Table of Contents
Isingeniso: Isimiso Sembulunga Yonke Sezomthetho Sokulwa Nobuphekula
Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ziyisisekelo semizamo yanamuhla yokulwa nobuphekula, zinikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho esihleliwe esisiza amazwe ukuba asebenze ndawonye enqamule imingcele. Ubuphekula, ngokwabo, busebenzisa izikhala ezisebuthweni obuphezulu, izikhungo ezilondekile, nokungafani kwezimiso zomthetho. Izivumelwano zikhuluma ngalezi zimo zokuhlobana ngokumisa izincazelo ezifanayo, izibopho ezihlanganyelwayo, nezimiso ezisemthethweni. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinkonzo, imizamo yokumangalelana, ukuqunga, ukulwa, ukuncintisana, noma ukuqina kwempahla yabadlali bamaphekula shlutheli kungahlukaniswa futhi kungasebenza kakhulu.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho womhlaba wonke wokulwa nobuphekula kubonisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuthi akukho mbuso ongazivikela ngokuphelele ezisongweni zembulunga yonke. Kusukela emihlanganweni yakuqala ehlasela izenzo zobudlova eziqondile kuya ezinqunyweni ezibanzi zangemva kuka-99/11, izivumelwano ziye zanwetshwa ukuze zihlanganise izimali, ukuqoqwa kwezembutho, ubuphekula beze-ibhuloho, nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali noma amagciwane. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela lezivumelwano ezibumba ngayo izimiso zesizwe, ukubambisana kokusebenza, nokubhekana nezinselele ezikhulayo ezithinta imvelo eshintsha ngokushesha.
Indima Yezinhlangano Zezizwe Zonke Ekumelaneni Nokwakhiwa Kobuphekula
Izivumelwano zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ekulweni nokwesaba kwembulunga yonke. Okokuqala, zikha izibopho ezibophayo ezingokomthetho zamaqembu ahlangene nombuso. Okwesibili, zihlela izincazelo zezenzo zobuphekula, ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuvumelaniseni izinqubo zokuzimela futhi ukugwema iziphephelo ezilondekile kubabaleki. Okwesithathu, zimisa izisekelo zokuhlanganisa ulwazi, ukuhlolana, kanye nesakhiwo somsebenzi. Okwesine, izivumelwano zihlanganisa amalungiselelo osizo lwezobuchwepheshe, isiza izifunda ngezinhlangano ezingcono ezisebenzisa izinguquko ezingokomthetho.
Izivumelwano eziningi ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho sizwe esisodwa esinganquma amagama singawasebenzisi, sikhuthaza umuzwa wokuba umuntu oyedwa nomthetho osemthethweni. IZizwe Ezihlangene bezilokhu ziyindawo eyinhloko yokuxoxa ngalamathuluzi, nakuba izinhlangano zezifunda ezinjenge-Council of Europe, i-African Union, neNhlangano yezifunda zaseMelika nazo ziye zasungula izivumelwano zezifunda eziphelelisa izisekelo zembulunga yonke.
Izimiso Zomkhomo Zimelana Nezenzo Zobuphekula
Izivumelwano eziningi eziphikisana nezimiso zobuphekula zomhlaba wonke zisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo: isibopho sokwenza izenzo ezithile zobugebengu, isimiso se-aut dedere aut Judicare (i-extrate noma ukuqungatha), ukusekelana ngokomthetho, kanye nokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu. Izimiso ezingaphezulu zokubulala ziqinisekisa ukuthi abathi izaphulamthetho abanakubalekela ukwahlulela ngokubalekela embusweni ongafuni noma ongakwazi ukuwenezela. Izikhungo zamalungelo abantu zigcizelelwa kakhulu ukuze zivimbele ukuvimbela imingcele yokuncintisana nenkululeko eyisisekelo.
Izeluleko Eziyinhloko Zamazwe Ngamazwe Nethonya Lazo
Umbuso wobuphekula wembulunga yonke wakhiwa ngochungechunge lwemihlangano yesifunda nezinqumo ze - UN. Ngezansi kuyizinsimbi ezibaluleke kakhulu nendlela eziye zathonya ngayo amakhono okusebenza nezinguquko ezingokomthetho emhlabeni wonke.
