Izinguquko ezingokomthetho azizona nje izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezicatshangelwayo; zingabashayeli abanamandla abalungisa kabusha inqubo yokulawula kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi. Uma isigebengu sidlulisa umthetho omusha noma silungisa okhona, imiphumela yamaza idlulela kakhulu enqubweni yokumisa imithetho, inqubo yokuphoqelela, kanye nemisebenzi yansuku zonke yezinhlangano nezinhlangano ezilawulwayo. Kubafundisi, abenzi bemithetho, nabafundi bobubusi, ukuqonda lobubuhlobo obunamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinhlangano eziyo ziyohumusha ngayo imithetho yezombangazwe zibe yimithetho esebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela eziningi zokuguqula inqubo yokulawula inqubo yokulawula, kusukela ekushintsheni kwesisekelo ezisekelweni ezingeni ezisezingeni eziphambili ezingenisweni zokukhishwa kwemithetho kanye nokukhishwa okuqhubekayo kokucwengwa kwemithetho nezimiso phakathi kwesikhathi.

Isimiso Sezokuqondisa Isimiso Sezokusebenza Esilawulayo

Phakathi, umthetho unikeza igunya elingokomthetho lokulawula. Ngaphandle komthetho ogunyazayo, izinhlangano ziyontula amandla okudala imithetho, ukuphoqelelwa kwezindinganiso, noma ukubeka izijeziso. Lobu buhlobo obuyisisekelo busho ukuthi konke ukushintsha kwemithetho ye-projekthi (hhayi noma inguquko entsha), i-amperal, noma i-apectl orgact (ithinta ngokuqondile i-projects) ukusebenza komthetho wezezimo-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-U.S. i-Creallsting idlulise i-Developmentsments of Environment Agement (EPA) ye-echaza igunya elisha le-tection Agency’s (EPA) lokulawula ukungcoliswa komoya, i-temfaza izinhlelo zezentengo, izimoto, izinhlelo zombuso ze-R. Ngokufanayo, lapho i-U Union i-GGR i-Dratection i-Dractivessssssss imisa kabusha i-motion i-motion i-motion i-'e

Isimiso semvelo asisona esihlala njalo. Izishayamthetho zivame ukusabela ekuqondiseni imiphumela, futhi abaqondisi bachaze izinhloso zemithetho ngezindlela ezingadala ukumiswa komthetho olandelayo. Lokhu kudala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, esivumelanayo lapho ushintsho kwezinye izingxenye lungaveza imiphumela engalindelekile kwenye. Kubafundi abalawula umphakathi, ukuqaphela lendawo kwenza ukuba iziqondiso ezithile zivele ngokushesha kuyilapho ezinye zihlala zimile, futhi kungani izinguquko ezithile zemithetho zifeza imigomo yazo ngokuphumelela kakhulu kunezinye.

Izinhlobo Zoshintsho Oluqhubekayo Nezimiso Zazo Eziwumthetho

Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindlela zokushaya umthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni ithonya lazo eziqondile emikhubeni yokuqondisa.

Imithetho Emisha Edala Izindawo Zokuqamba Ezintsha Ngokuphelele

Lapho isishaya-mthetho simisa umthetho omusha ngokuphelele, ngokuvamile sidala umbuso omusha ngokuphelele wokuqondisa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukumiswa kwe-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ngaphansi kweDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsumer Protection Act ka 2010. Lomthetho omusha wafuna ukuba izinhlangano ziqale ekukhumuleni: izisebenzi eziqashayo, ziklame izinqubo zokushaya imithetho, futhi zikhiphe imithetho yemikhiqizo yezimali eyayingalawulwa ngokwemali efana nokukhokhwakhwa kwemali kanye nokukhokhela isikweleti. Umthwalo wokukhokha umthwalo owe izinhlangano ezikhungweni ezinjalo umkhulu, ufuna ukuba isikhungo sokuthola amandla ngokushesha kanye nokuthuthukisa ulwazi ezindaweni ezinezinto ezintsha.

