I-Political Action Committee (PACs) iyikho kwetshe lemali yezezimali zomkhankaso e-United States, inikeza amaqembu ahleliwe umzila ongokomthetho wokuphakamisa nokusebenzisa imali ukuthonya nokhetho nenqubo. Nakuba umphakathi ngokuvamile uhlobanisa ama-PAC nezinhlangano ezinkulu, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, noma amaqembu athile ahlukene, iqembu elibalulekile nelikhona: i-PACs. Ngokungafani no-amaqembu awo ahlangeneyo, la komiti asebenza ngokuzimele nganoma yimuphi umkhondo womzali oyedwa. Ukugxila kwawo okuyinhloko kuya ekuthatheni iminikelo eqondile, isisekelo esibanzi, umgomo owengeziwe: imfundo yezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela engaxhumani neyo engokwezombangazwe enikela ngayo emkhankampanweni weze yeze yezezombangazwe, ukuhlola indlela yawo ehlukile, ithonya, nendima egxekayo ekwakhele indima ekhulisa ngayo inzuzo engolwazini enikezwa yi-olwazi.

Yiziphi Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe?

Ngaphansi komthetho wokhetho kahulumeni, i-PAC eyikomiti yezombangazwe engasungulwanga, engasekelwanga, noma esekelwa ngokwezimali yinhlangano yezisebenzi, inhlangano yezohwebo, noma yiyiphi enye inhlangano yamalungu. Izimele ngenhloso. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe yakhiwa abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu ahlanganyela ifilosofi yezombangazwe eyodwa noma uhlelo lwesimiso sezezombangazwe. Kumelwe abhalisa ne-Federal Ecompution Commission (FEC) futhi avumelane nemingcele eqinile yokubika nokunikela.

Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu yimali. I-PAC ehlangene ingathola imali engenamkhawulo evela kubazali bayo (umz., inhlangano inganikela nge-PAC yayo ephuma emongweni wayo, ingaphansi kwemingcele). Ngokuphambene, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingamukela iminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye kuphela, futhi leyo minikelo ifakwa ku-R3,000 ngonyaka ngekhalenda. Ngokufanayo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe inganikela ku-R35 000 ngokhetho lwekomiti yonyulo. Le sakhiwo senza ukuba i-PACs ingabi yimishuwa kakhulu eqoqweni yabo, ithembele ezisekelweni ezisekelweni zemali ezincane zekhalendalane ezinzinyana kunezimali ezinkulu kakhulu.

Ngoba ababukelwanga enhlanganweni ethile noma enhlanganweni ethile, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ajabulela inkululeko ehlukile yokuhlela izinhlelo zawo. Bangasekela abazohlolwa abathile, bafune imiphumela ethile yezimiso, noma, ngokubaluleke kakhulu, basebenzise kakhulu izifundo ezichaza izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini. Lokhu ukuzimela kuchaza indima yabo emfundweni yezombangazwe.

Indima Ehlukile Yeziphakamiso Ezingaxhunyiwe Emfundweni Yezombangazwe

Nakuba ama-PAC amaningi egxile kakhulu eminikelweni eqondile yezentengiselwano nezindleko ezizimele zokusekela noma ukuphikisa abazohlolwa, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe avame ukubeka phambili imfundo ephambili. Ngani? Izici eziningi zigcizelela lokhu.

Izinqumo Ezifanele Nezomthetho

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe isebenza ngaphansi komnikelo ofanayo wama-$5 000 (R1 000) olinganiselwe kwabazovota njengenye i-PACs engokwesiko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abanakukwazi ukuphuma ngokunamandla ePhakathi ePhakathi noma ezixhumene nenkampani ezixhumene ngqo ngokusekela. Ukundisa ithonya labo, ama-PAC amaningi angahlangene aphendukela ekukhipheni imfundo esemthethweni kanye nemfundo yamavoti, okungalawulwa ngokuqinile njengezikhangiso ezithi “izezezeze” noma“ izikhululo ezimelene”. Imikhankanti yemfundo ingathatha isimo sokuthola i-ekhokha-vote, abavoti, iziyalezo zokuvota, iziyalezo, nezimpahla zokwaziswa eziqondiswe lapho izakhamuzi ziqonde khona izikhathi eziyinhloko.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile akhiwa amaqembu aqondiswe yimpikiswano − abasekeli abaqondisi bezindaba, abashisekeli bakahulumeni abalungile, noma abashisekeli bohulumeni abakanye. Kulamaqembu, umsebenzi wemfundo uyinhloko. Umgomo wawo awukona nje ukuwina okhethweni kodwa ukuguqula umbono womphakathi ngesihloko esithile phakathi nesikhathi eside. Imfundo yezombangazwe iba yithuluzi lokwakha ukhetho oluvumayo.

