Indlela Izikhulu ZoMbuso Ezingalungisa Ngayo Isimiso Sezokulungisa Imvelo Phakathi Kwamazwe Akubo

Izimiso zokwenza izinto ezintsha ziwumgogodla wokuchuma kwezomnotho nomholi wezobuchwepheshe wanamuhla. Kubaphathi bezwe, oonobhala bezentengiselwano, nabaholi bezezomnotho, − ukwakha nokunakekela lezimiso zemvelo kungesinye sezindlela eziphezulu kakhulu ezikhona zokuqhubezela indalo, ukukhanga, ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi. Ukuthuthukisa imvelo kungaphezulu kakhulu kuneqoqo lesiqalo; kuhlangene olunamandla lwamayunivesithi, izinkampani, izimboni zokucwaninga, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izimboni, nezisebenzi ezinekhono ezihlanganisa imbulunga yonke esungula, ikhathengiselwano. Uma le misebenzi yezokuxhumana isebenza kahle, yenza umjikelezo obuhle wolwazi lwendalo, italenta, nentengo yezomnotho ezingakhipha isimo esisezimbonini nasezingeni elide.

Inselele yabaqondisi bezwe ukuthi izakhiwo zemvelo azinakuyalwa kusukela phezulu, kodwa zingahlakulelwa ngamabomu. Abaholi abaphumelelayo badala izimo ezinciphisa imingcele yokuhlola, ukuvuza izingozi, futhi baxhumane nabadlali abahlukanisayo abangase bangabambisani. Lokhu kudinga inhlanganisela yezimiso zemibono, ukutshala izimali ezingokwezisekelo, nokuqonda okujulile kwezinto eziyingqayizivele kanye nezikhala ezisemoyeni kahulumeni wabo. Ngezansi, sihlola izakhi zenguquko engokwemvelo echumayo kanye nezenzo ezithile zikahulumeni ezingathatha enye.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zemvelo Zokuvuselela

Isimiso esihlukile sezinto eziphilayo siyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokuvumelanisa izinto ezakhiwe abantu abaningi abasebenzisana ukuze baguqule ulwazi lube imikhiqizo, izinkonzo nezinqubo. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Uphendlo lwe Institutions – Universities, ama-labs, kanye nezikhungo zokucwaninga ezizimele eziveza izinto eziyisisekelo ezitholakele futhi zinikeze ipayipi letalenta elifundile.
  • Ama-Entrepreneur namaqalish - Imisebenzi yasekuqaleni efaka izingozi ekuthengiseni ubuchwepheshe obusha, ngokuvamile esebenza njengezivivinyo ezishesha kakhulu zokusungula.
  • AmaQumrhu a-Elish – amafemu anzima anikeza inhloko, amaketanga, izisekeli zezokusakaza, nemfuno yezemakethe; ayayiqeda futhi imisebenzi emisha futhi athole isiqalo.
  • [ Okhokho - Angel Angel besventiers, izinkampani zezebhizinisi, nezikhali zenkampani ezixhasa ukusekela okudingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe imiqondo kusukela ekutholeni inqwaba yabantu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Umthetho noMkhiqizi womthetho - Izimo ezimisa imithetho yomdlalo ngomthetho wempahla yezemfundo, izisusa zentela, izinqubo zokuthola, kanye nokuxhasa imali ngokuqondile ye-R&D.
  • [ Izinhlangano ze-port – izi- Incubtors, izikhitshane, izithuba ezisebenza kanye, izifemu ezingokomthetho nezikhankasi zihlolwe nge-IP, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha izisebenzi.

Lezi zingxenye azisebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa; inani lazo livela ekuxhumaneni nasekugelezeleni kolwazi, inhloko- dolobha, nethalenta. Isimiso semvelo esinamandla sibonakalisa izinga eliphakeme lokuthembana, ukuhamba kwezisebenzi phakathi kwezingxenye, nokungabekezeli ukuhluleka okukhuthaza ukuhwebelana. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zizicabange ukuthi azibonakali njengabakhi bemvelo, kodwa njengabalimi abathena, amanzi, futhi bavuselele indawo ezungezile ukuze ikwazi ukukhula.

Iziqondiso Eziyisihluthulelo Zezikhulu ZoMbuso

Amasu alandelayo amelela izindlela eziqinisekisiwe ezingazivumelanisa nomongo wawo. Akukho cebo lanele; kunalokho, kudingeka inqubo ehambisanayo ukuze kwakhiwe umjikelezo wokuzivuselela.

