Ukuqonda Ithonya Lendawo Yokungcolisa Kuyashintsha

Ukunamathisela izindawo kusebenza njengebhuloho elingokoqobo phakathi kwabavoti nebhokisi le-colot. Nakuba ukuqina kufanelekile, izikhulu zokhetho zidinga ukufudusa noma zilungise lezi zindawo ukuze zivumelane nezidingo zomphakathi ezishintshayo, iziphakamiso, noma izimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Ukushintsha kungahilela ukuthutha igceke lesikole lihambele esikhungo sezokuvivinya umzimba lingene esikhungweni esikude, noma ukuhlanganisa izindawo eziningi zakhiwe endaweni eyodwa. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani lezinguquko zenzakalela ukuthembisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu owenziwa ngenxa yokwaziswa okuphelelwe isikhathi.

Le nqubo ilawulwa inhlanganisela yemithetho kahulumeni nombuso, imithetho yendawo, kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha. Amahlelo ayinhloko angokomthetho ahlanganisa u-Melika Vote Act (HAVT] , ] Ukuhlanganisa ama - Rights Act (VRA)[FLT] [FLT]] ka-1965] ka-1950 (ingxenye yengxenye 2), kanye amaMelika aphethe i-ACribse Act (A). Lemithetho inquma ukuthi izindawo zokuhlola kumelwe zitholakale, ezingezona ezomthetho ezifanele zibekwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele elungile. Noma iziphi izinguquko ezihlongotshaliwe zingenza ingasebenzi nale.

Izizathu Eziyinhloko Zokungcoliswa Kwezindawo Ziyahlanganiswa

Abalawuli benkomba abathathi thayi isinqumo sokuthutha indawo yokuvota kalula. Ukuthatha indawo kungaphazamisa imikhuba yabavoti futhi kubangele ukudideka. Noma kunjalo, izici ezihlukahlukene zikakhonkolo zenza ushintsho lungagwemeki.

Izivuselelo, Izingcindezi, Noma Izingxabano Ezibangelwa Ukuzinza

Umshayeli ovame kakhulu wendawo yokuhlola ushintsho olungokomzimba lwesakhiwo ngokwaso. Izikole, amasonto, izikhungo zomlilo, nemitapo yezincwadi − umgogodla ongokwesiko wezindawo zokuhlola zaseMelika − ungalungisa, uvale, noma ungabikho ngosuku lokukhetha ngenxa yokuhlela izingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, isikole esingase sidinge ukuvivinya umzimba lapho sikhona ukuze kuhlolwe imidlalo noma isiqephu sokuhlola esigunyaziwe. Uma umphathi wezakhiwo eqeda, izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe zibone ngokushesha enye indlela ekhona phakathi kwemingcele yesakhiwo futhi zihlangabezane nazo zonke izindinganiso zokuphumelela nokusebenza.

Ukuphepha Nokulondeka

Ukuphepha kuyinto ephambili. Uma indawo ilahlekelwa yiziqinisekiso zayo zokuhlola, inezinto zokwakha, noma isendaweni ephakeme ebangela ukukhathazeka ngezisebenzi ezivotayo nezivotayo, izikhulu ziyofuna enye indlela ephephile. Eminyakeni yamuva, izinsongo ze-inthanethi nazo ziye zabangela izinguquko; ngokwesibonelo, indawo engenazo ukhuseleko oluhle ingathathelwa indawo ukuvikela izincwadi zokuhlola nomshini wokuvota. Izinhlekelele zemvelo `floods, imvula, iziphepho, i-atractics, zenza indawo ingasebenzi, iphoqelela ukuba kufune izinqubo eziphuthumayo ngaphansi komthetho wezwe.

Ukutholakala Nokuphikiswa Nge - ADA

Ngaphansi kwe-ADA, zonke izindawo zokuhlola kumelwe zitholakale kubantu abakhubazekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi [[FLT: 0] ipali epalishini engakholekiyo, iminyango ebanzi, iminyango ecacile, nemishini yokuvota efinyelelekayo[. Izakhiwo eziningi ezindala azinazo lezizici. Uma isakhiwo sihluleka ukubhalisa i-ADA ufihlo, izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe zithuthukise isakhiwo noma zisuse indawo yokuhlola ziyise endaweni ethambile. I-Ecomputation Commission (EAC) inikeza uhlu oluningi lokuthola izinto, futhi ukuhluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nalezi ziholele ekutholeni i-adioccomputer noma ukulahlekelwa yimali kahulumeni.