Ukuxhasa Nokuzimela

Imali ekhokhelwayo iqinisa ukugxila ekufundiseni. Njengoba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe encike eminikelweni yomuntu ngamunye, ngokuvamile kusuka enanini elikhulu labanikelayo, ahlonyiselwe ukwakha ukuqonda nokwesekela umphakathi obanzi ngenxa yenjongo yabo. Umvoti ofunde kakhulu uthambekele kakhulu ekunikeleni ngokungaguquguquki futhi athathe inguquko ngosuku lokhetho. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo omuhle: i-PAC ifundisa umphakathi, umphakathi uthembisa kakhulu, futhi lowo mphakathi uphendukela ekubeni unikele futhi usekele ngokuzithandela.

Inkululeko ivumela ama-PAC angexhunyiwe ukuba athathe izikhundla ezingase zingathandeki e-PAC yenkampani exhunyiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC egxile ekuguquleni kwezezimali zomkhankaso ingagxeka obala yona kanye isimiso esidala ama-PAC ngaphandle kokukhathalela ukuphambuka kweqembu lenkampani. Lenkululeko yenza okuqukethwe yimfundo kwayo kube yiqiniso kakhulu futhi kuthembeke kakhulu kubantu ababukele ukungaba nandaba nemali kwezombangazwe.

Izindlela Zokufundisa Ngezindwangu

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukufundisa abavoti. Uhlu olulandelayo luqokomisa izindlela ezivame kakhulu neziphumelelayo:

  • Imihlangano yePublic neForums: ukuphatha i-person noma izenzakalo ezingokoqobo lapho ochwepheshe nabazofuna ukuxoxa ngezinqumo. Lezi zingqungquthela zinikeza ulwazi oluqondile futhi zivumela abantu abakhona ukuba babuze imibuzo.
  • [[NTL:0] Iziqondiso zevoter: Ifundisa iziqondiso ezingekho ngxenye noma eziqondiswe ngohlelo eziqhathanisa izikhundla zabazovota, amarekhodi okuvota, nokusabela kumaposi abuza imibuzo. AmaPaC amaningi angaxhunyiwe asakaza lezi ziqondiso kulayini nangeposi eqondile.
  • Ukukhangisa nge-digital kanye neMikhankaso yeze-social Media: izikhangiso ezihloselwe ukuchaza okuhlotshaniswa nenqubo. Amavidiyo amafushane achaza inqubo, umbiko, kanye nokunye okungahlanganyelwa kusiza ukuba izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi njengenguquko yentela, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, noma umthetho wendawo.
  • Imishini enyathelisiwe ne-Pamphlets: Usakaza izimpukane, izincwajana, nezincwajana ezisemibuthanweni yomphakathi, emitatsheni yezincwadi, naku-parsease-geo-ya ngasemnyango.
  • Imfundo esemthethweni yamaWebsite namaWebhusayithi: Ukugcina amawebhusayithi anezimiso ezicaciswe kabanzi, iziqephu zemfundo eziqoshiwe, namathuluzi okudlulisela asiza abavoti ukuba baqonde izilinganiso ze-collet noma iziphakamiso ze-projekthi.
  • [ Izinhlangano zomphakathi: zixhumene nezingakhi nzuzo zendawo, amaqembu omphakathi, nezikole zokusakaza ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso ngaphandle komkhankaso oqondile wokulwa.
  • Imisebenzi ye-get- Phuma-Vote (GOTV):[ Ukuqhuba amabhange ocingo, imikhankaso yokuthumela imiyalezo, nemizamo yokungqongqoza emnyango ehlanganisa nezakhi ezifundisayo, njengokuchaza izimfuneko ze-ID yomvoti noma ukukhetha kokuqala.

Lezi zindlela ziklanyelwe ukufinyelela izibukeli ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kwabavoti besikhathi sokuqala kuya kubashisekeli abanokuhlangenwe nakho, nokunikeza ukwaziswa ngendlela ekhuthaza ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo ngolwazi.

Ithonya Ekwakheni Isimiso Somoya Nempilo Ebusa Intando Yeningi

Umsebenzi wokufundisa we-PACs ongazihlanganisi unemiphumela engenakulinganiswa ekuthatheni uhlangothi kwezombangazwe kanye nezinga lenkulumo yentando yeningi. Ukucwaninga njalo kubonisa ukuthi ukhetho olunolwazi lungavota, lungenza imisebenzi yomphakathi, luthathe izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziphendule. Ngokugxila emfundweni, amaPaC angaxhunyiwe anikeza isidingo esiyisisekelo sedemokrasi: ukuvala igebe phakathi kwenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi nokuqonda umphakathi.