Yakha Amaphoyisa Asekelayo

I-policy i-aderns abaphathi bakahulumeni abaqondile okumelwe balolonge indawo ezungezile esunguliwe. Izimiso eziphumelelayo zinciphisa ukucuthana kokulawula, ukuvuza ukutshala i-R&D, nokuvikela impahla yolwazi kuyilapho isavumela amandla okuncintisana. Izenzo eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa:

  • [[I-FLT:0] Imali yentela [ - Ukuboleka izimali ezikhokhelwayo ezithathelwe noma ezidluliswayo zezindleko zokucwaninga, ikakhulukazi emabhizinisini amancane nawamaphakathi angase angabi nacala lentela. I-United States inganikeza izikweleti zentela ze-R&D kodwa izenze zitholakale kakhulu.
  • Imithetho yesandbokes - Yenza amasu esikhashana avela kwizimiso ezithile emisebenzi noma izinkonzo ezintsha, ikakhulukazi ku-fintech, ubuchwepheshe bempilo, namandla. Lokhu kuvumela ukuqala kwemiqondo eficayo kungabhekani nezindleko ezinzima zokulalela.
  • I-Business Formation e-' - Nciphisa isikhathi nezindleko ukubhalisa ibhizinisi, ukuthola imvume, nokukhokha amafayela kuyi-inthanethi. Impumelelo kaDelaware njengekhaya lenkampani ibonisa amandla endawo engokomthetho engaxabananga.
  • Izinhlelo ezithandwayo - Beka eceleni amaphesenti ezivumelwano zikahulumeni zamabhizinisi amancane amasha noma isiqalo. Lokhu kunikeza inzuzo yokuqala engagunyaza ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi inciphise ukuncika ekuthunyelweni kwebhizinisi elikhulu.
  • I-Procies Efundisayo yempahla - Ukuhlanganisa ubunikazi be-IP obenziwe usebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni noma emayunivesithi omphakathi. Ama-IP abonisa ngokucacile akhuthaza abacwaningi ukuba bathengise izinto ezitholakele.

Izikhulu zikahulumeni kufanele zihlolwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zihlala zifanelekile futhi azibanjwa yizithakazelo ezikhubaza ukuphazamiseka. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kufanele zihambisane futhi nezifundazwe ezingomakhelwane ukuze zigweme “umjaho ophansi” ngezisusa zentela, zigxile ekusunguleni isimo esisekelayo ngempela ekuthuthukiseni inkathi ende.

2. Hlola Ukucwaninga Okungokomzimba Nokusetshenziswa Ngamanani

Ukulungisa kudinga izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezenza kube nokubambisana nokusheshisa. Nakuba izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinto zokuhamba ziyizigxobo ezisesitejini, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo yanamuhla ixhomeke ezintweni ezikhethekile:

  • Broadb Bank Access - I-inthanethi ephezulu i-palpeed composs yomnotho we-atcom. I-United States kufanele ihlele indawo ebanzi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emaphandleni nangaphansi kwezindawo ezigciniwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ithalenta nezinkampani zingahlanganyela kunoma kuphi.
  • Izezentengiselwano ze-packo ne-Innovation District – izikhungo zokucwaninga, amabhulabhu, izikhungo zokuvula, nezindawo ze-R&D ezihambayo, izifunda-mali ezicebile. Izibonelo eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa i-Creator Parclery Park yase-North Carolina ne-Kendall Square yase Boston.
  • Ukucwaninga okuhlanganisiweyo - Imyusa ezizeni eziphakathi-"" njengezindawo zokuhlambulula amagumbi, ama-genomicratory, kanye namaqoqo aphezulu e-computing , ukuthi ukuqala ngakunye kwakungenakukwazi ukukuthenga. Ukuwathola ngesisekelo semali esetshenziswayo kunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo isithiyo senhloko yemfucumfucu ejulile.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa okuxhunyanisiweyo - - kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izikhungo zokusungula zixhumene kahle nezikhumulo zezindiza, izitimela, nemigwaqo emikhulu ukuze kusizakale ukubambisana kwe-perpersent kanye nokuhamba kwezimpahla nabantu.

Izimali zokutshala izimali zidinga ukubopha isikhathi eside nokuhlangana okunganqamuki. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa inhlanganisela yezibopho ezibophayo, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, kanye nezipho zikahulumeni (njengalezo ezisuka kwi-Economic Development Administration) ukuxhasa imisebenzi.