Ukushintsha Kwenani Labantu Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sendawo

Njengoba imiphakathi ikhula noma incipha, imingcele yesifunda kumelwe iphinde ikhishwe ukuze kugcinwe izimpawu ezifanayo − inqubo evame ukuhlanganiswa nokwenziwa kwabalwa kwabantu okungapheli kanye nokushintshwa. Uma imigqa yesifunda ishintshwa, indawo yokuhlola indawo ethile ingase ingabe isabekwa endaweni ethile noma ingehla ngaphandle kwemingcele emisha. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kwabantu endaweni eyodwa kungafaka igxathu elilodwa lokuhlola, kuholele emigqeni emide nasemqondweni ekhungathekisayo. Izikhulu zingabe sezihlukanisa isakhiwo noma zithuthele indawo endaweni enkulu.

Izinyathelo Zokusindisa Izindleko Nokwaneliseka

Izimiso zokuhlela zivame ukuqiniswa. Izindawo zokuhlola eziqinile − zihlanganisa izindawo ezimbili noma ezintathu ezinciphileyo futhi zihlanganiselwe endaweni eyodwa ephakathi − inganciphisa izindleko zezisebenzi, imishini, nezinto ezizosetshenziswa. Nokho, izinyathelo zokukhipha izindleko kumelwe zilinganiswe ngokumelene nokusiza komvoti. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukwandisa abavoti bebanga elikude kumelwe kunciphise ukuhamba. Ngakho, amasu okuhlobana ngokuvamile adinga ukuzwa obala kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemiphumela eqeshiwe evotiscity ngaphansi koMthetho we-Voting Rights Act.

Izinto Ezithandwa Umphakathi Zokufunza Nezinkampani Zokuloba

Amabhodi okuvota endawo athola impendulo ngonyaka ehlangene nezinhlangano zomphakathi, namaqembu okungagunyazi. Amakhalo nge-parket, imigqa emide, noma indawo engenabungane angaholela ezinguquko eziqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma indawo yokuvota isendaweni esendaweni yesakhiwo (umz. indlunkulu yezombangazwe) eyenza abanye abavoti bazizwe bengamukeleki, izikhulu zingayisusa ukuba iye endaweni engathathi hlangothi. Umphakathi ngokuvamile unxuswa ngokuzwa umphakathi, iziphengululo, izingxoxo zedolobha, nemihlangano yehholo.

Inqubo Ephawulekayo Yokushintsha Indawo Engcolisayo

Nakuba imininingwane ihlukahluka ngokwezwe nangamandla, inqubo evamile yokuthuthela indawo yokuhlola ilandela uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle, olunezinyathelo eziningi oluklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kwezindawo nokuvunyelwana okungokomthetho.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukubona Isidingo

Isidingo soshintsho singase sivele kumphathi wesibhedlela esimtshela ukuthi uyahoxa, ukuhlolwa kwemali, isikhalo sovoti, noma icebo lokuhlaziya.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukukhetha indawo nokuxoshana

Izikhulu zezokukhetha zikhomba izindawo ezizokhethwa egcekeni elilodwa noma egumbini elilodwa. Indawo ngayinye engenzeka ibhekwa ngokumelene nesimiso sezindinganiso:

  • Indawo ebanzi ye- ngendawo: kumele ibe phakathi kwemingcele yesifunda futhi kusondelene nendawo engaphambili.
  • Unikezelo: kumele kuhlangabezane nezimfuneko ze ADA (umnyango, umnyango, izindlela zangaphakathi, indawo yokuvota).
  • [[Umsindo: 0] Umsindo: kumelwe ufanelane nenani elilindelekile labavoti, kuhlanganise nendawo eyanele yamakhebhu ezindaba zomuntu siqu nemishini.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko nesisekelo: Ukukhanya okwanele, ukuphepha komlilo, i-inthanethi yokuxhumanisa izincwadi ze-electronic convect, kanye nendawo yokugcina imishini.
  • [ Ukungathathi-hlangothi:[ Indawo akufanele ihlanganiswe nosekeli wezombangazwe noma iqembu ngendlela engasabisa abavoti.

