Ukuqonda Impova Yokuthungatha Ezindaweni Ezisezingeni Lanamuhla

Inkathi yezokuxhumana iye yagcwala izakhamuzi ngemiyalezo yezombangazwe, eminingi yayo eklanyelwe ukuqondisa kunokuba yazise. Phakathi kwamathuluzi awumshoshaphansi kakhulu enqolobaneni yezobuchwepheshe bezombangazwe kuphendulwa i-opera. Ngokungafani nokuhlolwa kombono oqotho okuqoqa imininingwane ukuze ihlolwe, ukusunduza ukuhlolwa kusungulwa ukuze kulolonge izigijimi ezibonisa ukuvota ngokuphambana kwezindaba ezibonakala zingenacala phakathi kwemibuzo ebonakala ingathathi hlangothi. Njengoba ukungeyinwa kwamanani aluhlaza kwanda ngokushesha phakathi kwemithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo nezindawo eziphuma phambili, ikhono lokubona lemizamo efihlekile iye yaba ikhono eligxeka kakhulu lezezezezezenzwe. Izakhamuzi ezihlakulela imikhuba egxekayo zingazivikela ekusebenziseni izinkolelo eziqinile futhi zifake iqhaza empucushisiwe emingeni ephambili.

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe akukusha, kuye kwasetshenziswa emikhankasweni yezombangazwe amashumi eminyaka, kodwa ukwanda kwezincwadi, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngeposi, nokuhlola nge - Internet kuye kwazenza zande kakhulu. Ukuqonda lokho okuwukuhlola okuphoqelelwe, indlela yokuqaphela amasu akho, nendlela yokusabela lapho uhlangana nomuntu othile onamandla okumelana nenkulumo - ze futhi afune ubuqotho enkulumweni yezombangazwe.

Ziyini Ngempela Izinhlansi Zokuphoqelela?

Inhlolo - vo ephoqelelayo iyisu lokukhangisa elifinyelelwe njengocwaningo lomphakathi. Injongo yalo eyinhloko akukhona ukuqoqa ukusabela ngokwethembeka kodwa ukushintsha imibono yalabo abaphendulayo ngokuyichaya ekwazisweni okulayishiwe noma emibuzweni esikiselayo. Izinhlangano ezihlolayo zilandela izindinganiso eziqinile zenqubo ye-(randomsting), amagama angathathi hlangothi, nokubika okungathathi hlangothi. Ukuphenya, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusebenzisa imibuzo eholelayo, izikhundla zamanga, nezimbangela ezingokomzwelo ku "pfihlo" impendulo ephethe ngokunqunyiweyo.

Inhlolo - vo ephambili ibuza umbuzo ofana nothi, "Uma wazi ukuthi uCandidate Smith usolwe ngokuphana imali evela kusiza abaswele, ubungasayisekela?" Ngisho noma ukumangalelwa kungamangalela noma kungamangalela, ukuchayeka nje ekumangaleleni kungalimaza idumela lomfundi engqondweni yakhe. Lendlela isebenzisa isici esingokwengqondo esaziwa ngokuthi "umphumela owenziwe" kanye "weqiniso eliphindiwe"" kanye "eliphindaphindiwe noma elibekwe ngokucacile lisho ukuthi liyiqiniso ngisho noma lingekho.

Iziphetho zezombangazwe ezisemthethweni ziqhutshwa yizinhlangano ezinjengeGallup, iPew Research Center, nezinhlangano zezemfundo ezinedumela elihle. Lemihlongozo isakaza indlela yazo, ubukhulu, nobubanzi bephutha. Iziphetho zokuphoqa, ngokwehlukile, ziqhutshwa yizimboni zomkhankaso ezinqaba ukudalula imithombo yazo yezimali noma izinqubo zokuqoqwa kokwaziswa. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Public Opinion Research (APOR) ilahla ngokuqondile ukuncishwa kokuthi kuyinto engafaneleki futhi kulimaza ukukhomba kokucwaninga.