3. Intuthuko Nemfundo Yama - Foster

Isimiso sezinto eziphilayo esihlukile sinamandla njengethaleji laso. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenzise kokubili inani nezinga lezisebenzi ezinekhono, kusukela kochwepheshe kuya kubacwaningi be-PD. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • STEM Pippine Programs - Imfundo yekhomphyutha ye K-12, i-comptamps, nezinhlelo zomphakathi ekukhiqizeni okuphambili, i-biotechnology, kanye nokuthuthukisa i-software. Ukuchayeka kwakuqala emisebenzini ye-STEM kungavusa isithakazelo kuhwebo.
  • Imishini yomsebenzi ongahlanganiyo [ – Izinhlelo zemali ezingenisa abafundi ezinkampanini ezithuthukisa ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi. Izifundo zezemfundo ze Georgia Tech ziyi-park yesizwe.
  • Ukukhokha nokuzibopha – ukuboleka intethelelo, ukuthutha amabhonasi, noma ukuphunyulwa kwentela kwabathweswa iziqu emasimini aphezulu (umz., AI, amandla ahlanzekile, isayensi yokuphila) abahlala esifundeni ngemva kokuphothula. Izimo eziningi ziye zabona impumelelo nge “nzuzo” izinhlelo ezihloselwe ukuthatha ithalenta lezwe.
  • Ukubulala nokubulala - Njengoba izimboni zishintsha, izisebenzi zidinga imfundo eqhubekayo. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezisungulwe uhulumeni, ngokuvamile ezihlangene namakholiji omphakathi nabaqashi, zingaziqeqesha izisebenzi ezishiyekile ukuba zithathe izindima zezingxenye ezikhulayo.

Isu likahulumeni lekhono kumelwe lidlule kudlule imfundo yangaphakathi ukuze lihlanganise ukufunda ukuphila konke kanye nokukhanga kwekhono lembulunga yonke. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuncintisana kwembulunga yonke kwabasunguli bezinto ezintsha, izikhulu zikahulumeni kufanele zisekele izimiso ezihlakaniphile zokufuduka futhi zibangele indawo yokwamukela abahwebi nabacwaningi abavela kwamanye amazwe.

4. Ukuxhasa Nokutshala Imali

Inhloko- dolobha iwumthombo wegazi oyinhloko wezinto ezintsha. Nakuba inhloko sisekelo sezebhizinisi yomuntu siqu sisebenza ezifundeni ezimbalwa, izifunda eziningi zihlushwa yizikhawu zenhloko- dolobha ezivimbela imibono ethembisayo ekulinganiseni. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingakudingida lokhu ngo-:

  • Imali enkulu yase-State ye-Venture Fund - Dala izimali ezihlala ziluhlaza ezitshala izimali eziyovela ngqo ekuqaleni kwesiteji, kungaba njengemoto eyodwa noma njengemali exhasa imboni yezemisebenzi yendawo. I-Utah Fund of Funds and i-Intilana’s 21st Century Research ne-technology Fund iyizibonelo eziphawulekayo.
  • Ukuhlanganisa amaGrant neSBIR/STTR STAR AND - Ukunikeza izimali ezihambelanayo zezinkampani ezithola i-synst Business Innovation Research (SBIR) noma i-Small Business Technology Transrection (STTR). Lokhu kusiza iziqalo zendawo zikhange ama-dollar akhona angase agele kwamanye amazwe.
  • Angel Invector and Compuplending Incentives - - Ukukhokha intela ngezingelosi ezitshala izimali ngesiqalo esifanelekayo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zabona ukwanda okukhulu ekutshaleni kwasekuqaleni kwebanga ngemva kokusebenzisa izikweletu ezinjalo.
  • Loan Iqinisekisa i Programs - Imali ebolekwayo ebuya emabhangeni entengiselwano kuya ezinkampanini ezisungulayo ezingenayo intengo noma ukugeleza kwemali. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi kwababoleki ngaphandle kokubiza umbuso imali ebanzi.

Imali yomphakathi kufanele iklanyelwe ukuphatha inhloko - dolobha eyimfihlo, hhayi ukuthatha indawo yayo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kufanele zigxile ekwakheni umphakathi onamaqhawe angenisa imali ngokufaka izenzakalo ze-glade, umqophi we-cootampamp, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlobanisa inhloko-mkhandlu yamazwe namathuba endawo.

