Isingeniso: I - Psychology Ngaphakathi Kwe - ballot

Izimiso ze-Electoral azigcini nje ngokubala amavoti; zibumba yona kanye indalo yokuncintisana kwezombangazwe nesizwe. Indlela umvoti akhetha ngayo iguqulelwa ekumeleni iveza isimo esihlukile. Lezizimo zendawo ziveza indlela abavoti abacabanga ngayo ngezindlela zabo zokukhetha, indlela abafuna ukuvota, indlela amaqembu ahlela ngayo iziteji zabo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nakubafundi abathembise izakhamuzi, ukuqonda ithonya lokuziphatha lezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvota kubalulekile ekuhloni impilo yentando yeningi nokuncintisana nezinguquko ezingasehlela.

Isenzo sokuvota asivamile ukuveza indlela elula, engaxhumani nesimiso esimsulwa sesakhamuzi. Kunalokho, kuwumbalo othonywe kakhulu umongo wenhlangano. Umvoti ohlelwe ngobuningi wenza ukubala okuhlukile kunovoti esimisweni esilandelana. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyinhloko ezilawulayo ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, sihlaziya imiphumela eqondile yokuziphatha (hhh" ngokuhlola ukuvela nokuvota okuhleliwe kokumelela nokuhlukanisa.) ukugeleza okuvela emithethweni ngayinye.

Izimiso Zokushayela: Izinhlangano Eziwukuziphatha Kwabashayeli

Ukuze umuntu aqonde indlela izindlela zokuvota ezithonya ngayo ukuziphatha, kumelwe kuqala aqonde izinqubo ezicatshangelwayo ezixhumanisa izinqubo ezithile nezinye. Umqondo oyisisekelo kulendawo uwu UMthetho we-Duverger [[, lowo othi ama-posit akhetha phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili (i-Past- Post) avame ukuveza nokusekela isimiso esinengxenye ezimbili. Lokhu kusebenza ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa eziqinile. [[[FLT:]] ithonya eliwukulahlayo [[[FLT:]] i-fulth: iqinisekisa ukuthi abambalwa abachazi abachaphaza ngokuhleleka ngokuhleleka okungaphazanyaza izihlalo. [inani elikhulu lomthetho we-Spectives] [Fose] ithonya elingaphezulu kakhulu lomthetho we-osethi.[Fosescet]

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokhetho noma yesimiso sengqondo, izimiso zevoti zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokucabanga kovoti. Ukuvota okungaqondakali [[FTL:1] kwenzeka lapho umvoti evota ukuze athonye umphumela wokhetho noma umthetho. Loluhlobo lokucabanga lubusa ezimisweni lapho zonke izindaba zokuvota zibekwa ngokuqondile esabelweni, kodwa futhi kuyinjini yokuvota okusemthethweni ezimisweni ezinjenge FPTP. Ngokuphambene, [ ukuvota okucindezelayo [ okulawulayo [uvota] lapho umvoti webhola egoqoza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zikhona yini, noma yiziphi izithonyelo eziphetheyo. Izimiso ze-procesportotationssssssssss ezibonisa indawo yazo, ngokunikeza izakhamuzi ababoshelwayo ngaphandle kokwesaba kwabo ibhola."

Izimiso Ezinkulu Zokuklama Nezici Zokuziphatha Kwazo

Nakuba kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, okhetho oluningi lwentando yeningi lungena ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa ezibanzi zezindlela zokuvota. Indlela ngayinye ibangela izisusa ezihlukile kokubili kwabavoti nakwabaholi bezombangazwe.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

I-FPTP iyisimiso esiqashelwa kakhulu, esisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, i-Canada, ne-Indiya. Umfundi onezivoti eziningi kakhulu ewini. Naphezu kokuba lula kwayo, imiphumela yokuziphatha ye-FPTP inzulu futhi ivame ukungalungi. Lokhu kuholela esimweni se-"FPGrative transferment," lapho ukuvota ngokumelene nomfundi kuba namandla kakhulu kunawo wonke. [[FLT:]