Ukufa Kwempova Ecindezelayo

Ukuqaphela ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kudinga ukuqonda izindlela eziqondile ezisetshenziselwa ukuqondisa abantu abahlolwa. Lezi zinqubo ngokuvamile zicashile, zizenza kube nzima ukuzibona ngaphandle kweso eliqeqeshiwe. Ngezansi kuyizici ezivame kakhulu ekuhlolweni okuphoqelelwayo.

Imibuzo Enzima Neholela

Imibuzo enzima iqukethe ulimi olunemizwelo olushukumisa umuntu ophendulayo empendulweni ethile. Ngokwesibonelo: "Uyayisekela yini imithetho enzima ka-Candidate Jones engenza izikole zethu zibe yize?" Igama "isikole" futhi ukusho kwezikole ezidukile kuklanyelwe ukuvusa ukusabela okuphambene. Imibuzo eholayo isikisela ukuthi impendulo ethile ilungile noma ilindelekile: "Ungavuma ukuthi icebo lika-Candidate Johnson likhulu kakhulu emphakathini wethu?] Zombili izimo zezephula ukungathathi hlangothi okudingekayo ekuhloleni okungokomthetho.

Izinkulumo Zamanga Noma Ezingenakuphikiswa

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe ngokuvamile kuveza izinkulumo njengamaqiniso ayiqiniso, eqiniswe kakhulu, noma okungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekiswa ngalesisikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo: "Nika uTaylor uvote ngokumelene nezimali zomadolobheni kathathu, ingabe ungavotela umphikisi wakhe?" Eqinisweni, umvoteli kungenzeka ukuthi uvote ekulungiseni okuyinkimbinkimbi okungaqondakali. Ukuphenyelwa kokungatholi isikhathi sokuhlola. Lelisu lisakaza udaba lwezelo futhi lisebenzise ukuswela kwemithombo esheshayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikuphi.

Ukukhathala Nokwesaba Okungokomzwelo

Imizwelo ithatha phezulu ngokucabangela okunengqondo. Ukuhlola kokucindezela ngokuvamile kubangela ukwesaba, intukuthelo, noma intukuthelo. Imibuzo ingakhomba "izimiso eziyingozi," "izinsongo endleleni yethu yokuphila,"" noma "izinto eziyimfihlo"" ngokususa imizwelo ephambene, ukuhlola kunciphisa amathuba okuthi umuntu athathe inselele ekucubungulisweni okugxekayo. Lendlela iphumelela kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu.

Ikheri elikhishiwe noma Imininingwane Engaphandle

Ukuhlola kungase kuphawule izibalo ezikhethelwe ukudweba umfanekiso omubi wombhalisa noma umagazini. Ngokwesibonelo: "Icebo lentela lika Davis lingakhuphula amaphesenti angu-80 emikhaya, futhi lokhu kungakukhathaza?" Izibalo zingaba yiqiniso ngeqembu elithile lemali elithola imali encane kodwa linikezwe njengeqiniso elivamile. Ngaphandle komongo, umuntu othathelwa ukukhomba u-Adadidate angamukela inombolo ekhohlisayo njengommeleli ogcwele.

Ukuphonsa Ikhanda Nemiphumela Eshukumisayo

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuklanywe ngokucophelela ngemibuzo ecatshangelwayo. Imibuzo yokuqala ibeka isimo esiphambene, futhi imibuzo elandelayo yakhela kulolobandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuzo yokuqala eminingana ingaqokomisa izimfanelo ezimbi zombhalisa, bese ubuza umbuzo wokugcina: "Ngemva kokufunda la maqiniso, ungacabangela ukuvotela omunye umuntu ozongenela?" Ukulandelana kwemibuzo kunikeza impendulo ephambene. U-gastimate uphendulisa uhlelo lwemibuzo ngokuphambanisa futhi ugweme ukuqamba okunjalo.