Umhlangano Wezizwe Zonke Wokucindezelwa Kobuphekula (1999)
Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa ku-Tervistic Finansing Convention, lesi sivumelwano sibopha ukumiswa kwezimali zobuphekula njengecala lobugebengu nokubambisana ekuvimbeleni, ekuhloleni, nasekumangaleleni ubugebengu obunjalo. Kudinga ukuba amazwe aqambe futhi athathe imali ehloselwe imisebenzi yobuphekula, futhi ahlanganyele ekusebenziseni izimali. Umhlangano uye wasiza ekwakheni amaqoqo okuhlakanipha ngokwezimali (FUS) emhlabeni wonke, futhi uphelelisa umsebenzi we-Internacial Act Tac Force (FATFF). Amazwe anjengePakistan neSaudi Arabia aye alungisa imithetho yawo emelene nemali encithaneyo ukuze ahambisane nezindinganiso zomhlangano. [[FLT:]]
Isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokulondeka weUN 1373 (2001)
Ithathwe ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, i-Resolution 1373 iyisinqumo esibophekayo ngaphansi kweSahluko VII se-UN Charter, idinga wonke amazwe angamalungu ukuba aphule izimali zamaphekula, aphike iziphephelo ezilondekile, futhi athuthukise ukulawulwa kwemingcele. Yamisa iKomiti ye-Counciate-Trorrisism (CTC) ukuze ihlole ukumiswa. Ngokungafani nesivumelwano, u-1373 akadingi ukuqiniswa, ukwenza ukuba kuqiniswe ngokushesha. Imithetho eminingi elwayo ne-ortheism eyamiswa ekuqaleni kuka- 2000 yaba ukusabela okuqondile kwalesinqumo. Isibonelo, i-USA PATRIOTTTTTT Act ne-U'S Act of Anti-critiveltic, Crime ne-Sctivery 2001 yalolongwa yizimfuneko zayo.
Umhlangano We - UN Omelene Nobugebengu Obuhleliwe Bomhlaba Wonke (2000)
Nakuba kungesona isivumelwano esimelene nobuphekula kuphela, iPalermo Convention ikhuluma nge-nexus phakathi kobugebengu obuhleliwe nobuphekula. Isizana ngomthetho, ukuqiniswa, nokuhlolwa komphakathi. Imithetho engokomthetho yokushushumbisa abantu nokushushumbisa abafuduki ibaluleke kakhulu njengoba amaqembu amaphekula esebenzisa ukufuduka. Amalungiselelo omhlangano okulahlekelwa izinto aye asetshenziselwa ukuchitha amaqembu ezinhlangano zezimali ezisekelayo njenge-ISSIS kanye ne-Al-Habab.
Izivumelwano Zesifunda Nezindawo Zokuthutha Imisebenzi
Iziqu zezifunda ziye zasungula izivumelwano zazo eziphikisana nezenzo zobuphekula ezikhuluma ngezinsongo zendawo. UMkhandlu waseYurophu uhlonze ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kobuphekula (2005] ugxila ekuvuselelweni nasekushukumiseni umphakathi. I-African Union's ] Ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kokuvinjelwa nokulwisana nobuphekula (1999, u-2009, u-Refectivementum) ihlanganisa izivumelwano zokuvikela impahla yezentengiselwano nokulwa nomphakathi. Inhlangano ye-Shanghanghaian Covation (SC) iye yaveza futhi imithetho emelene ne-Asiya ephakathi, ukusongela kwe-ixCMicism, kuhlanganise nokuhlasela kwe-Exbixism.
Ithonya Emithethweni Yesizwe Nezimiso Zokuziphatha
Ithonya lezivumelwano zamazwe lidlulela ngalé kwemihlangano yezivumelwano ezihlangene. Zingabashayeli abayinhloko benguquko yemithetho emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abanezimiso zomthetho ezisathuthuka noma imilando yezingxabano. Ukusebenza kudinga amazwe ukuba adlulise imithetho emisha, amise izinhlangano ezizinikezele, aqeqeshe ukugcinwa komthetho nezisebenzi zokwahlulela.
Ukuvumelaniswa Kwemithetho Yesigebengu
Izizwe eziningi ziye zasungula amacala akhethekile afana "nobuphekula enhlanganweni yamaphekula," "ukuchukuluzwa umphakathi ukuze wenze ubuphekula," "nokwenzelwa ubuphekula" njengomphumela oqondile wezibopho zesivumelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, iFramework Comment ekulweni nobuphekula (2002) yafuna ukuba wonke amalungu amazwe ahlele izincazelo zawo ne-EUC. Ngokufanayo, imithetho ye-Australia ephikisana nobuphekula eyasungulwa ngo-2005 yenziwa yi-UN Security Council Resolution 1373 kanye ne-Financy Convention.