Ukubulala I - Electorate Eyingcweti

Abavoti abaningi bazizwa bekhungathekile ngokwaziswa okuningi kwezombangazwe − kanye nokungaqondi kahle kuyi-inthanethi. Izincwadi ezingaxhunyiwe ezikhomba ngokunembile futhi ezibonayo zinikeza umthombo othembekile wokwaziswa. Uma i-PAC ifuna umtapo lapho zombili izinhlangothi zingakhuluma khona, noma lapho ikhulula khona isiqondiso sovoti ngokuqhathanisa okucacile, okuyiqiniso, inika izakhamuzi amandla okwenza ukukhetha okusekelwe ezintweni ezikhona kunokuluma umsindo.

Ukuhlanganyela Okwandayo

Imfundo ivame ukuholela ekuthatheni isinyathelo. Abaqondisi bemfundo abaqonda indlela isilinganiso esithile sokuvota esiyothinta ngayo izintela zempahla yabo noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvela ekukhetheni okukhethekile. Ama-PAC angaxhumani nemfundo nemizamo ye-GOTV abika amazinga aphakeme okuzihambela emiphakathini abayikhonzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhankaso yemfundo echaza ukubaluleka kwamahhovisi endawo (ibhodi lesikole, umkhandlu wedolobha) iye yaboniswa ukuthuthukisa ukuthatha igalelo emijahweni ephansi yebhola, ngokuvamile enqunywa ngenani elincane labavoti.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubona Izindawo Ngokubona Okusobala Nokulandisa

Ngoba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kumelwe athulule iminikelo yawo nezindleko kuyi-FEC, anikela ekwandeni kwezindawo ezingoko mkhankaso zokubonana kwezimali. Amanye ama-PAC angathintwanga athatha lesi sinyathelo ngokukhipha izinhlu zawo ezinikelayo noma ukukhipha imibiko yokuthi amavoti abhaliswa kanjani ahambelane nezikhundla zawo ezimisiwe. Lo msebenzi ufundisa ukuvota ngethonya lemali kwezombangazwe futhi ukhuthaza ukuhlolisisa ngokwengeziwe bonke abadlali bezombangazwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe egxile ezindabeni zikahulumeni olungile ingaveza izishayamthetho ezishaya indiva ezivotelayo ezihlobene nenguquko yezimiso. Abavoter bangasebenzisa lelo khadi lapho benquma ukuthi ubani ozomsekela okhethweni oluyinhloko noma oluvamile. Loluhlobo lwemfundo lugcina abezombangazwe besabela esithakazelweni somphakathi kunokuba bathathele izithakazelo ezikhethekile.

Izibonelo Zezinkulumo Ezingaxhunyiwe Ziyasebenza

I-PACS engaziwa kahle ibonisa umsebenzi wemfundo. I-League of Conservation Voters (LCV) PAC iyisibonelo esivelele. Ayihlangene nenhlangano ethile noma inhlangano yezentengiselwano; ixhaswe ngeminikelo ngayinye. I-LC PACC iveza i-National Confectal Confectal Sces [ i-National Convectal Scesss [[FLT] izinga zonke ze- Convectors embhalweni yayo yokuvota. Le khadi le-khadi lisetshenziswa kabanzi ngemidiya nanganiso yezentengo ukuze lazise ukuvolwa kwendawo ezungezile. I-PAC iphinde iqhube imikhankampane yemfundo yezentengo yezentengo [FC]

Esinye isibonelo esivelele uHluhlu LWESIBHUKU [. I-PAC yayo kahulumeni iyikomiti engaxhumani ne-pro-compaice esekela i-pro-democratic diocratic. Uhlu luka-EMILY lunikela kakhulu ekuqeqesheni nasekufundiseni ngokukhetha abesifazane abazokhetha. Iveza ukucwaninga ngezibalo zobulili, futhi iqhube imikhankaso yemfundo yesilinganiso esikhulu echaza ukwehluka kwezimiso phakathi kwamalungelo abantu abazokuthola inzuzo.

I-PAC, evumela ukugcinwa kwemithetho ye-flactal ne-atmon kahulumeni olinganiselwe, ngokufanayo isebenza njenge-PAC engaxhunyiwe. Nakuba yaziwa ngezindleko ezizimele ngokumelene nemisebenzi, iveza futhi izinto zokufundisa zomnotho, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezilinganayo, kanye nokuvota okugxila emicimbini yentela nemali.