Indlela Yokufaka Impova Ephothayo Endle

Izakhamuzi zingaqala ukuhlola izinto ezisengqondweni ukuze zihlole noma ikuphi ukuhlola ezibhekana nakho.

  • Ivague noma ukujikijela okungaziwa: Umfoweli akanakusho inhlangano yokucwaninga noma iyunivesithi enedumela elihle. Bangathi basuka esikhungweni sokuhlola" ngaphandle kokuba khona komphakathi.
  • Akukho kwaziswa kwenjongo: I-volutionster ayichazi ukuthi umniningo uzakusetshenziswa kanjani noma ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kuyoba kanjani ngokuzithandela. Ukuhlolwa kwemithetho kunikeza lokhu kwaziswa njalo.
  • Iphimbo elinolaka noma eliphindaphindwayo: Imibuzo ibekwe ngezwi elinamandla, okusho ukuthi ophendulayo kumelwe avumelane nombono othile. Imizamo ephindaphindiwe yokuqondisa ingxoxo elwazini oluphambene iyisibonakaliso esinamandla.
  • Ikhasi lemibuzo yenani labantu:[ Izibalo zangempela ziqoqa ukwaziswa kwenani labantu (isikhathi, iholo, imfundo) emiphumeni. Ukuhlola kokusunduza akuvamile ukubuza imibuzo enjalo ngoba abanasithakazelo kumasampula ameleli.
  • Izinketho ezingabonakali: imibuzo eminingi inganikeza "vumelana ngokuqinile" noma "olunye into evumelana" amakhetho, ukukhipha "ukulahla" ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuphoqa ukusabela okunobandlululo.
  • Ukumangalelwa okungangangaphikiswa: Lokhu kuhlola kuphawula amahemuhemu, izikhalo, noma "imithombo" ngaphandle kokunikeza ubufakazi. Uma ukwaziswa kubonakala kuvuvukala futhi kungaphikiswa, kungenzeka kusenhlolo - vo ecindezelayo.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukusebenzisa ukucabanga okugxekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi usola futhi kunqume ukuthi uzosabela kanjani.

Ukusebenzisa Ukucabanga Okubucayi Ekushukumiseni Impova

Lapho kuziwa ekucindezeleni abantu, izindlela eziningana eziqondile zingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi lokhu kuxhaphaza kuyini.

Buza Umthombo

njalo buza: Ubani oqhuba lenhlolo - vo? Izinhlangano ezihloniphekile . "academic], izinkampani zokucwaninga ezingaphakamisi, izikhangiso ezinkulu zezezindaba" zibonakala ngokuxhasa kwazo imali nangendlela yokusebenza. Uma umthombo ungaziwa noma wenqaba ukunikeza imininingwane, thatha ukuhlola njengokusoleka. phenya ku-i-i-inthanethi yegama lenhlangano nendlela yokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Pew Research Center ikhipha uxwebhu olubanzi ezindleleni zayo zokuhlola. Umdwebi we-athom akasoze abe nalo umbhalo onjalo. I-mfashiniza-mfashini: Izindlela zokucwaninga ze-Pt Center yokucwaninga .

Hlaziya Amazwi Emibuzo

Hlola umbuzo ngamunye ngolimi olunenzondo ngokomzwelo, ukugxeka okungamanga, noma ukukhetha okuphoqelelwe. Bhala umbuzo ngendlela engathathi hlangothi futhi ubone ukuthi lezi zinguqulo zisho ushintsho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okuphoqelelweyo kungabuza, "Izazi zezombangazwe zingayeka ukuchitha imali ekhokha intela ezinhlanganweni ezicebile ”? Ukuhumusha okungathathi hlangothi kungaba: "Ingabe uyayisekela noma uphikisa imikhankaso kahulumeni yezinhlangano?" Uma uqhathanisa lemikhankaso yembula ubandlululo. Uma umbuzo ubonakala uklanyelwe ukucasula kunokuba ubuze, cishe uyikhankanyele.