Izinqumo Ezishintsha Izimfuneko Ezikhona Zokuqondisa

Okuvame kakhulu ukushintshwa kwemithetho ekhona. Lokhu kungaqinisa noma kuxegiselele izimfuneko ezikhona, kususe umthwalo wobufakazi, noma kuveze izikhathi ezintsha zokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Foood Safety Modertization Act (FSMA) ilungise ngokuphawulekayo i-Federal Food, Drug, neCosmetictic Act, isusa i-Food and Drug Ad Administration’s (FRAN) igxile ekusabeleni ekuyivimbeleni. Lokhu kushintsha kokulawula kwamandla okulawula okusha kwangaphakathi, ukuvuselela izimiso zokuhlola, futhi kwakha isimiso sengxenye yesithathu ye-acritiveze. I-Regatigatiactivesssment’s (Fod and Drugministration’s Ad Ad Administration) i-d, abakhiqindiseki bendawo, ngisho nabahwebi benye, bonke ababazi beboshe ukujwamba ukuvumelana nendawo ezungezile.

Imithetho Esusa Noma Ebeka Imithetho Elula

Ezinye izinguquko zemithetho zihloselwe ukuchitha izakhiwo ezikhona. Ama-Repeal angaqondiswa yizimo ezilawulayo, ubufakazi bokuthi umthetho awusebenzi noma awuphelelwa isikhathi, noma isifiso sokunciphisa izindleko zokuthobela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudlula kwe-Tax Cuts neJobs Act ka-2017 kwakuhlanganisa amalungiselelo aphinde alungiswe izingxenye ze-Affordable Care Act, i-act yomthetho womthetho, ukususa ngokuphumelelayo imfuneko yokulawula eyayilungise izimakethengiso iminyaka eminingi. Izinhlangano zomthetho kwadingeka ukuba zilungise izinto eziza kuqala, zikhiphe izincwadi eziqondisa iziqondiso, futhi zikhiphe imithombo yezoqobo ekuqondiseni umthetho. Ngokuvamile lezi zidla ngokuzenza izinhlelo zokuhlela izinhlelo, njengoba izinhlangano kumelwe zibangele izinhlelo zokuqondisa iziphakamiso ze-mo.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngokushintsha Kwezimiso

Ukuhlola izibonelo ezicacile kucacisa indlela izinguquko ezishintsha ngayo imikhuba yokuqondisa imithetho.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Umthetho Ohlanzekile Womoya Nokubusa Kwe - EPA

I-Ceac Air Act iye yalungiswa kaningi kusukela ekungeneni kwayo kokuqala ngo-1970, ukulungisa ngakunye okubangela izinguquko ezinkulu emikhubeni yokulawula i-EPA. Inguquko yonyaka ka-1990 yasungula izimiso ezisekelwe emakethe njenge-capper-trade ye-sulfur dioxide, eyadinga ukuba i-EPA ithuthukise indlela entsha yokubuyisela ukulungiswa kwezwe kusuka kwenye indawo kusuka kwenye indawo esekelwe emvumeni yemvume eqondisiwe kunezindinganiso zesiko zokulawula. Inhlangano yadingeka ukuba iklame isimiso sokuhweba, imise izinhlelo nokubika izimfuneko ze-sulfur dioxide, futhi ikhe ipulani yokulawula izakhiwo ezingasingatha izinkulungwane zezokuhweba nsuku zonke. Lokhu kushintsha indima ye-EPA esekelwe kumqondisi oqondisi ngqo ukuya emakenteni, idinga ubuchwepheshe obusha nobudlelwane obusha obuphakathi ne-Trad Comment.