FPP ithambekele ekukhiqizeni amazinga aphakeme evoti. Amavoti abangela ukulahlekelwa yizilinganiso zemali noma amavoti anele okunqoba. Lokhu kucindezela okunamandla kuphumela "ezihlalweni ezilondekile," lapho umphumela uyisiphetho se-egeone. Abaholi balezi zifunda bavame ukuzizwa bengenanjongo, okuholela ekubekeni phansi kwesivumelwano sombuso wezwe nesithombe sentando yezombangazwe. Isimiso sikhuthaza amaqembu ukuba ahlangane evoti, iholele ku "back-ll" imigqa efiphele kakhulu yemibono, kodwa futhi ingenza nemigqa ebanzi yelanga phakathi kokhetho oluyinhloko (njengobase US), lapho kudingeka khona ukuwina i-funza okuqinile, ukuzuza okuqinileyo kusuka engxenyeni ye-temkhankalweni ye-me. [i-FFlectal org / i-Foctives][10]

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) kanye no-Promp Runoff Voting (IRV)

Ukuvota okunendawo kuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake abavoti esigabeni sokuvota ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti owina iningi lamavoti okuqala, umvoti wokugcina uqediwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa kokunye okulandelayo kulawo-bhola. Lenqubo iyaphinda kuze kube yilapho umvoti efinyelela inani elikhulu. Lesimiso sisetshenziselwa ukukhetha izwe e-Australia nakunoma isifunda nakukhetho lwendawo eUnited States, kuhlanganise neMaine ne-Alaska.

Ngokwesimilo, i-RCV ixazulula enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ze-FPTP: imiphumela eyimbi. Abavota bangasekela isigaba sesithathu noma isivokami esizimele njengesinqumo sabo sokuqala ngaphandle kokwesaba ukusiza ekukhetheni umtapo wabo abambalwa. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuvota [[FLT:]] futhi kuvumela ukuvota futhi kuvumele ukuvota ukuba kuboniswe ngaphandle kodoti ophelele. RCV futhi kushintshe umkhankaso onamandla. Amalungu akumelwe anxulumane kuphela abaseke abaseke abaphakathi kodwa ku-otatootarate-otaotate owes. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulondeka kwesosibili nesesithathu. Lokhu kunciphisa ukunciphiswa kwemikha yomkhankaso ophambene, njengoba kudinga ukuncintiswa kwabasekeli babo, abangenza abaxhasi abasekelayo abaceli ababili abafuna ukuvote. [FFoteote] [Fote] [Fote]

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso zePR zifuna ukuhlela isilinganiso sezihlalo ezitholwa umbuthano ngesilinganiso samavoti ozinqobayo. Lokhu kufinyelelwa kakhulu kuzinhlu zezifunda namalungu amaningi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi, ngayinye inemiphumela ehlukene yokuziphatha.

UHlahlu oluvalekile PR: Kulesisimiso, amaqembu alawula uhlelo lwabazobhapathizwa ohlwini. Amavoter amavoti eqembu, futhi izihlalo zabelwa uhlu lweqembu ngokulandelana. Lesi simiso siqinisa ukuhola kweqembu futhi sikhuthaza ukuhlukanisa okunamandla. Ama Voter awavamile ukuhlaziya abafuni-mphini futhi mancane amathuba okuvota emigqeni e-odwa kuphela. Kucacile futhi kulula ngabavoti kodwa kugxila emandleni eqembu.

Open List PR: Lapha, abavoti bangaveza okuthandwayo umuntu othile ozobhapathizwa phakathi kohlu lweqembu. Lokhu kwakha umncintiswano [ oyingxenye[. Amakhathe afanele ahlakulele ivoti yomuntu siqu, ekhanga isithakazelo esisekelwe endaweni noma esisekelweni seqembu. Voters ziba nesibopho ngokwengeziwe ezimfanelweni ezithile, hhayi nje yilebulayiselo leqembu. Lokhu kungaholela ekuvotini okukhulu kodwa futhi nasekufuneni i-costationism phakathi kwamaqembu.