Ukulondeka Komngcele Okukhuliswe Nokubambisana Kokuhlakanipha
Izivumelwano ziye zakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu okuhlola ahlangene (i-JITs), izinhlelo zokuthatha abagibeli ze-rekhodi (PNR), kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ezinqamuleneyo. I-Schengen Information System (SIS) eYurophu, ngokwesibonelo, isebenzisa izisekelo zesivumelwano ukuze ihlanganyele izixwayiso kubantu abafunekayo nempahla eyebiwe. Izivumelwano zokusizana ngokomthetho (I-MLAT) nezivumelwano zomthetho ziqiniswa futhi nemihlangano eminingi yamuva, ivumela amazwe ukuba akhiphe izicelo zobufakazi nelungelo lokugcina ijele.
Izimpi Ezikhethekile Ezilwa Nobuphekula
Izizwe eziningi zamisa izikhungo zobuphekula, amaqoqo ezimali, kanye nezikhungo zokuhlobana ngemva kwezivumelwano eziyinhloko. I-United Kingdom yasungula i-Office for Security and Counter-Trorism (OSCT) ngo- 2007. I-Indiya yamisa i-National Investigation Agency (NIA) ngo- 2008, ngokwengxenye ukuze ivumelane nezibopho zomhlaba wonke ngaphansi kwemihlangano ye-UN. Lezi zinhlangano ngokuvamile ziyizimo eziyinhloko zokuxhumana nezizwe zonke.
Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwesivumelwano Sokubuyisela Iminyaka
Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu, lesi sivumelwano sezizwe zonke sibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezivimbela ukuphumelela kwaso.
Amasiko Angokomthetho Nencazelo Ehlukile
Enye yezinselele ezingapheli kakhulu ukuswela incazelo ethandwayo yobuphekula. Nakuba izivumelwano zomphakathi zichaza izenzo eziqondile (ukuhlasela, ukubhomba, ukuthumba), zigwema incazelo ebanzi yobuphekula. Lokhu kuvumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise igama elicushiwe, ngezinye izikhathi abiza abaphikisi bezombangazwe noma abandlululwa njengamaphekula angazinaki izenzo zobudlova ezidunyiswa uhulumeni. Ukungavumelani kuvimbela ukuthatha imingcele lapho amazwe enezincazelo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho.
Ukubusa Nokungavumelani
Ezinye izifundazwe azifuni ukubeka ubukhosi ezibuthweni zomhlaba wonke noma ukufeza amalungiselelo esivumelwano eziwabheka njengokuphazamisa ukulondeka kwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anemithetho ebusa ngobuphoqelelo angasebenzisa imithetho elwa nomthetho wobuphekula ukuze acindezele ukuphikisana kuyilapho engazinaki izinsongo zangempela. Ezinye azinalo ikhono lobuchwepheshe noma izombangazwe lokusebenzisa izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimali noma zokuhlola. Imibiko ye-UN Counter-Terrorism Commission Commission inikeza izikhala ezikhona, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezisempini.
Ukungafani Kwemithombo Yemali
Amazwe asathuthuka avame ukulwa kanzima ukuze ahlangabezane nezibopho zesivumelwano ngenxa yokungagcwali kwezakhiwo zokwahlulela, ukulinganiselwa kwamakhono okwahlulela, nokuqeqeshwa okunganele. Izinhlelo zosizo zomhlaba wonke, njenge-Hhovisi le-UN on Drugs and Crime's (UODC) emelene nemisebenzi yobuphekula, ahlose ukuvala lezigebengu, kodwa imali iyaqhubeka iguquguquka. Ngenxa yalokho, izivumelwano zingakha isimiso samazwe acebile lapho imithetho igcinwa khona ngamandla kuyilapho amazwe ampofu eba angenamandla ekuxhumaneni kwembulunga yonke.
Usongo Olushintshayo Nemicu Engokomthetho
Amaphekula avumelanisa ngokushesha nezinyathelo ezingokomthetho. Izivumelwano zixoxwa eminyakeni eminingi futhi azivuselelwa. Ukunyuka kokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi, ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi okukodwa okusemthethweni, ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana okungafihliwe, kanye nama-chrence afana ne-Bitcoin adlula izisekelo zesivumelwano samanje. I-International Convention for the Justice of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005) yagcina ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwe-drone noma ukudult direcn. Izivumelwano zomthetho kumelwe ziqhubeke njalo, kodwa ukubukezwa kwesivumelwano kuyancipha.