Muva nje, izimpikiswano zomthetho ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ziye zaholela ekucindezeleni okusha kwe-EPA ukulawula amagesi abamba ukushisa ngaphansi komthetho we-Ceake Air Act. Nakuba isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme uMassachusetts v. I-EPA [2007] yaphoqelela inxusa ukuba lenhlangano ukuba yenze, imizamo elandelanayo yokulawula ukumiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho yokulawula isimo sezulu ishintshe indawo ehleliwe. Ukuhluleka kwe-capy-rain-trade ezikwele eziKhongosini kuye kwaphoqelela i-EPA ukuba ithembele egunyeni elikhona manje, eliphumela ekubusweni kwe-Cec Powe Plan Provice Plan ngaphansi kwe-Obama futhi ibuye ibekwe ngaphansi kokuphatha kwayo ngaphansi kwe-Trump. Imizamo yezombangazwe nemithetho, ibonisa indlela evame ukubunjwa ngayo ngokusetshenziswa kwezenzo.

Ukubuyiselwa kwezezimali: Umthetho weDodd-Frank kanye neCFPB

Alukho ucwaningo oluyizimpawu zokushintsha kwemithetho yokushaya umthetho zezincwadi ezihlelwa ngokusemthethweni kune-Dodd-Frank Act. Yahlolwa ngokusabela enkingeni yezezimali ka-2008, i-Dodd-Frank yadala i-Mankin Stative Outstight Council (FSOC) kanye ne-Conference Finical Provice Bureaution (CFPB), futhi yabeka umthetho we-Volckerrowing Relement ukuze inqande ukuhwebela amabhange ngamabhange. Izinhlangano ezilawulayo ezisebenza ngokusebenzisa uDodd-Frank kwadingeka ukuba zikwazi ukuvala ulwe ulwembutho oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithetho emidala. Isibonelo, i-CFPB’smorientsting (iqili), ngokwezikwenziswa kwezikwele zemali eziholi ezingekho ezinswe ngenkani, futhi ezisetshenziswa ngaphambili, futhi eziholweni ezikhokhwaswe yizi ezikhokhisiwe.

Inqubo yokumisa yayigcwele izinselele: izimpikiswano zomthetho eziphakathi kwe-Volcker Preant ngobukhulu be-Volcker, izinselele ezingokomthetho zomthetho-mthetho we-CFPB, kanye nemboni ikhubaza izimfuneko zokwaziswa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulungisa kwemithetho (njenge-Economic Growing, Regalitation, neConsumer Protection Act ka-201818(() i-Fdd-Frandment yamalungiselelo ama-Dodd amancane, ifuna i-CFPB nezinye izinhlangano ukuba ziphinde zilinganise imithetho yazo. Lokhu kungokomuva-ka-ka-ka-kathi kubonisa ukubekwa kwendinganiso phakathi komthetho nomthetho, lapho izinhlangano ezishintshayokulungisa izinhlelo zazo, izincwadi zokuqondisa, nokuqondisa.

Impilo Nokulondeka: Ukuvinjelwa Kokubhema Komkhaya Nesenzo Sokulawula Ugwayi

Ngo-2009, iFamily Desting Prevention and Tobacco Control Act yanika iFDA igunya lokulawula imikhiqizo kagwayi okokuqala. Lokhu kushintsha kwemithetho kwaphoqelela i-FDA ukuba iqale isigaba esisha sokulawula, iCenter for Tobac Divicts, futhi ithuthukise izinqubo zokushaya imithetho yezindinganiso zomkhiqizo, imingcele yokukhangisa, nokuhlola i-prectoret. Inhlangano yamazwe yaphoqelela ukuba ikhiphe umthetho wokubheka i-e - carettettes, ama-xicurea, nezinye imikhiqizo ezibhekene nezindawo zokulawula izakhiwo ezifanayo, [1]a inyakazisa ukudilizwa okukhulu nokuvinjelwa kwezivumelwano. Isivumelwano sokumiswa kwemithetho futhi kwadinga ukuba i-CFlate ukuze ibone ukuthi imikhiqizo yezempilo futhi ihlele isikhathi sokuhlola izinkulungwane. Lokhu kuhlola kuqokomisa indlela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi emikhulu ezindaweni zokuzincushela izinhlangano, ukuqeqeshwa, ukuqeqeshwa ngokushesha kwezeze kuqeshwe kanye nokuqeqeshwa.