I-Monter Propotional (MMP) esetshenziswe e-Jalimane nase-New Zealand, i-MMP ihlanganisa izigodi ze-FPTP eziphethe isilinganiso esiphezulu. Amavota ngokuvamile anevoti amabili: enye ye-ummeleli wendawo nenye yeqembu. Lokhu kwakha umehluko oyingqayizivele wendlela yokuziphatha obizwa ngokuthi i-acket Potovot[. Ivota ingasekela i-vota ethandwayo evela eqenjini elilodwa ngesikhathi evotela iqembu labo elinye. Lokhu kuvumela ukulingana kokumeleka kwendawo nenkambiso yesizwe nenkambiso yezwe. [[FLT:] I-ELT] I-ELTP] I-EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF] eguqula inguquko engoko eliphansi eliyi-mfa kakhulu kwezombangazwe, futhi engcono kakhulu kwezezwezwe elingumasimu, elingu-FP.[FT]

U-Vote (STV)] Ongadluliswa kanye: Osetshenziswa e-Ireland naseMalta, i-STV i-STV i-pavenective PR system. Ihlela iziqu ezisendaweni enezingxenye eziningi. Ihlanganisa umphumela olinganayo wePR nowesigaba esiphezulu samabhola anezigaba. Ngokuziphatha, ibeka umthwalo ophezulu wengqondo kuvoti, okumelwe babhale izigaba eziningi ezihlukene. Ihlanganisa izibopho eziqinile ze-PR futhi ivumela ukukhethwa kwababezodwa.

Ukuvunyelwa Nokunconywa

Lokhu akuvamile kodwa kuyaxoxwa kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zokuguqula isimo. ukuvota okuhambisanayo kuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abaningi abazobhapathizwa ngendlela abavuma ngayo. Umfundi onezimvume eziningi uphumelele. Lo hlelo lususa imiphumela yempatho ngokuphelele futhi luvumele abavoti ukuba basekele abantu abaningi abazobhapathizwa. Ukuziphatha kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki okusemqoka kodwa kunciphisa izinga lokuvota "ukuvota" (kuphela) ukuvota komuntu) ukuze kwandise isibonelelo somuntu. uvota [[FLT] [noma ukuvota] (uhlu lokuvota) kuvumela ukuvota okuthatha isilinganiso esilinganini (g. 0,5]

Imishini Yethonya Endleleni Yokuziphatha Yezimbali

Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezithile, imizila eminingana yokuziphatha emhlabeni wonke ithonywa imithetho ehleliwe.

I - Votertout Nobushiqela Bezombangazwe

Umbono wokuthi izindaba zokuvota ziwuphawu olunamandla kakhulu lokuzimela. ukuphumelela kobuvoti inkolelo yokuthi ukuthatha komuntu isinyathelo kuphumelela ngokuqondile ngesimiso sokuvota. I-IDA[FLT] ulwazi lubonisa njalo ukuthi amazwe anezimiso zokuveza isilinganiso zinezilinganiso eziphakeme (avame 5-10 amaphuzu aphakeme) kunalawo anezimiso ezinkulu zokuvota. Ku-FPTP, izakhamuzi ezisendaweni ephephile zingazizwa zisusa izigwegwegwe, zihoza ekuhliseni. Izimiso ze-PR, lapho ukuvota kwezindawo zinikela khona isihlalo nokuxhasa umphakathi, futhi kuthuthukisa umuzwa we-RCCV. Futhi kungenza i-evotiveze.

Izincwadi ezisemthethweni. Ukunikeza usizo oluqotho

Igebe phakathi kokukhetha kwesakhamuzi okuqotho kanye nokuvota kwaso ngempela yisilinganiso esiqondile semingcele ebekwe yisimiso sokhetho. I-FPTP indisa leligebe, iphoqelela abavoti ukuba babe "abangenabo obubi obubi obubini". Kukhetho oluvamile lwango-2015 lwe-UK, ukhetho olulinganiselwa ku-1 kwabanhlanu abavoti abavoti ngokucutha. I-RCV ne-PR inciphisa leligebe, ivumela ukubonakaliswa okuqotho ngokwengeziwe kokuzikhethela. Lokhu akunikezi nje kuphela umfanekiso oqondile wombono womphakathi kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukuncishwa kombono ongokwengqondo nokukhungatheka okuhambisana nokuvota okuhambisana nokuvota okungokomthetho.

