinqubo zokukhokha ezifaka imali elinganayo kahulumeni.
  • Ukuhlanganisa iFormula Reformation: Ukufaka ushintsho endleleni izimali zikahulumeni ezisatshalaliswa ngayo ukuqinisekisa amanxusa asemaphandleni, aphansi ovolume ashiyeki.
  • [ I-Manday Review engafakwanga: Ukusunduza umthetho odinga ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yemali ngaphambi kokuba noma imuphi umyalo omusha ubekwe kubanikezeli be-EMS bendawo.
  • Ukwanda kweGunya: Ukusebenzela ukumisa imithetho evumela imibuso yendawo ukuba ibeke i-EMS ngokuqondeyo imigaqo yezezimali ebhandeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Kusenesikhathi Nakaningi

Ushintsho lwenqubo alwenzeki ngesikhashana. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nabameleli bakahulumeni nezisebenzi zabo kuyinqubo eqhubekayo. Mema abenzi bomthetho ukuba bahambe nge-'transport'. Uma uphethe i-EMS Day e-capitol. Ukuhlanganyela kwesifundazwe semihlangano ye-EMS advisory. Umgomo uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi lapho kwenziwa izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwemali, i-EMS iyinto eza kuqala, hhayi i-eyword.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni ne-EMS yendawo akuyona nje imininingwane yokulawula; kungumongo oyinhloko wezimali ezisiza amabhizinisi ezokwelapha e-United States. I-United States inamandla okwakha ukuzinza okungokwezimali ngokunikela ngemali enikezelwe, izimali zokunakekela, izimali, nomthetho osekelayo, noma ingaphazamisa izimiso zendawo ngemithetho engagunyaziwe, igunya lemali elilinganiselwe, futhi inganaki. Kubantu abazama ukunikeza ukunakekela okuphuthumayo, ukuqonda lobubuhlobo buyinyathelo lokuqala lokuphumelela. Ngokuhlanganyela enkambisweni yokusekela izimali, izivumelwano zomfelandawo, futhi ngokukhuluma ngokucacile inani le-EMS, abaholi bendawo bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni izinqumo zabo eziqinile, ukusabela, nokuchuma kwemali eminyakeni eminingi edlule. I-EMS i-EPGPGPG: [F]