Isingeniso: Uphawu Lwamalungelo Nokuthula

Isivumelwano soLwesihlanu esilungile (saziwa nangokuthi i-Belfast Accounting]), esasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, singenye yezi zivumelwano zokuthula ezibaluleke kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngaphandle kokuqeda izingxabano zeminyaka engamashumi amathathu ezaziwayo Izinkinga [[FLT]], isivumelwano safaka uhlaka olubanzi lwamalungelo abantu nesilinganiso esisekelwe eMthethweni nasezweni laseNyakatho nengokomthetho lase-Ireland. Ngokufaka izivumelwano ezivela kohulumeni base-British nase-Ireland, kanye nezigaba zezombangazwe zase-Northern Ireland, kanye nezingxenye zezentengiselwano, izivumelwano zaguqula umphakathi onobudlova okwakhiwa ngezimiso zenhlonipho, inhlonipho nokwehlukahlukaniswe ngokulingana nakwemthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela i-Grethrenland, intuthuko samashumi amabili esenzeka nesemuva kwezente, intuthuko, intuthuko, intuthuko, intuthuko, i-Ireland eqhubekayo.

Lesi sivumelwano savunyelwa yi-parente: 71% yabavoti eNyakatho Ireland nangu-94% eRepublic of Ireland yasigunyaza, yasinika igunya elinamandla lentando yeningi. Samisa uhulumeni owehlisa amandla kagesi, waqaphela isimiso sokuvuma ngokuphathelene nesikhundla somthetho-sisekelo sase-Northern Ireland, futhi samisa izinhlangano ezazizohlela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu nobandlululo olwaluhlupha izizukulwane zale ndawo.

Umlando: Izinkinga Nobandlululo

Ukuze aqonde ukuthi kungani amalungelo abantu nokulingana kusemqoka e-Good Wear Agreement, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde ukungalungi okujulile okwabangela lengxabano. Uhulumeni we-Union ulawula ohulumeni eNyakatho Ireland (1921-191972) abacwasa ngokwezimiso ngokulandelana ngokulandelana ngokumelene nedlanzana lamaKatolika/isizwe ezindaweni zokuhlala, umsebenzi, kanye nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe. UGerrymering waqinisekisa ukuthi izinyunyana zilawule imikhandlu yendawo ngisho nasezindaweni ezinhlanganweni eziningi zezizwe. Ukuhamba kwamalungelo omphakathi ekupheleni kwawo ngo-1960 (16) kwakhuthazwa yinhlangano yaseMelika ehlangene yamazwe amaqembu ehlangene (16) yahlangana nobudlova bezwe, okwaholela ekuweni kwephalamende yephalamende kanye nezokubusa kwezezombangazwe eLondon. Ngonyaka ka1998, abantu abangaphezu kuka-3600 babulawa ezimpikiswaneni.

Izingxoxo zokuthula ezaveza iGood Wear Agreement zalolongwa ukuvumelana kokuthi noma yisiphi isikhawu esihlala njalo kumelwe sivikelwe ngokunamandla kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Isivumelwano sangaphambili sisho ngokucacile ukuthi abahlanganyeli bahlanganyela isibopho “ekuvikeleni kwamalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi,” futhi saveza uhlelo oluningiliziwe lwesivikelo esiqinisekisa ukuthi awukho umphakathi ongabusa omunye.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Amalungiselelo alesi sivumelwano amalungelo abantu asebenza ezingeni ezintathu: ukuhlanganiswa komthetho - sisekelo kwezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, ukwakhiwa kwezindikimba ezizimele, nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze kuqedwe imikhuba yokukhipha ubandlululo.