Izikhulu zivame ukusebenzisa izimiso zokwaziswa okungokomhlaba (GIS) ukuze zibalasele indawo ehlongozwayo engenisekile ngemoto, ukuthutha komphakathi, kanye nonyawo, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi ingenjalo hhayi[ inemiphumela ehlukile emiphakathini emincane.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukuqaphela Iningi Nokuzwa

Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna ukuba noma iluphi ushintsho endaweni yokuhlola luqalwe yisaziso somphakathi futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi. Amaphuzu kumelwe anyatheliswe emaphephandabeni endawo, abekwe ezindaweni ezikhona nezihlongozwayo, futhi atholakale kuwebhusayithi yokukhetha yesifunda. Inkathi yesaziso iyahlukahluka-hluka (izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-60 ngaphambi kokuba ushintsho lusebenze. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amavota kanye namaqembu e-akhasimende angafaka izimpikiswano noma ezinye izindlela zokucela.

Kuzo izikhundla ezihlanganiswe i-Foold 5 ye-Voing Rights Act (manje enkulu kakhulu e-operative ngemva kwesinqumo se-Shelby County v. Holer, kodwa ezisezibalulekile ku-mahhala e-comparation kazwelonke), izinguquko kumelwe zihlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi azizishiyi abavoti abambalwa. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge California kanye ne-New York, zinezimfuneko zazo siqu ezihlanganisa ushintsho lwendawo yokuhlola.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukuvunyelwa Iziphathimandla

Ngemva kwenkathi yokukhulumela komphakathi, ibhodi lendawo yokhetho noma ikhomishane yesifunda ukuze ivume noma yenqabe ushintsho oluhlongozwayo. Ivoti iqoshwe ngemizuzu engokomthetho, futhi isinqumo sibhaliwe. Uma ivunyelwe, indawo entsha ibizwa ngokusemthethweni njengendawo yokuvota yesifunda esifanelekile.

Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Isaziso Kubavoli

Lapho sezigunyaziwe, izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe zisebenzise umkhankaso oqinile wokwazisa ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu othintekile uyazi ukuthi ungayiphi ngoSuku Lokhetho.

  • Iposi elibhaliwe: Wonke umvoti obhaliwe esifundeni esithintekile uthola ikhadi noma uhlamvu olunamakheli amadala namasha, ibalazwe, nosuku lokhetho olulandelayo.
  • Iposi kanye nezimpawu zombhalo: Imishini eye yakhetha izaziso ze-electronic ithola izifici ezifinyele.
  • Iwebhusayithi ye-Official ivumbulula: Isifunda sezwe noma ingosi yokukhetha yombuso yewebhusayithi ye-“Polling Place Stup” ithulusiwe ngokushesha.
  • Imithombo yezindaba yendawo: Imishini ekhishwayo ithunyelwa kumaphephandaba, iziteshi zomsakazo, nakumasiteshi eTV. Izindawo eziningi zisebenzisa izikhangiso zebhande noma izimemezelo zenkonzo yomphakathi.
  • ukufinyelela: ubudlelwane nemitapo yendawo, izinhlangano ezisekelwe kukholo, namaqembu omphakathi ukuze asakaze leligama, ikakhulukazi kubantu abangase bangangeni njalo ku-inthanethi.
  • Uphawu endaweni endala: Uphawu olukhulu, olucacile lubekwe endaweni eyayivota ngaphambili eqondisa abavoti endaweni entsha.

Isaziso kumelwe senzeke kahle ngaphambi koSuku Lokukhetha, -- ngokufakela izinsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi kwe-(ukunikeza isikhathi sokuvota sokulungisa. Umthetho we-Federal ufuna ukuba noma iluphi ushintsho olwenziwa phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-45 zokhetho lukahulumeni luhambisane nezinyathelo eziphuthumayo, ezinye izimemezelo zokugwema ukulahla.

Isinyathelo 6: Ukuhlaziya Imibhalo Egciniwe Yezikhulu

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa nesaziso, ihhovisi lokhetho lihlela kabusha izimiso eziningana zangaphakathi nezangaphakathi nomphakathi:

  • I-data yokubhalisa yamavoti: Irekhodi lovoti ngalinye elithintekile livuselelwa nendawo entsha yokuhlola.
  • Indawo empompela amabalazwe: amabalazwe asekelwe kuma-GIS emawebsiteni okhetho futhi asetshenziswa yizisebenzi zenhlawulo ayaqabuleka.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isampuli yamabhola: Izibalo zeposi kanye nemibono kulayini ibonisa indawo entsha.
  • Izinto zomsebenzi wezembumba: Izincwadi zokuqeqesha, ama-roster, nezinhlu zokuhambisa amathuluzi ziyalungiswa.
  • [ Imvilophu ye-production: Uma umvoti ekhona endaweni engafanele, iziyalezo endaweni eyiyo kumele zicaciswe.