Thola Amaphutha Anengqondo

Ukuhlola okuphoqayo kuvame ukuncika emangeni anengqondo kubantu abaphendulelwe ngokukhohlisa. Izici ezivamile zihlanganisa indoda eyisicaba (emelela isikhundla somphikisi ukuba enze kube lula ukuhlasela), inkinga engamanga (ukhomba ukukhetha okungathi sína lapho kukhona okwengeziwe), kanye nokunxusa kwemizwelo. Ukuqaphela lemikhondo kusiza umvoti abone ukuthi udlulise phambili ekukhulumeni. Ohlwini olubanzi, I-Unication Fallicy Is

Funa Ukuqinisekiswa Ngokuzimele

Phambi kokwamukela noma yikuphi ukusho okushiwo ekuhloleni okuphoqelelwe, hlola imithombo ethembekile ehlola iqiniso njengeFact Decco.org, Politifact, noma i-Snopes. Lezinhlangano zisebenza ngokuhlola izitatimende zezombangazwe futhi zingawalahla ngokushesha amanga. Uma ukwaziswa okunikeziwe kungaqiniseki ngemithombo eminingi ezimele, kubheke njengokungaphikiswa. Ukuhlola kokucindezela kuphumelela embonweni wokuthi abavoti ngeke bathathe isikhathi sokuqinisekisa izinkulumo. Yenza ukwenziwa kwangempela komkhuba.

Cabangela Injongo Yempova

Buza ukuthi kungani lenhlolo - vo yasungulwa. Uma umgomo ukuqoqa imibono yangempela ngendaba noma i-oced, imibuzo izolinganisela futhi ingathathi hlangothi. Uma umgomo ubonakala usakaza ukwaziswa okungakhi ngombhalisa noma ukukhuthaza uhlelo oluzolandelana, ukuhlola kungubuchuku. Ukuhlola okugunyaziwe kusetshenziselwa izinjongo zemfundo noma zamaphephandaba; ukusunduza ukuhlolwa kusetshenziselwa ukubhikica ngomshoshaphansi. Umongo nohlelo kuzakusetshenziswa njalo ngaphambi kokukhetha.

Izibonelo Zangempela Zezinhlansi Zokubhucunga

Ukuqonda izibonelo zomlando kusiza ekuqiniseni amakhono okuqaphela. Ukuhlola kokucindezela kuye kwafakazelwa emikhankasweni eminingi ephezulu.

Impova Eyinhloko Yezimpoqo ZamaRepublic Ka - 2000

Phakathi nonyaka ka 2000 eRepublican pulezileal primpmiterias, okungaziwa ukuthi ubiza abavoti eNingizimu Carolina benombuzo ofana nothi: "Ingabe ungathola ithuba lokuvotela uJohn McCaine uma wazi ukuthi unengane emnyama engekho emthethweni?" Ukuzisho okungamanga kubhekiselwe kuMcCain waseBangladesh owatholwa. Lokhu kucindezela ukuhlola ngokuphumelelayo ukulandisa kobandlululo nokonakalisa ngaphandle kokuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo oqondile. Umkhankaso kaMcCain waphon waphoqelelwa ukuba avikele isimemezelo, kanye nesimo esingaziwa sezingcingo ezibekwe cishe zingabangaso. Lesi senzakalo sivame ukukhonjwa njengesibonelo sencwadi sokuhlola ithonya elibhubhisayo.

Ukusakaza Izinhlansi Emkhankasweni Wobumongameli Ka - 2016

Phakathi nokhetho luka 2016, ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene okugqugquzelwa abavoti abahlolwa ngemibuzo esikisela ukuthi uHillary Clinton wayehileleke emangeni angagunyazwanga noma angabi yihaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izingcingo zabuza, "Uma wayazi ukuthi uHillary Clinton wayesebenzise i-imeyili yakhe ye-imeyili enokwaziswa okuhlelwa ngokwezigaba, ubungamsekela yini?" Lombuzo wawungabheka impikiswano futhi uphenyelwe kancane njengeqiniso. Izicelo ezinjalo zazingasetshenziselwanganciphikiswanga nje kuphela ukusekela i-Clinton kodwa futhi futhi nokuqeda isisekelo sakhe ngokwaziswa okungakhiqizwanga.