Ukuhlola Icala: Izivumelwano Ziyasebenza
Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela izivumelwano eziye zasiza ngayo ngokuqondile ukuba kulwisane nezenzo zobuphekula nokuquliswa kwecala.
Ukuqulwa Kwecala LaseParis Ngo - 2015
Uphenyo nokuqulwa kwemicikilisho ehilelekile ekuhlaseleni kwe-Paris ngoNovember 2015 kwakuncike kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zokusizana ezingokomthetho kanye nase-Europen Primp Warrant (EAW). Iziphathimandla zaseFrance zasebenzisa i-EAW ekusoleni okungaphezulu okuvela eBelgium nase Jalimane, futhi umhlangano we-Council of Europe mayelana nosizo lombango wavumela ukwabelana amarekhodi ocingo kanye nemininingwane yezimali. Ukubambisana bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esandulelayo.
Ukumangalelwa Kwamaphekula AseGulf
Ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, i-US kanye namanye amazwe acindezela i-Gulf awenawo ukuba amise imithetho ngaphansi koMhlangano wobuphekula. Ngo-2016, iSaudi Arabia yamisa imithetho emisha emelene nobuphekula eyavumela ukuqina kwempahla ehlangene ne-Al-Qaeda ne-ISSIS. Ukuhlolana kwezemali ye-Finity Task Force kwathola ukuthi ukuvumelana nomhlangano kwasiza ekulungiseni iziteshi zemali ezazisebenza ngokungenasijeziso. FATF kuhlolana lentuthuko .
Isakhiwo Se - UN - ICC Nokulandisa ESiriya Nase - Iraq
Nakuba i - International Criminal Court (ICC) ingenabo ububusi ebuphekula ngasikhathi sinye, izinqumo nezivumelwano zomthetho owenziwe ngoMthetho Wezokulondeka we - UN eziphathelene nesintu ziye zasetshenziselwa ukushushisa abalwa namaphekula bakwamanye amazwe ababuya bevela eSiriya nase - Iraq. Izinkantolo zesizwe emazweni anjengeSweden, iFrance neNetherlands ziye zathembela eSivumelwaneni se - UN esimelene noHlathiso Lwama - United Nations olumelene noHlabelelo LobuGwale lokukhombana Abantu ngabanye nge - ISSIS, zibonisa indlela izivumelwano ezihlanganisa ngayo izenzo zobuphekula.
Usongo Oluvundlile Nekusasa Lomthetho Wesivumelwano
Izindawo eziningana zilungele ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo okungokomthetho kuleminyaka eyishumi ezayo.
Ubuphekula Be - cyber Nezinsongo Zamanani
Izivumelwano ezikhona zikhuluma ngokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi kuphela. I-Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001) ihlanganisa ezinye izici, kodwa ayihlangene ngokuqondile nobuphekula. Umhlangano omusha wembulunga yonke wezobuphekula we- - Internet uxoxwa kuyi-UN. Isivumelwano esinjalo sizodinga ukuxoxa ngokuhlasela, ukunikezana usizo lobuphikisi obubonisa ubuchwepheshe, nokugebezwa kobugebengu okubangela ukuhluleka kwezemisebenzi enzima.
Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanywe Ngemishini Nezimiso Ezizimele
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Al ukuze kutholwe inkulumo - ze, ukukhethwa kwezithathiso, nezikhali ezizimele kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nomthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho nokulawula izikhali. Izivumelwano zamanje njenge-Convention on Profectal Shows (CCW) ziyavuselelwa ukuze kuxoxwe ngezimiso zezikhali ezibulalayo, kodwa amalungiselelo obuphekula azimele antuleka. Isivumelwano sesikhathi esizayo singase sidinge ukuqinisekiswa kokuthi izimiso ze-IAI ezisetshenziswa ekumelaneni nezenzo zobuphekula zihlangabezana namalungelo abantu nezindinganiso zokulandisa.
Ukungalondeki Kwezinto Eziphilayo Ne - CBRN Kusongela
INhlangano yezizwe zonke ye-Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005) ikhuluma ngezikhali zenuzi, kodwa usongo lwamakhemikhali, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, i-radiology, ne-CBRN lusalokhu lungalawulwa ngabadlali abangezona izifundazwe. I-Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ayinazo izinqubo eziqinisekile, futhi i-chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) iye yaphumelela ngokulinganiselwe ekuvimbeleni ukuhlasela okuncane kwamaqembu angenamandla angokomthetho. Ukuqinisa le mihlangano ukuze ihlanganise amaphekula nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali eziphilayo kuyi-athobon.