Ukuthambisa, Ukumelela, Nezimiso Zeqembu

Imithetho ye-Electoral ithinta ingxenye enikezwayo yezombangazwe kanye namaphathi. FPTP, ihlangene nama-primp, ingaphehla ukwanda kwezindawo ezibandayo ngokukhuthaza abazokufaka i-pringation, isisekelo sengqondo esiphansi kakhulu ukuze bafake i-conomensimensimed ngaphambi kokuya phakathi. Nokho, i-FPTP (ngaphandle kwe-Primerivery) ngokuvamile iqhubela amaqembu amelene ne-mevent, idala i-ovale, ibambe yonke imifelandawo. I-PR yenza ukuba izinhlelo eziningi ezihlukene, ezingandisa ukuhlukahlukahluka kwemithetho yemithetho endlu yomthetho. Lokhu kuvumela ukumelelwa kwe-[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [injini yesizwe] lapho amaqembu ahlukene ekwazi ukwakha izigaba zawo siqu futhi anqobe, kodwa futhi angenza ne-projectivessting STR i-movey i-octives.

Ukuhlola Izifo Eziqhathaniswayo: Izimiso Ziyasebenza

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zinikeza ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi lezi zinqubo zisebenza kanjani emasikweni ahlukahlukene ezombangazwe.

Ukutadisha Icala: I - United Kingdom Ne - FPTP

I-UK iyisibonelo esivelele sokuhamba koMthetho kaDuverger. Emashumini eminyaka, isimiso esiqinile esinezigaba ezimbili esilawulwa yi-Labour and Conservatives sasiyisiko. Nokho, ukukhula kwamaqembu esifunda (i-SNP eScotland) kanye nokusekela okusekelwe kumagazini (I-UKIP, Liberal Democrates) kuye kwadala ukucindezela okukhulu esimisweni. Ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha sekuye kwasakazeka kakhulu. Ukhetho olungu-2019 lwabona ukuvota okunamandla okunelisa iqhinga kuhlangene nolwe-ielectal, ngokushintsha ngokusemthethweni ukuvimbela i-mgomo wabo othandekayo. Isimiso sezwe ngamazinga aphezulu "eparpetivete" futhi sandandayo ukuze kumele i--lingana.

Ukutadisha Indaba: IAustralia Neranked-Choice Voing

I-Australia isebenzisa i-Alters Vote (AV) ngendlela ye-RCV elungiselelwe iNdlu yayo yabameleli, ihlangene nokuvota okuphoqelelwe. Lokhu kwakha indawo ekhethekile yokucwaninga ngokuziphatha. Ngokujika cishe 90%, i-votortetete ishintshwe kakhulu. I-paries inyathelisa "ngokwehlela ukuthatha amakhadi evote," iqondisa abasekeli bayo ekunikezeni izinto ezithandwayo. Lesimiso sikhuthaza "[ ukuvuna [[FLT]] ukuvuna ," lapho amaqembu amancane eqondisa khona izintando zabalandeli bawo ezingxenye ezinkulu zeqembu lokushintsha izivumelwano zemithetho. Voters uthembele kakhulu kulamaqembu, ukwenza umsebenzi wesigaba esiphezulu. Isimiso sikhiqiniwe ingxenye eqinile (Vs.vsvs) kodwa i-eval ehlangene kakhulu kweze i-Un, ngaphandle kokwesaba i-Great.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: INew Zealand NeNguquko YeMMP

I-New Zealand isuka ku-FPTP ukuya ku-MMP ngo-1996 ingenye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu zokuhlola ugesi emlandweni wanamuhla. Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, isimiso saveza izikhundla ezinkulu, ezingokokwenziwa ezazivame ukuhlukanisa ingxenye enkulu ye-volotetete. Ngemva kweminye emibili, izwe elamukelwa i-MMP. Ushintsho lwesimilo lwashesha kakhulu. UVoter, obelokhu kwehla, obekuncitshiswe, futhi wakhushulwa ngokwengxenye. Inani lamaqembu asebenzayo ephalamendeni lasuka kusuka kwemibili liya kweyisithupha. Ohulumeni be-Coalition baba yisiko, befuna ukuba bavote uzwe olushayo olusha lwengxoxo yeposi. I-Maori, okwakubhalwe ngokwe-past, okwabe kukhulu kakhulu. Isimiso esikhuthaza ukubambisana kwezombangazwe, isiko sezombangazwe, nakuba isiko sezombangazwe esiye sabhekana namandla ama-globane.