Izikhulu zezokuvota nazo ziyavumelana nozakwabo besifundazwe ukuze ziqinisekise ukuvota kukahulumeni okuphathelene nokuthola ukwaziswa okubhaliwe kubonisa ushintsho.

Lokho Okumelwe Abalobi Bakwenze Ukuze Bahlale Benolwazi

Abavoti banomthwalo wemfanelo othile ekuqinisekiseni indawo yabo yokuvota. Ngisho nesimiso sezaziso esingcono kakhulu singamphuthelwa othile("umvoti" kungenzeka ukuthi uthuthe ngaphandle kokulungisa ikheli lakhe, noma iposi yabo ingaliphuza. Izinyathelo ezithathayo zingavimbela ukudideka ngoSuku Lokhetho.

  • phawula ukubhalisa kwakho kuyi-inthanethi: Sebenzisa amathuluzi ezwe lakho angokomthetho omvoti noma angaphakamisi njenga .org[ ukubheka ukubhalisa kwakho nokuhlola indawo. Yenza lokhu okungenani emasontweni amabili ngaphambi koSuku lohlelo.
  • hlela ihhovisi lakho lokhetho lendawo: joilo ngalinye linomphathi wokhetho noma ibhodi abasebenzi abangayiqinisekisa indawo yakho yokuvota ngocingo.
  • Bheka i-collet yakho ewululeki: Izifundazwe eziningi zithumela i-oct ngeposi noma zenza ukuba itholakale ku-inthanethi phambi kokhetho. Ihlanganisa ikheli lendawo yokuvota.
  • Uphawu oluqoshiwe lwezixwayiso zokhetho: Izifunda-zwe eziningi zinikeza umbhalo noma ukushintshwa kwe-imeyili uma izinguquko zenzeka.
  • Seck for translate-minute formation: Uma kwenzeka ushintsho oluphuthumayo(a gesi iphuma noma isakhiwo esivaliwe) cheke izindaba zendawo kanye newebhusayithi yokukhetha ekuseni ngoSuku Lokhetho.
  • Cwangcisa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni noma ngeposi-yokuvota: Uma indawo yakho yokuvota ishintshile futhi ungaqiniseka ukuthi ungayenza endaweni entsha, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni noma ukuvota ngeposi kunganikeza enye indlela engcono. Bheka imithetho kazwelonke.

Uma ufika endaweni yokuvota enganembile, ungahambi ngaphandle kokuvota. Unelungelo lokucela i- i-colot yomphakathi kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuvota esifundeni sakho. Leyobhola lizobalwa uma izikhulu zokhetho ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubhalisile futhi ufanele ukuvota kuleyondawo.

Izinselele Nezindawo Ezizungezile Ezimbozwe Inhlabathi

Nakuba izinguquko eziningi ziwumkhuba futhi zingadingeki, ukuthutha izindawo zokuvota kungaba yizinkulumo - mpikiswano ezibanzi zamalungelo okuvota.

Izinguquko Zokugcina Nokudideka Kwezimbali

Uma izinguquko zenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuphela ngaphambi kokukhetha, ngenxa yenhlekelele yemvelo, imishini engasebenzi kahle, noma ukudideka kwesakhiwo kungalingana. Imigca emide, abavoti abakhungathekile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-opera ekhudlwana. Izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe zibe namalungiselelo aphuthumayo, kuhlanganise nemithetho yokuvota ehamba ngemoto noma izinhlelo zokuhlola. Ezinye izifunda zivumela ukusetshenziswa kwanoma iyiphi indawo yokuvota esifundeni ngesisekelo esimisiwe phakathi nosuku lwezimo eziphuthumayo.