Umngane Womphakathi Nokuhlakanipha Kwezezimali
Izivumelwano zesikhathi esizayo zingahlela ukubambisana phakathi kwezifundazwe nezinhlangano ezizimele zama-ace communment, ikakhulukazi izinkampani ezinama-pictech, izintengiselwano eziyimfihlo, kanye nama-computer communter. Ukutusa kwamanje kweFATF okusemtathweni akuhlanganisa; isivumelwano esiningi singenza izibopho eziqiniselwe ukuba labadlali bahlanganyele ulwazi futhi bavimbele ukukhokha imali yamaphekula. Inselele iyakuba ukulinganisela izindleko zokulalela ngesivikelo sasese. FATFF's kutusa okusanda kuvelayo lapha entweni ekhona.[
Ukuqinisa Isibopho Sokulandisa
Ukuze izivumelwano zihlale ziphumelela, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe kumelwe ulungise amagebe okusetshenziswa kwawo futhi uthuthukise ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu okungaguquguquki.
Isakhiwo Sasedolobheni Nezobuchwepheshe
Amazwe acebile nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kumelwe andise ukuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo ezisiza amazwe asathuthuka ukuba amise imithetho ehlelayo, aqeqeshe abahluleli, futhi athuthukise amakhono okuthuthukisa. I-Global Counter-Trorisism Programme ye-UNODC iqeqeshe izinkulungwane zezikhulu, kodwa imfuno ingaphezu kwenani. Usizo lwe-Bigateal oluvela emazweni anjenge-United States, iJalimane, neJapane luye lwadingeka kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjenge-Sahel ne-South Asia.
Ukuphatha Amalungelo Abantu
Ngezinye izikhathi izivumelwano zezezezezehlo zezezezehlo eziphikisayo zezezezezenzwe zezephulamthetho ziyagxekwa ngokwenza amalungelo abantu asetshenziswe kabi, njengokuvalelwa ngokungenasiphelo, ukuvinjelwa, noma ukucindezelwa kokungavumelani. Izivumelwano zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlanganise izivikelo eziqinile zamalungelo abantu kanye nezindlela zokuqondisa ezizimele. I-Special Rapporteur yeUN itusa ukuhlanganisa inqubo efanelekile nokulandisa ngezomthetho. Imibiko ye-Rapporteur inikeza ukutusa okuningiliziwe [
Imishini Yokubambisana Yesifunda
Izivumelwano zezifunda zingaphelelisa ezomhlaba ngokubheka izindlela zosongo lwendawo namasiko asemthethweni. Izindlela ze-African Union zokubambisana kwe-overses e-Afrika, ngokwesibonelo, ziye zaphumelela ngokumelene ne-Al-Shabab. I-ASEAN on Counter-Trorism (2007) isiza amaphoyisa ahlangene kanye nokuhlakanipha okuhlanganyela e-Southeast Asia. Lezi zimo zezifunda ngokuvamile zinezimiso zokukhipha izinqumo ngokushesha kunezivumelwano ze-UN.
Isiphetho: Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yezivumelwano
Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke azilona ikhambi lenkinga eyinkimbinkimbi yobuphekula, kodwa ziyingxenye eyisisekelo yokusabela okubanzi. Zinikeza amathuluzi angokomthetho, uhlelo lwezimo, nokuthembana okudingekile ukuze kuhlangane ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphandle kwazo, impi yembulunga yonke yokulwa nobuphekula ibingancishiswa ekubeni izivumelwano eziqinile zehoc nezenzo ezingathathi hlangothi, ezingasekelwanga kahle futhi ezisemthethweni esikhathini eside.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwalezi zivumelwano kubonisa ukuqaphela okwandayo ukuthi ubuphekula buwusongo oludinga amakhambi ahlanganyelwe. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha namacebo amasha, imibuso kumelwe iqhubeke ivuselela futhi yandisa amathuluzi angokomthetho. Ikusasa alifuni nje kuphela izivumelwano ezintsha kodwa futhi lifuna isibopho esivuselelwe sokufeza ezikhona, ukulahla imithombo ehlukene, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele emelene nomthetho nesithunzi sabantu. Umphakathi wembulunga yonke awunakukwazi ukuvumela isivumelwano sombuso ukuba uthathe i-parnate; kumelwe uhlale unamandla futhi uqinile njengoba usongela okufuna ukumelana nayo.