I - bood Faception: Indlela Ukulungisa Umthetho Oshintsha Ngayo

Ithonya alikho ngezindlela ezizodwa. Imithetho ivame ukuqokomisa amagebe, iziphazamiso, noma imiphumela engahleliwe emthethweni oyisisekelo, ishukumisela abenzi bomthetho ukuba baphinde babuye babuye babuye babuye babuye bafune imithetho. Le nqubo yokubuyisela isici esibucayi sokubusa kwanamuhla.

Ukwehluleka Kwezimiso Njengezinyathelo Zokuthatha Imithetho

Uma imithetho izibonakalisa ingasebenzi noma iveza imiphumela ephambene, izishaya-mthetho zingangena ukuze zilungise. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchitheka kowoyela eDeep atry oil ngo-2010 kwadalula ubuthakathaka eMnyangweni Wokwengamela Izimiso ze-Minerals yeNkonzo yokuqondisa ukubhola ngasogwini. Ekuphenduleni, iKhomishane yadlulisa i-Outer Contental Shelf Safect Act, ehlela kabusha i-authoric futhi yagunyaza izimfuneko zokuphepha eziqinile. Ngokufanayo, inhlekelele yezimali ka-2008 yembula izikhala ezilawulayo ezimakethengisweni zezentengiso, iholela ekukhishweni okubekwa kwemithetho yokususwa kwemidalo ejwayelekile eDodd-Frank. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho zingasabela, zihlose ukulungisa izimfuneko zokuvinyanisa izimiso zezimiso zezimiso.

Imithetho Ephumelelayo Ekhuthaza Imithetho Ebanzi

Ngokuphambene, uma imithetho ifinyelela imiphumela emihle, ingadala umfutho wokushintsha kwezimo ze-ocence. Impumelelo yomthetho we-Acid Rain Program ye-EPA’s Acid App munsi kwe-1990 Cease Air Act Isichibiyeli se-El(ecce Difrect) eyanciphisa ukukhishwa kwesikhutha ngesilinganiso esingu-40% ngaphansi kuka-1990 futhi ngezindleko eziphansi kunezokulindele (izihlongozomthetho zemithetho zokulawula ukunqanda ugesi wamuva) ekulungiseni isimo sezulu esishintshayo. Nakuba umthetho we-Acid Rain programa akuzange kudlule, impumelelo yolwazi lwezinga eliphezulu nezivumelwano zezizwe. Ngokufanayo, umthetho ka-FDA wemikhiqizo , ekuqaleni olinganiselwe kukagwayi kukagwayi nakuntuthule imizamo yokulawula ukuthuthukisa igunya lokulungisa isimo sezulu kanye nezinye imikhiqizo emishanayo.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimo Zokuqondisa Ekuzivumelaniseni Noshintsho Olungokomthetho

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho zidala izinselele eziningi ezisebenzayo neziwusizo ezinhlanganweni eziqondisayo.

Imithombo Yamagugu Nezakhiwo Ezinamandla

Mhlawumbe inselele esheshayo ukudlula indlala yezezimali. Imithetho emisha ivame ukuza ngaphandle kokushaya indiva okuhambelanayo, ishiye amanxusa ezama ukulungisa izimali ezikhona noma afune uhlelo lwezindleko eziphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-CFPB, yaxhaswe ekuqaleni nge-Federal Reserve, kodwa uhlelo lwayo lwaba yibhola lezinyawo lezezombangazwe, okwaholela ekungaqiniseki nasezindaweni zokusebenza. Isigaba sika-FDA somthetho kagwayi silwa ngokufanayo ngezisebenzi kanye nezimiso zokulawula izigidi zezicelo zemikhiqizo eyazitholayo. I-CFPPB, ngokuvamile i-atcompty kumelwe ifake izimfuno phakathi kwezicelo eziphikiswayo, ezingaholela ekubambeni imingcele yokubusa noma ukugcinwa kwezindawo. Lo mnikezo zemali iyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo ezifundweni ezikhokhelwayo futhi iholele ekubizeni izimfuneko zokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ukuze isetshenziswe.