5. Yakha Amanetha Akhayo

Ukuvuselela kuyachuma uma abantu bezizinda nezinhlangano ezihlukene besebenzelana njalo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingasiza lezizixhumi ezihlangene:

  • Ukuhlanganisa iHbs yokususa - Ukumisa izikhungo ezingokoqobo lapho osomabhizinisi, abacwaningi, kanye nabantu abasebenza nenkampani ingahlangana khona. Lezi zindawo zokuhlanganisa imishini, indawo esebenzayo kanye nekhalenda yezenzakalo zezokuxhumana.
  • Intuthuko ye-colity Izandulela - - Ukubona amandla emboni akhona (umzk., i-aerospace eWashington, i-biotech eMassachusetts) kanye nababambi beminyango yokuhlanganisa ukuxoxa ngezinselele ezifana nezikhala zemali yokunikeza noma ukuswelakala kwethalenta.
  • Ingqungquthela ye-Instrustry-Academia - Ukuhlela “izenzakalo ezivamile zokudweba” lapho oprofesa benikeza khona abameleli bezemboni nabanikazi bezimali. I-Innovation Summit yaseTexas ibuye yakotshelwa ezizweni eziningi.
  • I-Data Ezabelanayo Platforms - Ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwamatheku okwaziswa avulekile avumela ukuqala ukungena kuhulumeni, inzuzo, kanye nokwaziswa kokuhamba ukwakha izinhlelo ezintsha. Umncintiswano omkhulu we-Apps waseNew York City wakhula ngokusuka ezinyatheloni zokwaziswa ezivulekile.

Indima yomphathi kahulumeni ngokuvamile iwukusebenza njengomhlanganisi weqembu, esebenzisa ipulpiti eliqinela abanye ukuze abeke umbono bese ehlehlela emuva ukuze avumele ukuba isigaba esizimele namayunivesithi ahole ukubulawa. Iziteshi ezivamile nabaqaphi abasha basemapayipini zisiza ekugcineni icebo lisekelwe ezidingweni zezwe langempela.

6. Linganisa Futhi Usebenzise

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zokuvuselela zinamandla; okusebenzayo namuhla kungase kungasebenzi kusasa. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kufanele zimise izimpawu eziholayo nezingasindi ezibonisa intuthuko, njengale:

  • Uphako kumuntu ngamunye
  • Inhloko - dolobha ye - vonture efakwe kuhulumeni (per GDP)
  • Inani lezincwadi eziphothulwa eyunivesithi namalayisense abulawa
  • Umsebenzi osetshenziswa kakhulu
  • Ukwanda kwamadegree eSTEM kunikezwa
  • Izinga lokusinda kwesiqalo seminyaka engaphezulu kwemithathu

Le mimeta kufanele zibikwe obala minyaka yonke ukuze kugcinwe ukulandisa nokuqondisa ezimisweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhulu zikahulumeni kufanele zifake ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile kokusungula kwazo, ukuphawula ngokumelene nezifunda zontanga nabaholi bembulunga yonke. Brookings Institution[ inikeza ukucwaninga okunzulu ngemiklamo engokwezinga eliphezulu yombuso engasebenza njengesiqondiso.

Izibonelo zezwe langempela

Nakuba kungekho pulani eyodwa efanelana naso sonke isimo, izibonelo eziningana zibonisa amasu aphumelelayo okwakha imvelo angalungiswa:

Izikhankaso ZaseCalifornia Ezivuselelayo

Silicon Valley neBay Areauty yindinganiso yegolide yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa isimiso sombuso wezinga eliphezulu kuphela asizenzanga. Nokho, uhulumeni wezwe waseCalifornia uye wasekela ukutshala imali emayunivesithi okucwaninga komphakathi (Uc Berkeley, UCLA, UC Diego), indawo engokomthetho ehlobanisa izivumelwano ezingakholeki (ukwenza iCalifornia ibe yinqaba), kanye neSikhungo seRegenerative Medicine (CRM), i-ovet ye-mouse cell ye-meocet yezwe eliye lakhuthaza ukuchuma kwe-biocech. I-mogue ye-ommentation yesivumelwano sokuhlela nokuhlola [FLT][FLT:][FLT]] futhi isebenza ekuhleleni izwe nokusebenzisa izinqubo zezindlu zezomnotho.

Isayensi Yokuphila YaseMassachusetts Eqalayo

Ngo-2008, iMassachusetts yasungula icebo lokutshala isayensi yokuphila elingu-10 leminyaka, izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R2, izimali zokuxhasa indawo entsha yokucwaninga, isekela isiqalo sabaxhasi bebhayisekili, futhi yanikeza izisusa zentela ezinkampani zebhayoloji. Lombuso wasungula futhi inkampani enikezelwe ye-quassipution . iMassachusetts Life Sciences Center . Umphumela: Massachusetts manje uhola izwe embonini ephambili futhi ubone ukukhula kokubili kokuqala nokwanda kwenkampani enkulu. Isibonelo siye safundwa futhi saphindaphindelwa ngezindlela ezinjenge Colado] ngenxa yamandla ahlanzekile.