Ukuhlobana kwe - European Convention on Human Rights

Enye yemiphumela eshesha kakhulu yalesivumelwano kwakuyisibopho sokumisa i-Explorence of Human Rights ye-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) emthethweni wasenyakatho Ireland. Lesibopho safezwa yi-UK Palamente’s Human Rights Act 1998, eyanikeza imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho eUnited Kingdom. Isikhathi sokuqala, abantu baseNyakatho Ireland bangaqinisa amalungelo abo abantu ngokuqondile ezinkantolo zasekhaya, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko ekukhanselweni, ukuqulwa kobulungisa, nenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlangana. Isivumelwano saqhubeka ngokuyala ukuba noma iziphi izikwenziwa ezingokomthetho zesikhathi esizayo ze-Northern Ireland zivumelane ngokuphelele ne-ECH, futhi uhulumeni “ungaqeda ngokushesha.

Lokhu kwakubucayi ngoba kwasusa ukungaqiniseki kokuthembela kuphela ezivikelweni zomthetho ezivamile futhi kwaqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zazibopha kuzo zonke iziphathimandla zomphakathi, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa nebutho.

2. Ukumiswa kweKhomishane Yamalungelo Abantu YaseNyakatho Ireland (NIHRC)

Isivumelwano sasungula i-Northern Human Rights Commission njengendikimba ezimele esebenzela ukukhuthaza nokuhlola ukuvunyelwa kwamalungelo abantu. I-NIHRC inomthetho obanzi: ukululeka i-Assembly kanye noMphathi wamalungelo abantu, ukuqhuba imibuzo nokuhlola, ukunikeza usizo olungokomthetho ezisuluni zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokusebenzela ukusekela i-Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland. Eminyakeni eminingi, i-NUnighRC ifeza indima eyisihluthulelo ekubekeni imithetho yokuthatha i-recurry transmission, ukuvikela amalungelo abafuduki neziboshwa, nokukhuthaza amalungelo abo agciniwe emithetho engokomthetho. Yaveza uphawu lokuthi amalungelo abantu ahlala njalo, isakhiwo esihlukene negatsha leze lihlale negatsha elikhulu.

3. Ukuthunywa Kokulingana Nokumelana Nobandlululo Kuyalinganiswa

I-Evince Freevement yagunyaza futhi ukumiswa kweKhomishane yokungalingani ehlangene ye-Northern Ireland, ihlanganisa izindikimba ezikhona ezigxile ekuhlanganeni, ekukhubazekeni, ebulilini, nasenkolweni. IKhomishani yokulinganisela inamandla okuphoqelela imithetho emelene nokucwaswa kwezemisebenzi, indlu, izimpahla nemisebenzi. Iqaphela ukuvumelana nemisebenzi ekhona esemthethweni yezenkolo ehlangene, [[FLT:] ukulingana kwemisebenzi engu 75 [i-FLT]] ilungiselelo lokuphula ilungiselelo lesisekelo eMthethweni waseNyakatho ye-Uni ye-1998. Isigaba 75 sidinga zonke izikhulu zomphakathi ukuba zithuthukise amathuba phakathi kwezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, imibono engokobuzwe, isigaba sobuzwe, isimo sobulili, ukuphathana, nabesifazane, futhi ngaphandle kokukhubazeka kwabantu.

4. Izinguquko Zemithetho Nobulungisa

Mhlawumbe akukho nhlangano eyangathenjwa kakhulu kune Royal Ulster Consabulary (RUC), eyayingamaProthestani ngokumangalisayo futhi eyayibhekwa yizakhamuzi eziningi njengegunya elilawulayo. I-Good Wenday Active yazimisele ukuguqula inqubo yezobupolisa, eyasungulwa nge- Ptten Commission (1999). Izinguquko zathatha indawo ye-RUC nge-PUS yase-Nyakatho Ireland (PSI), zaveza isilinganiso esingu-50:50 se-ocementalmental amaKatolika namaProthestani, zasungula i-Ombustman ezimeleyo yokuhlola izikhalo, futhi zasungula i-CUPUmmmm-m-ony. Lezi zinguquko ezithuthukisiwe ngokuphawulekayo zithuthukisiwe nge-201, ezingu-201, ezise-PSCI ezise zinyuke ngaphezu kwengu-32% ze-EPS, nakuba izisulu ezisethi ezizincutshisiwe ezingulwe yizingu-50.