Ukuhumusha Ulimi Olunemithetho Eqinile Noma Oluphikisanayo

Ulimi lwe-gibraldia aluvamile ukusho ngokuqondile. Ukushaya indiva kungasuka ekuyekeni kwezombangazwe, ukuphoqelela, noma izikhala ezingahlosiwe. Amanxusa okuqondisa kumelwe aluchaze lolu limi .[1] Kaningi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-SEC yadinga ukuba i-SEx-Frank Act ukuba ithole imithetho eqonde “izinto eziwubalayo” kodwa ishiye incazelo“efaneleyo ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo” yomkhiqizo ongacacile. Imithetho eyaba khona ibekelwe inselele enkantolo, futhi ekugcineni i-SEC ibukelwe indlela yayo. Ngokufanayo, i-Afford Careat Act yanikezwa umthetho othile njengentela, kodwa inkulumo ethi“ umqashi omkhulu” idinga i-IR" ukukhipha izincwadi eziningi ukuze icacise izikhawulo nezijeziso. I-AAAAAGene ivame ukuchaza imithetho, ukuhlenganisa kabusha, ukugcusulu, futhi i-ququqution, i-" uma ingenziwa kamuva, kodwa uma iphontwe.

Ukuhlolwa Komphakathi Nokucindezela Kwezombangazwe

Izinkampani eziqondisayo zisebenza endaweni yezombangazwe. Izinguquko ezingokwemithetho eziphikiswayo zidonsa ukunakekela komphakathi nokungokwezombangazwe. Izimo zingabhekana nokucindezela okuvela emaqenjini ezithakazelo, kumakomiti obucukubhede obulawulayo, nakuyiWhite House ukuze kukhululwe noma kubekwe imithetho ebambezelekayo. Izisebenzi zezokuqondisa zeTrump ziyakwazi ukuguqula izinqumo zenguquko, ngokwesibonelo, zisunduza izinhlangano ukuba zithathe noma zithathe indawo yemithetho ye-Obama-era, iholele ekuqhubeni umsebenzi owe-bungamele ukunqandwa. Lokhu kucindezela kwezombangazwe kungacindezela izinhlangano zezentengiselwano nokuziphatha okuhle, njengoba izisebenzi zomsebenzi kumelwe zihlolwe phakathi kwezinto eziphambili. Ukuhlolwa komphakathi ikakhulukazi lapho umthetho ushintsho luthinta impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha kwezentengo, noma inhlalakahle, njengoba kubonakala ezingxandeyo empikiswaneni yene, amanzi nakwemali.

Ukuvumelana Ngezimo Eziningi

Izinguquko eziningi zemithetho zidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano eziningana. Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank wagunyaza ukuthi i-SEC, CTC, Federal Reserve, OCC, ne-FDIC ngokuhlangene yakha iVolcker Lave(a inqubo yeminyaka eminingi ephawulwa ukungavumelani ngezincazelo nangenkululeko. Inqubo yokubambisana kwe-Foood Safety Modertization Act idinga i-FDA ukuze i-SON ukuze isebenzisane nezinhlangano ze-USDA, i-FFTC, i-Federal Reserve, i-FC, ne-FDIC, i-frectivectal product isebenzisa isikhathi nemithombo yezezimali, futhi i-octiveracted actedment arections activesssss.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuthambekela Okuvundlile Kwemithetho Elawulayo

Njengoba ukubusa kuba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinguquko zemithetho nemikhuba yokuqondisa buyaqhubeka bushintsha.