Izimpova Zokuphoqelela Ezingafani

Ukuhlola ngempoqo akugcini kwezombangazwe. Amanye amaqembu ezentengiselwano nawamaqembu okuphatha izikhundla asebenzisa amasu afanayo ukuthonya umbono womphakathi ezindabeni ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, noma umthwalo wemfanelo wenkampani. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani yezenzuzo ingaqhuba "impondo" ebuza: "Inganciphisa ukukhethwa kwamandla emikhayeni, ngisho noma kwandisa izindleko?" I-framing isikisela ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni singanciphisa inkululeko futhi sikhuphule izindleko, abathathi bezomelana nomthetho. Ukuqaphela lesi sibonelo kunoma imuphi umongo kuqinisa ukufunda kwemithombo yezindaba yonke.

Ithonya Lezinhlansi Zokusunduza Ekusebenzelaneni Nentando Yeningi

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa kulimaza idemokrasi ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, basakaza amanga angcolisa impikiswano yomphakathi. Amavoter achayeke ekwazisweni okungamanga noma okusontekile angakha imibono esekelwe emangeni, alulaze ukuthatha izinqumo ezinengqondo ezibalulekile edemokrasi. Okwesibili, asunduza ukuphenya ukukhomba kuncipheka okungokomthetho. Uma abavoti bengakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuhlola okuqotho kobucukubhezi, baqala ukugxeka konke ukucwaninga komphakathi. Lokhu kungabi nalusizo olungcono ekuphenduleni ngezindlela ezibalulekile zokuhlola, kunciphe ukunelisa ukunemba kolwazi olusemthethweni oqondisayo kanye nohlelo lwezincwadi.

Okwesithathu, ukuphoqelela ukuvota kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abanolwazi oluncane, abangase bamukele iziphakamiso ezihambisana nokubaluleka. Lokhu kwandisa igebe lolwazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezithembile nalezo ezingenzi lutho. Okwesine, ukuhluleka ukuhlolela ukuphoqelelwa kuvumela imikhankaso yokuhlasela abaphikisi ngaphandle kokuziphendulela. Amaqhinga ayingozi angasakazwa ngaphandle kwengozi yokuthola izinto, adala indawo enobuthi obuthisi edumaza ukuncintisana okuqotho. Ekugcineni, kuphoqa izibalo ezilula ukubeka izinga lenkulumo yedemokhrasi futhi kuyenze kube nzima izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise izimpawu zazo zobuphili.

Indlela Yokusabela Lapho Uhlangana Nempova Ecindezelayo

Uma isakhamuzi sithola ukuhlola okusolayo, kunezindlela ezakhayo zokusabela ngaphandle kokuba isisulu sokuxhashazwa.

Ungahileleki Kwimibuzo Enzima

Yenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo ebonakala ingunobandlululo noma equkethe izisho ezingahambisani nemibuzo. Yisho: "Angiphenduli imibuzo eholelayo" noma ngibeke ucingo, cima umbhalo, noma vala i-acket. Ukufaka imvume kuvumela lelisu futhi unikeze oshaye ucingo impendulo, ngisho noma kuyimpendulo engalungile. Izimiso zokuhlola eziningi zisebenza nge-auto; noma yikuphi ukuphendula kubhaliwe.

Buka Ngomphumela

Umbiko uphoqelela ukuphenya eziphathimandlani lapho kungenzeka khona. E-United States, ukuphenya kulawulwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yokhetho ezifundazweni eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukutshelwa ukuthi ubani oxhasa ukuvota. Xhumana nebhodi yokhetho lukahulumeni wakho noma ihhovisi lommeli jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubika isenzakalo ezinhlanganweni ezilandela ukucupha kwezombangazwe, njenge-Melikan Association for Public Opicinical Research, ezihlola imikhuba yokuhlola okungenazimiso.