5. Amalungelo Ezisulu Nokukhululwa Kweziboshwa

Lesivumelwano sakhuluma ngefa elibuhlungu leNkimba ngokuqashelwa kwamalungelo ezisulu. Samisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho zezisulu ukuba zifune iqiniso futhi zivume futhi zinikeze izilungiselelo zemali. Ngokuthula, sanikeza futhi ukukhululwa okusheshayo kweziboshwa zempi ezazihlangene nezinhlangano eziqaphela ukunqamuka kwemililo. Nakuba kunzima ezisulwini eziningi, leli lungiselelo labhekwa njengesidingo sokusekela amaqembu athembekile afuna iqiniso nenqubo yokuthula. Isivumelwano sagcizelela ukuthi ukukhululwa kweziboshwa akumelwe kunciphise amalungelo ezisulu noma isibopho sikahulumeni sokuhlola ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Umphumela Kumphakathi Nokuthula

Amalungelo abantu nokulingana okubekwe eSivumelwaneni Esihle NgoLwesihlanu kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu emphakathini waseNyakatho Ireland, nakuba ungaphelele.

Ukunciphisa Ubudlova Bezombangazwe

Kusukela ekusayineni kwesivumelwano kuze kube namuhla, ukufa kobudlova bezombangazwe kuye kwehla ngo-90% uma kuqhathaniswa no-1990. Ukunqanyulwa kwemililo yempi kuye kwaqhubeka kakhulu, futhi ukuphila okuvamile kuye kwabuyela emiphakathini eyake yahlukaniswa ngokubhomba nokudubulana. Ukususwa kwezindawo zokuhlola kwezempi zaseBrithani nokubekwa kwamaphoyisa ngokwesiko kuye kwavumela amadolobha anjengeBelfast neDerry/Londonderry ukuba aheheshe ukutshala nokuthatha izimali. Nakuba amaqembu avukelayo erbacrapian asewusongo, isikhundla sawo silinganiselwe, futhi ukufinyelela amalungelo abantu kwe-PSNI kuthuthukise ukwethemba komphakathi.

Ukumelela Okukhulu Kwezombangazwe Nokusekela Amandla

Isivumelwano sakha uhulumeni oncishisiwe osekelwe esimisweni sesivumelwano esixhunyiwe-ammony . Izinqumo eziyinhloko zidinga kokubili i-ML AS noma isisindo somphakathi (60% kanye ne-40% yesigaba ngasinye). Lesi sakhiwo siye saphoqelela amaqembu ukuba asebenzisane, futhi iminyaka eminingi isikhulu sahlanganisa kokubili i-DEmocratic Unionnist Party (DuP) neSin Féin", izitha ezibabayo. Nakuba izinhlangano ziye zawa njalo (umz.2020,2020) namashumi amabili22222), ziye zabuyiselwa, zibonakalisa ukuzinikela ezimisweni zesivumelwano. Isibonelo sesizwe siqinisekisa kokubili i-Sin Fiin", i-Systems ephethe inkathi yohulumeni wombuso wesizwe.

Intuthuko Elinganiswayo

Imininingwane evela kwi-Efecity Commission nase-Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) ibonisa intuthuko esheshayo. Izinhlangano zamaKatolika namaProthestani ziye zahlangana kakhulu emsebenzini, nenani lamaKatolika asengxenyeni yomphakathi enyuka kusukela ku-42% ngo- 2000 kuya ku-202020. Imiphumela yemfundo ihlangene, nakuba ihlala ikhona imfundo yemfundo esemthethweni. [[FLY:0]] ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi engu-75 yesilinganiso [ [inani] liye lashukumisela izindikimba zomphakathi ukuba ziqhube imingcele elinganayo kuzo zonke izinqubo ezinkulu, iholele ekufezeni izinqumo eziqhubekayo. I-LGTQ+, eNyakatho ye-Ireland iye yabona intuthuko engokomthetho kusukela esivumelwano semishadwe e-1920220, futhi ekugcineni yamiswa ekuqhutshweni kweze le komiti lesivumelwano engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho emisiwe ngoLGt.