Ngisho nama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kahulumeni amancane kakhulu njengaye Konke elayinini (iqondiswe ekufakeni i-reddification) iqhuba imfundo ebanzi yokuvota mayelana nendlela izinqubo zokulungisa okuthinta ngayo ukumelelwa. Lezizibonelo zibonisa ububanzi bezindaba ze-PACs ezingexhunyiwe ngemfundo.

Ukukhomba okwengeziwe, i-PAC ikhasi le-PAC elingokomthetho ne-'i-FLT] linikeza izincazelo ezingokomthetho nezifunekayo zokubika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivula ama-ecets.org[ inikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe yemali ye-PAC futhi ingasiza ekutholeni ukuthi i-PAC ixhunywe kuphi i-PAC exhunyiwe qhaqhamiswe no-ox.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinselele

Nakuba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe engabafundisi ababalulekile, awanakulinganiselwa. Ukuthembela kwawo eminikelweni yomuntu ngamunye kusho ukuthi avame ukusebenza ngezimali ezincane kune-PACs exhunyiweyo noma ePhakathi. Lengcindezelo yezimali ingalinganisela izinga lemikhankaso yawo yemfundo, ikakhulukazi lapho encintisana nodwendwe lwezimemezelo ezivela emaqenjini acebile.

Ukubona gcaluku futhi kungaba yinkemba eqinile. Amanye ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe angakhetha ukugcizelela kuphela amaqiniso athile noma izimpikiswano ngendlela ezuzisa abathandiweyo babo noma izimiso. Nakuba ziwubuchwepheshe “bemfundo,” okuqukethwe kungakhetha. Ama-voter asengasebenzisa ukwahlulela okugxeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe avame ukwakhiwa abasekeli abanomfutho, izinto zawo zemfundo zingafiphaza umgqa phakathi kweqiniso nombono.

Imithetho evimbela ukulawulwa futhi iphakamisa izinselele. Imithetho ye-FEC yokuthi iziphi “izinga lokucindezela ukuxhaphaza” ikanye“ nokulawula ukuphatha kwe-'pac'''. Isiqondiso esiqondiswe kahle esisho igama lomfundi osondele kakhulu kukhetho singabangela izimfuneko ezengeziwe zokubika noma sihlelwe njengezindleko ezizimele. Le ndawo empunga esemthethweni inganqanda ezinye izi-PACs ezingaxhunyiwe ekuphisheni imikhankaso yemfundo enonya.

Ekugcineni, inani elikhulu le-PACS ($$10 000) elibhaliwe nge-FEC). Isifunda esingaba abavoti bangabhekana nokugcwala kokwaziswa okukhulu. I-PAC engashadile ingaba nenqwaba yama-PAC akhiqiza abaqondisi abancintisanayo. Ngakho-ke ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kumelwe asebenze kanzima ukuze aqinisekise ukuthembeka nokuhlukanisa okuqukethwe yimfundo yawo kuleyo yezisebenzi ezilwayo.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe amelela amandla abalulekile, azimele emfundweni yezombangazwe yaseMelika. Ngokuncika kubantu ngabanye abanikelayo futhi basebenze ngaphandle kwezinhlangano zenkampani noma zenyunyana, abekwe ngokukhethekile ukuba abeke phambili intuthuko yemfundo eyaziwa umphakathi, inyuse ukubophana komphakathi, futhi akhuthaze ukulandisa kohulumeni. Izindlela zawo .(ukusukela kwabavota kanye nabaqondisi bemikhankaso yezesayensi kanye nobudlelwane bomphakathi) zisiza ekubekeni igebe phakathi kwezingxoxo zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinqumo zokuvota nsuku zonke.

Kulenkathi yokusakazeka kokudukiswa kwezindaba ezingalungile nokugxeka umphakathi okukhulayo, umsebenzi wokufundisa we-PAC ongekho oxhunyiwe unezela ngokuqondile empilweni yentando yeningi. Ukukhetha okunolwazi luyisivikelo sokuqala ekulweni nethonya lezezombangazwe. Nakuba kungekho PCAC oyedwa ongumfundisi ophelele, ithonya eligcwele lalemizamo yala makomiti liyisibopho esiphezulu negunya lezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda indima yawo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ithonya eligcwele lezombangazwe nokwaziswa komphakathi eUnited States.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe, i-Institution’s insasesho ye-PAC emfundweni inikeza ukuhlolwa okujulile kwemikhankaso ethile, kanye ne i-Pew Research Center[ njalo isakaza ukwaziswa ngolwazi nangokwenza isithembiso okugcizelela ukubaluleka kwalemizamo.