Ithonya Elingafani Ebuncaneni Nasezingeni Eliphansi

Ukuhlola okuningi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukushintsha kwendawo yokuhlola kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yemibala kanye nabavoti abathola imali encane. Lemiphakathi ivame ukuthembela ekuthuthweni komphakathi, ayinakho ukuvunyelwa kwezimoto zomphakathi, futhi ingaba nezimiso eziguquguqukayo ezivumelanayo. Uma indawo yokuhlola isuswa kude noma idinga ukuthunyelwa kwebhasi, ukuthuthwa kwebhasi kungancipha kakhulu. Amaqembu ezisebenzi zobufundisi anjenge-ACLU neNaACP Levicco Defense Fund aye amelana ngokuphumelelayo nokuthatha i-Prose Isigaba 2 se-Voting Rights Act ngokususa amandla okuvota amancane.

Ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlaziywa, izikhulu zokhetho kufanele ziqondise ngokuhlukanisa ithonya ngaphambi kokuqeda noma iluphi ushintsho. Ukuhlaziya kufanele kuhlole ibanga, isikhathi sokuhamba, kanye nokukhetha kokuhamba kwabavoti bamaqembu ahlukene amanani abantu. Uma ushintsho lutholakala lunemiphumela engalinganiswanga, izikhulu kumelwe zikhethe enye indawo noma zisebenzise izinyathelo zokulinganisela, njengokuhambisa amasondo noma ukunweba amahora okuvota angaphambili.

Ukuqamba Amanga Neziqondiso Zenkantolo

Okhethweni oluphezulu, izinguquko zokuvota zingaba indaba yokumangalelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli lwama-2020, izifunda-zwe eziningi zabhekana nezinselele zomthetho ngenxa yokwehla kwezindawo zokuvota ezindaweni eziphansi. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziyala ukuba kubuyiselwe izikhungo ezivalwe okwesikhashana noma zidinge ukudluliswa okwengeziwe. Izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe zikulungele ukuhlolwa ngokomthetho futhi zigcine imibhalo ephelele yenqubo yazo yokwenza izinqumo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yezikhulu Zokukhetha

Ukuze banciphise ukuphazamiseka futhi balondoloze ukuthenjwa kwabo, abaphathi bokhetho kufanele balandele le mikhuba engcono kakhulu lapho becabangela noma besebenzisa indawo yokuvota:

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo: Ukubuyiselwa Okuhlala Njalo Ekuqondiseni Indawo Engcolisiwe

Njengoba ukuqondisa kokhetho kushintsha, isibonelo esingokwesiko sezindawo zokuhlola ezibekwe esifundeni esiqinile sinikezela izindlela ezivumelana kakhudlwana. Izikhungo zamaVote , esezisetshenziswa kakade ezifundeni eziningi njengeColorado, Washington, ne Utah, sivumela noma imuphi umvoti esifundeni ukuba aphonse ibhola lomphakathi kunoma iyiphi indawo. Lokhu kunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ithonya lanoma iyiphi indawo yokuvota ngenxa yokuthi uvota ababelwanga esabelweni esithile. Nokho, izikhungo zovoti zidinga ubuchwepheshe obuqinile kanye nokusebenza kwangempela kwe-data yesifunda ukuze zingaqiniseki amavoti amabili.

Okunye ukuthambekela okwandayo ukusetshenziswa kokhetho lokuqala [[FLT:] kanye no ku-mail-in meyili-odot. Uma abavoti banamathuba amaningi okuphonsa ibhola elithatha isikhathi eside − ngaphezu kwenkathi yezinsuku noma amasonto . Umthwalo wendawo eyodwa eshintshiwe uncishisiwe. Amanye ama-areversi amisa izindawo zokuvota ezihlala njalo ezingashintshi, kuyilapho kugcinwa izinkundla zosuku lokuvota ezivamile zinesimo esiguquguqukayo.

Ekugcineni, umgomo ukwenza inqubo yokuthola nokusebenzisa indawo yokuhlola ngaphandle kokuxabana ngangokunokwenzeka. Okwamanje, ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu yilona lokungagunci, ukwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi[. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguvoti noma uyisakhamuzi sokhetho, ukuhlala waziswe ngezinguquko zokuhlola kuvikela ubuqotho nokufinyelela kwedemokrati yethu.

Isiqondiso esinegunya endaweni yokuhlola ukukopishwa, vakashela i ADA.gov Ukunyenyeza indawo Isiqondiso. Kumthetho wezwe ngesifundazwe nangezikhathi ezimisiwe, hlola iNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-State Legislatures[[FLT:].