Ukwanda Kwemithetho Ephathisiwe Nesenzo Sokuqondisa

Iziqu zomthetho zinikeza iziphathimandla okubusa izinhlangano, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yezobuchwepheshe noma eshintsha ngokushesha. Lo “mthetho ogunyaziwe” usho ukuthi izinguquko eziningi ezibekwayo manje zenzeka ngokuthatha izinqubo zenhlangano kunokuqondisa imithetho eqondile. I-Administrative Proceduract Act ilawula lenqubo, kodwa izindikimba zemithetho zigcina ukuqondisa ngemithetho yeCongregational Review Act, evumela ukuba zingayamukeli imithetho emisha. Ukusebenzisa kweziqondiso zezikhulu ukuqondisa ukuqondisa izigwebo zokuqondisa inguquko, kanye nokuqondisa kwe-Biden ukuqondisa ukuguqulwa kwemithetho, kubonisa indlela amandla okulawula alawula ngayo ngisho naleyo mithetho emisha. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke ngayo kubafundi benqubo yomphakathi, njengoba kushintsha isinqumo sokuqondisa kwezikhulu ezimele ukuphatha abamelelinye.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokulungisa

Izimiso ezintsha zemithetho ziklanyelwe ukuvumelanisa nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. I-Digital Markets Act ne-Digital Services Act ye-EU iyizibonelo zokusabela kwemithetho yokulawula amandla amapulatifomu amakhulu amanani. Lemithetho idinga amathuluzi amasha okuqondisa ukusungula amathuluzi amasha okuhlola i-algorithm, ukuhlaziya umncintiswano wezentengiselwano, nokuqasha ulwazi lwezokwaziswa. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yombuso we-U. U.S. i-Pregitagement official Act i-al Act iphononondation ukuze ikwazi ukuphathwa kwelungelo, imishini yokuhlola i-octive, i-octivemos. Njengoba ukuhlakanipha kokuzingela ulwazi kudla i-alungela, i-provicessss activessssssss act ivumelana nendlela yokubhala imithetho evumela ukuba isebenze nezingozi ezintsha.

Ithonya Lokuqondisa Elihamba Ngesiphambano

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezindaweni ezizimele zingathinta imikhuba yokulawula embulungeni yonke. I-GDPR imisa indinganiso yembulunga yonke yesivikelo sokwaziswa, nezinkampani eziningi ezingezona eze-EU zithatha izimiso zayo zemisebenzi yazo emhlabeni wonke. Ngokufanayo, iziqondiso zezimali ze-U.S. zivame ukuthonya izindinganiso zebhange lomhlaba wonke nge-Basel Committee. Le-preset-presence ye-operation inezela ubunkimbilikimbinkimbini, njengoba abalawuli be-projectal noma izingxabano phakathi kwemithetho ye-operaterritorial. Ukuthambekela kwemithetho yezwe kusetshenziswa emisebenzini ngaphandle kwemingcele yayo.[1] Lapho imithetho yezwe isebenza khona kwizinselele ezintsha zokulawula nokulawula nokulalela.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinguquko zomthetho nemisebenzi yokulawula bunamandla, buqondisekile, futhi bunemiphumela ejulile. Kusukela ekudalweni kwezinhlangano ezintsha kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwemithetho ekhona, zonke iziphetho zomthetho zihlela inqubo ehlela indlela uhulumeni asebenzelana ngayo namabhizinisi, izakhamuzi, nendawo ezungezile. Kubafundisi nabafundi abahlola le ngxoxo, isihluthulelo siwukuthi umthetho awusona isimiso esihleliwe kodwa isimiso esiphilayo esisabela kwezombangazwe, ezenhlalo, nakwezomnotho. Ngokuhlaziya izibalo zezezobuzwe njengo-Ceoc Air Act, Dodd-Frank, nomthetho wokulawula i-cusss, nangokuqaphela izinselele zemigomo yomthetho, ukuchaza, nokuqondisa, sizuza ukwazisa okucacile ngobuciko besayensi. Njengoba isimo sesimo esisha siqala ukuguqula isayensi yezokusebenza, futhi sishintshe ikhono lokuqondana kulobungako lokulawula.

[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo yemfundo ephinda ifundwa:[[Umthetho:1]