I - “retP ” yaseNyakatho Carolina’s Research Triangle Park (RTP)

I-RTP yasungulwa ngo-1959, yaba ukubambisana ngamabomu phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe, amayunivesithi amathathu amakhulu (UNC Chapel Hill, Duke, NC State, nengxenye engabodwa). Umbuso wasekela ipaki ngezindawo zokutshala izakhiwo zezemfundo, ukuphatha kahle intela, nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha izisebenzi. Namuhla, i-RTP i-RTP inezinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-300, kuhlanganise nezikhungo ezinkulu ze-R&D ze-IBM, Stencils, ne-GlaxoSmithline. I-eascology iye yandisa ukuhlanganisa umphakathi ochumayo ekuqaleni edolobhakazini eliyi Durham, okubonisa ukuthi indlela ende yokuziphilisa isineke ingaveza ukubuya kwezizukulwane.

Ukwanda Kwezobuchwepheshe BaseUtah

U Utah uye wavela njengesikhungo sobuchwepheshe esaziwa ngokuthi “Silicon Slopes.” Uhulumeni wezwe wanikela ngokwenza iUtah Fund of Fund, eyafaka izimali emafemini asebenzelayo azinikele ekumiseni inhloko - dolobha eUtah. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihhovisi lezentengiselwano lezentengiselwano lezwe lihambisana ngokubambisana nezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano, ukutshala imfundo yesayensi yesayensi yekhomputer eYuni yase-Utah, kanye nokusungulwa kwezisusa zentela zezinkampani zobuchwepheshe kuye kwakhanga izimboni ezinjenge-Adobe, iQualtrics, neDomo. Ihhovisi lezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezente ngokuzimisela lihambisana nezinkampani zezemboni ukuze kulondolozwe amandla esayensi ye-osensi.

Ukunqoba Izinselele Ezivamile

Ukwakha imvelo ehlukile kunezithiyo.

  • Izimo zePolithicals - Ukuthunga kudinga izibopho eziqinile phakathi kwabaqondisi. Ukuze banciphise lokhu, izikhulu zingahlela izinhlelo emthethweni noma zidale amabhodi azimeleyo, ama-bipartisan ukuze zengamele izinyathelo ezithatha isikhathi eside.
  • Ukuhlanganisa ama-Constracts - Phakathi nokuwohloka kwemali, izinhlelo ezintsha zinganqanyulwa. Izwe lingasebenzisa izimali ezibophanayo, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, noma ukunikezela ingxenye yemali yentela evela emaqenjini aphezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhaswa kwezimali okungaguquguquki.
  • Izimpi eziqinile - Izifunda ezinjenge-Bay Areant ne New York zisusa ithalenta eliphezulu emvelweni yezinto eziphilayo ezingakamiswa. Izwe kufanele ligxile ekwakheni ukuphila okungcono, ekulahlekelweni kwezinzuzo zokuphila, nasekujoyisweni komsebenzi osekude okwaziyo ukuguquguquka.
  • Isici se- Compality - Izimiso zokwenza izinto eziphilayo eziphumelelayo zingavalelwa ezimbonini ezindala. Izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zihlale zihlola ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo futhi zikhuthaze ukuphazamiseka, ngisho noma zisongela ukusungulwa kwezimo.

Ukuvuma lezinselele obala nokwakha izindlela zokuzivumelanisa kuyokwenza ukuba kube nempumelelo ende. uMbusi wesizwe iNhlangano unikeza imithombo kanye nezinhlangano zontanga zokusiza amazwe afunde kokuhlangenwe nakho komunye nomunye.

Isiphetho

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zinendima ephambili ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo ezikhuthaza ukuncintisana kwezomnotho, zidala imisebenzi ephakeme elinganayo, futhi zixazulule izinselele zomphakathi. Ngokuthuthukisa izimiso ezisekelanayo, ukutshala izakhiwo zanamuhla, ukufukula izakhiwo, ukuhlobanisa, kanye nokwakha izinhlangano zokwakha, zingaguqula izifundazwe zazo zibe izimo zokuthuthukisa intuthuko. Umsebenzi awulula, futhi umphumela ungathatha iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ukuze uzenze ngokugcwele. Kodwa iholo lokusekela kwezemisebenzi yanamuhla, ukuqina kwezomnotho okungavumelanisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nokuncintisana kwembulunga yonke. Izikhulu zezwe ezithatha le misebenzi namuhla ziyomisa izikhundla zazo zempumelelo ephambili esikhathini esizayo.