Izinselele Nezisolo Eziqhubekayo

Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo, amalungelo abantu nezithembiso zokulingana ezisekhona.

Ifa Lesikhathi Esidlule: Izinkinga Nobunye

Ukubhekana nenkathi edlule kuseyisici esiphikiswa kakhulu sesivumelwano. Isivumelwano ngokwaso sikhona esiphethe izinqubo “zokuvuma nokusingatha ukuhlupheka kwezisulu,” kodwa ohulumeni be-UK abalandelanayo baye bahluleka ukwenza uhlelo olubanzi lwefa. i-Northern Ireland Troubles (Izinkathazo ze-Legagment ne-Conciliation) Act 2023 [isho ukuthi i-'ihlongoza ukunqatshelwa kokuncishwa kwezinkinga eziningi ezihlobene nezenzo ezintsha zombangokwabantu futhi ikhansela izindleko ezintsha zezakhamuzi futhi i-asts /] yalahlwa kakhulu amaqembu amalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise neNYIHRCUM, i-AMMFURC, kanye neNst Couragendrist for Const Resourtion. Bathiwerst Activesss)

Ukuhlukana Nokuhlangana Kwamahlelo

Nakuba ubudlova obubulalayo buphelile, i-Northern Ireland ilokhu iwumphakathi ohlukaniswe kakhulu. Izindlu zomphakathi ezingaphezu kuka-90% zisahlukaniswa yinkolo, futhi izingane eziningi zifunda izikole zamaKatolika noma umbuso (de protection). Imifelandawo − izindonga zokuthula ezihlukanisa amaProthestani namagumbi amaKatolika akhona ngo-2023, kodwa lowo mngcele waze walahleka. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa imfundo nezindlu ezihlangeneyo iye yahamba kancane kancane. Icebo lokwakha i-United Community [FLT] , yasungulwa ngo-2012], ihlose ukususa zonke izindonga lokuthula izindonga lokuthula ngo-2023, kodwa lowo nyakazombili yayingekho. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa imfundo nezindawo ezihlangeneyo, nezindawo zokuzibiza i-Ediodmose.

Ukungalawuleki Kwezombangazwe Nemithetho YaseNyakatho Ireland

Izikhungo zamandla ezinakekela i-EU imakethe eyodwa ziye zabekwa isikhathi eside cishe muva nje lapho i-Dup ihoxa ngamalungiselelo okuhweba ngemva kwe-Brhit. Isivumelwano se-Northern Ireland , esigcine i-Northern Ireland ihlangene nemithetho yezentengiselwano eyodwa ye-EU ukuze igweme umngcele onzima, yadala amathuba amasha ezomnotho kodwa futhi yabangela izingxabano zezombangazwe. Abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokuthi izimali eziphambanayo zisekwe ngokwezikhundleni phakathi kwe-UK, kuyilapho abasekeli bekhomba emalungelo abantu, njengoba beqhubeka nokunamathela e-ECHRFFORC [[FL:2] kanye nemithetho enikezelweyo] i-EUPUPromes ezincikelwe yi-omcom. Izinhlelo zezombangazwe zezombangazwe ezilandelana kanye nezinhlahlonga zesizwe zihlala zikhona. Izinhlelo zezembubhishoshoshoshosho ephakathi kwezombangazwe.[FT][Foctived profternst