Fundisa Abangane Nomkhaya

Xoxa ngezicelo eziphoqelelwe nengosi yakho yokuxhumana nabantu. Lapho abantu beqonda lezi zinqubo, kulapho behluleka khona ukuphumelela. Izibonelo zeposi kuwezokuxhumana (ngaphandle kokusakaza ukwaziswa okunganembile), xoxani ngamasu okugxeka, futhi khuthaza abanye ukuba bahlole iziphakamiso ngaphambi kokuba bazimukele. Ukuqaphela ukuqoqa kuthuthukisa imvume eqinile.

Ukulandisa Okufunwa Imikhankaso

Izinqumo zokuphenya zivame ukumiswa imikhankaso yezombangazwe noma abasekeli bazo. Abavoter bangafuna ukuba abazobhapathizwa balahle obala amasu anjalo futhi bathembise ukungawasebenzisi. Amahhovisi omkhankaso ahlolwayo abuze ngokuma kwawo ekuhlolweni. Uma ozohlolwa ehlala athule, kusikisela ukubekezelela lomkhuba. Abavoti abanolwazi bangawenza ingxenye yesinqumo sabo sokuvota.

Ukuhlakulela Ingqondo Egxekayo Ngaphezu Kokuthungatha Imiphumela

Amakhono asetshenziswa ekuboneni izinqumo eziphoqelela ukuhlolwa asebenza ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezindaba ezingelona iqiniso − qockbait, izihloko zezindaba, inkulumo esakaza izindaba, okuqukethwe, kanye namagugu ajulile. Ngokuhlakulela umkhuba wokubuza imithombo yezincwadi, ukuhlaziya ulimi, ukuqinisekisa amaqiniso, nokucabangela izisusa, izakhamuzi ziba nokuqina okukhulu kokusebenzisa izimpawu kuzo zonke izici zokuphila. Enkathini yokuminyana kolwazi, ukucabanga okugxeka akuyona nje indlela yemfundo; kuyikhono lokusinda ekwabelaneni ngokwentando yeningi.

Izikole, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba ngokwazo zinendima ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda nokubhala emithonjeni yezindaba. Kodwa umthwalo wokugcina uxhomeke kumuntu ngamunye ukuba ahlale eqaphile. isakhamuzi esingabona ukuphenya siyisakhamuzi esingakwazi ukukhohliswa kalula. Ukuqinisa lelikhono kuqinisa idemokrasi ngokwayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola kokucindezela kumelela ikhomu eliyisithunzi lomkhankaso wezombangazwe − elisebenzisa indawo yokukhokha abavoti abakwethenjwayo ekuhloleni imibono ngokuyimfihlo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi yini ephoqelelayo amasu ayo okuhlola, nokusebenzisa izindlela zokucabanga ezicubungulayo, izakhamuzi zingazivikela ekukhohliseni. Ukuqaphela imibuzo ethwele, ukubuza imithombo engaziwa, ukuqinisekisa iziphakamiso ezithembekile ngokuhlola, nokucabangela injongo yangempela yalowo mshini kungamathuluzi noma yimuphi umvoti ongawasebenzisa. Uma izakhamuzi ezanele zithuthukisa lamakhono, zisusa amandla azo. I-olwazi oluhlome kahle oluhlolwe umphakathi ngokucabanga okugxeka luhlala luyisivikelo esiqinile kakhulu kunoma isiphi isiphi isiphi inqubo sobuthobazwe esithembekile.

Ngokulandelayo lapho ucingo olunenhlolo-mkhondo osolekayo noma umyalezo we-msmeset ubonakala ucela imibono, yima usebenzise amasu achazwe lapha. Lokho kucabanga kwesikhashana kuhlukanisa isakhamuzi esithembisiwe nendaba esetshenziswayo. Idemokhrasi lixhomeke olwazini, ogxekayo (nekhono lokubona uphenyo oluphoqelelwe.)