Ukutadisha Indaba: IUnited States Nesimiso Esiyinhloko

I-US isebenzisa i-produced ekhethekile: ukhetho olukhethekile oluhlangene ne-FP jikelele (ukuthatha i-sequalial, ngokuvamile luvalwa, ukukhetha okuyinhloko. Lokhu kudala izisusa ezimbili zokuziphatha. Ukuzuza ngokuyinhloko, isibheno kumelwe sidluliselwe eqenjini (ngokwesayensi). Ukuze ukunqoba ukhetho oluvamile, kumelwe kudlulisele isivoti esiyinhloko (esilinganisayo). Lokhu "ukumabili-mayela" kuveza amazinga aphezulu okuhamba phambili nokusebenza okuhlelile. Ukwamukelwa kweRCV e-Alaska naseMaine kumelela ukuzama okuphawulekayo. Isimiso sika-Alaska sisebenzisa ukhetho olungaveli kakhulu (phezulu kwezine) olulandelwa ukhetho lwe-RVC jikelele. La mandla abonisa ukudlulisa i-partusssunt, ukuguqula ngokuphawulekayo, ukuguqula ngokuphawulekayo, futhi asebenzisa ngokulandelanayo, i-osekukhud abenzi be-o abazuza ubufakazi obukancane kakhulu.

Izinhlangano Zezinguquko Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nekusasa Lokuziphatha Okunemicikilisho

Ukuqonda ithonya lokuziphatha lezindlela zokuvota akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo. Kuyisisekelo sezinhlangano zamanje, ezisakazekile zokuguqula isiNgisi. Inguquko evelele kakhulu ezweni elikhuluma isiNgisi ingcindezelo ye-Rhanked-Choice Voing. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-RCV izodambisa ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe, ithuthukise ukumelelwa, futhi yandise ukwaneliseka. Abaphikisi bakhathazeka ngokuyinkimbinkimbi nangamandla okubala amaphutha anganciphisa ukwethembana.

Ngaphezu kwe-RCV, kunesithakazelo esikhulayo i-Aption Votting kanye [FLT]] nokunye ukuvota [, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezingezona ezesigaba kanye nokhetho lwendawo. Lezizimiso zinikeza ukulula komjikelezo owodwa wokuvota uma kususwa imiphumela yokuchitha. Ukucwaninga okungokokuziphatha kusikisela ukuthi lezizimiso zingaba lula ukujwayela kune-RCV, njengoba zingadingi ukubekwa esikhundleni, kodwa ziveza ukufaneleka kwazo siqu ngokuphathelene nokuthi abaza ekuphi ukuvuma noma ukunikeza inombolo.

Ukwanda nokuvota okukude kuyahambisana futhi nezindlela zokuvota. Nakuba kungesona isimiso sokhetho ngokwaso, indlela yokuhambisa ibhola (iphepha, umshini, noma i-internet) kuvumela ukuvota nokwethembana. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Estonia no-VT kuveza ukuthi ukukhululeka kungakhuphuka, kodwa ukugcinwa kuyi-inthanethi kuhlale kuyisithiyo esiphawulekayo ekutholeni imvume yokhetho olukhulu lwesizwe.

Isiphetho: Izinkonzo Zithonya Ukuwohloka

Indlela yokuvota ayiyona neze indlela yokungathathi hlangothi, imininingwane yokuphatha. Iwumbuso onamandla olawula ukuziphatha okungokwezombangazwe kwezigidi zezakhamuzi. Kusukela kumthetho wezibalo, umvoti-okanye ohamba phambili ekhonweni lokuvota lokuqala-Pst ukuya ekuqiniseni izimpawu zenqubo yokuvota, umvoti oveza incazelo eyimfihlo esimisweni sePropotical, imithetho ye-comporationational Iregistration, imithetho ye-colot ngokuyisisekelo inquma isimo sesinqumo sentando yentando yeningi. Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele zokuwohloka kwethemba, ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe, ne-democracracybacticbacracy, ukuqonda okuqinile kokuthi ithonya ukuziphatha okubalulekile kanjani. Abagqugquzelinguquko nezimiso zokuhlela kumelwe baqaphele ngokucophelela lezimiso zezimiso zokuhlela izinto ezingakhiqini nje kuphela kodwa ezisekelayo, ezaneliswe, futhi ezimele ukukhethwa, nokukhethwa kwendlela yokukhetha ngempela.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nemithombo