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nezenhlalo

I-Northern Ireland isahlala ingekho kwezinye izindawo zezomnotho eziyinhloko: amazinga obumpofu aphakeme phakathi kwezingane, futhi inkinga yezindlu ngokungenakulinganiswa ithinta isigaba sabasebenzayo kuyo yomibili imiphakathi. Umbiko ka 2023 ovela eJoseph Rowntree Foundation wathola ukuthi izinhlanga ezincane namaqembu esizwe eNyakatho Ireland zithola ukuntula imisebenzi okukhulu futhi zikhokha imali ephansi kunabelungu. Isivumelwano asikawatholi amanani alinganayo anele amahlelo, futhi abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amanxusa amalungelo abantu aye ancishwa futhi iseluleko sawo asiholelwa nguhulumeni.

Ibhizinisi Elingachithwa Lezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu

Esinye sezithembiso eziphawuleka kakhulu ze-Good Frive Act i-[FLD:0] isimemo samalungelo asemthethweni eNyakatho Ireland esizodlula i-ECH. i-NIHRC yaveza i-Bill of Rights ngo- 2008, kodwa ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe / ngokulandelana kwenkululeko yezezomnotho nezenhlalo nendlela yokubonisa ngayo isikhundla somthetho-sisekelo se-Nyakatho Ireland. I-FLTRC ivimbela ukutholwa kwayo. I-Genegracture of the Constitudentirty ivikela kakhulu ekucwaleni, iqinisekisa amalungelo okuhlala, impilo, nemfundo, futhi inikeza ukugqamisa izilinganiso ezingenisweni phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi nomphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwe-Unicel ka-Union Act, okungabe kusalokhu kuvinjelwe uhulumeni wezombangazwe noma ukuncitshiswa kwe-Hulumends (Inter) e-Act, i-Errencerrences, i-Erververse-everivert, engcono kakhulu, engathi i-Er

Isiphetho: Isisekelo Esiphilayo Sokuthula Namalungelo

I-Good Wear Advement ayipheli nje: iyisakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo nomthetho esiye sathuthukisa amalungelo abantu ngokuyisisekelo nokulingana e-Northern Ireland. Ngokuhlanganisa i-European Convention, ukumisa izinhlangano ezizimele, ukuguqula amaphoyisa, nokuqinisa izivumelwano ezihlangene, isivumelwano esakha isimiso esisebenza ngenkuthalo ukuze sivimbele ukuphinde kuqhubeke kwesimiso sobuhlanga nobudlova bezombangazwe. Intuthuko engaphezulu kwekota nenkathi ephakathi ayinakwa. Ukufa kwe-195, izinhlangano ezihlangene kakhulu, izivikelo ezingokomthetho ezinkulu zamaphoyisa, izivumelwano zemibono efanayo, kodwa isithembiso sesivumelwano sihlala singenamkhawulo: ifa lesikhathi esidlule likhulu, izinhlangano zezombangazwe ziyaqhubeka zikhona, futhi izinhlangano zezombangazwe azizange zivuleke kakhulu. Izivumelwano ezisemfa ezindaweni ezisekuhle kakhulu zokuthula futhi azivinjelwe kakhulu, futhi azivinjelwe kakhulu izivumelwano ezingcono kakhulu, kodwa zivinjelwe ekuthulweni ezingokokuhle kakhulu, uHlukuhleleka kahle kakhulu, uHlande, uHlale, uHlelo olungcono olungcono kakhulu, kodwa futhi

Kubafundi abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni umbhalo wokuqala noma umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokulingana kwezindikimba, isivumelwano esiphelele siyatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-UK Government (http:///wwww.gov.uk/hulumeni/imvume/imvumela-inguquko ephezulu), futhi umsebenzi we-Eye-Monity Commission ubhalwe ku- */i www.extonni. org/. Ukuhlola okunzulu okungokomlando kungatholakala ngeNKANQAIN * * * * * * HTTP://inka.uks.uk/ecet/eavreactive/avment.[3]